「跨越族群」或「物以類聚」-越南籍女性配偶在台灣的社會網絡形構

This dissertation consists of two original studies in social networks and one original study in political economy. In the first two chapters, I study (i) how social networks form, and (ii) how economic agents optimize their behaviors for a given network structure. In the last chapter, I examine how election rules affect individual voting decisions and ultimate election outcomes. In Chapter 1, Social Network Formation and Strategic Interaction in Large Networks, I present a dynamic network formation model that aims to explain why some empirical degree distributions exhibit the increasing hazard rate property (IHRP). In my model, a sequentially arriving node forms a link with one existing node through a bilateral agreement. newborn node prefers a highly linked node; however, the more links an existing node has, the more the marginal return from an additional link diminishes. I prove that the IHRP emerges if and only if the latter effect prevails over the former. I present two implications of the IHRP for strategic interactions in networks. First, when there is uncertainty about neighboring agents' connectivity, the IHRP guarantees that a unique Bayesian equilibrium exists in a network game with strategic complementarities. Second, the IHRP characterizes a monotone revenue-maximizing mechanism with allocative externalities. In Chapter 2, Monopoly Pricing and Diffusion of a (Social) Network Good, I present a model of dynamic pricing and diffusion of a network good sold by a monopolist. In the model, the network good is a subscription social network good. This means that in each period, each consumer has to pay a subscription price to use the good, and the utility derived from subscribing to the good increases as more of her neighboring consumers subscribe. Consumers myopically optimize their subscription decisions, and the monopolist chooses a sequence of subscription prices that maximizes his discounted sum of per-period profits. Three main results emerge. First, I characterize a unique steady state of the monopoly market. Second, I find that optimal sequences of subscription prices oscillate around the subscription price at the steady state as time passes. Third, I analyze how changes in the monopolist's discount factor and the density of the social network affect the subscription price, subscription rate, and deadweight loss at the steady state. In Chapter 3, A Model of Pre-Electoral Coalition Formation, I study how two different election rules, simple plurality (e.g., as in South Korea) and two-round runoff (e.g., as in France), affect political candidates’ incentives to form pre-electoral coalitions (PECs). In my model, three candidates compete for a single office, and two candidates can form a PEC. Since the candidates are both policy- and office-motivated, one candidate can incentivize the other candidate to withdraw his candidacy by choosing a joint policy platform. I find that PECs are more likely to form in plurality elections than in two-round runoff elections. I further examine how other electoral environments, such as ideological distance and pre-election polls, influence incentives to form PECs.

The purpose of this study is to identify some of the predictors of social network formation with a focus on everyday behaviors such as greeting neighbors, attitudes about elder care, civic involvement, and hobby or social group membership. Using data from the 2010 and 2012 waves of the Japanese General Social Survey, we found that factors in which individuals have more control over are associated with the formation of social networks whereas factors that individuals have little to no control over are less likely to affect network formation. Specifically, elderly individuals who greet their neighbors and those who view elder care as an individual’s or family’s responsibility are more likely to have larger social networks. Likewise, civic engagement and participation in neighborhood associations are also significantly associated with forming social networks. Surprisingly, our analysis revealed that participating in hobby groups, length of residency in a community, and other control variables such as gender, income, and education are not significantly associated with forming social networks. Our findings indicate that the key components to building strong social networks are found within mundane daily activities. We conclude with several suggestions for how the elderly and communities can build elders’ social networks and thereby improve well-being. The implications of this study include raising awareness among individuals to prepare for a better, well-connected life in old age as well as suggesting local government programs for elderly care to help build more effective programs. Counselors could use this information to encourage their elderly clients to build social networks by increasing daily social interactions with neighbors and obtaining the view of self-reliance on elder care responsibility. Future researchers should seek to integrate the elder’s medical information in analyses in order to consider a comprehensive plan for the elderly’s well-being.

The analysis of social networks, which focuses on the relationship between social entities today is an area of active research. It is a set of tools for research, in particular, in combination with artificial intelligence methods such as machine learning, deep learning. The paper examined the current quality of the assessment of information in social networks, analyzed the methods of searching and sorting information in various social networks, as well as the process of providing recommendations to users. Social media data is an inexhaustible source of research and business opportunities. In general, social media data is information gathered from social networks that shows how users interact with content. Methods of improving search results for personalizing recommendations in social networks are given. These indicators and statistics provide an effective understanding of the strategy of behavior in social networks. The advantages and disadvantages of a multifactor assessment system are considered. The possible ways of integrating the combined system of evaluating information elements by the user to optimize search queries and filtering big data are identified.

This paper discusses a neglected issue in present-day research on cross-border marriages in Taiwan, i.e., why Taiwanese men seek to marry overseas women. A common explanation has been their disadvantaged social-economic status which has made it difficult for them to find a partner in the domestic marriage market. However, such an explanation subjects to criticism as it ignores the cultural factors which have motivated Taiwanese men to look overseas in their search for a partner. In Taiwan's male-dominated culture, the man is expected to be the provider of the necessities of daily life of the family, whilst the woman is expected to be merely a dependent wife. Family members and friends in this male-dominated social-cultural context have the same expectations as to what constitutes the 'ideal wife', and so exert influence on the man who plans to marry in this manner. They influence the potential groom's decision when seeking marriage with a foreign wife (from Viet Nam, or elsewhere) and also exert influence upon the ensuing husband-wife relationship after the marriage. In addition, the Viet Namese woman is represented as traditional Taiwanese woman in the 1950s by profit-oriented matchmaking agencies, so as to attract the potential bridegroom. Unequal economic development in the global economy has also had the effect to influence Taiwanese men to imagine that a similar hierarchy exists both in Viet Nam as in Taiwan, and so would then become the same situation following the arrival of the Viet Nam bride. All such social relationships as these have motivated Taiwanese men to seek for the ”ideal wife” from Viet Nam, which, in turn, reproduces the masculinity culture in Taiwan.

Social networks during the transition to adulthood from the perspective of Israeli care leavers and their social workers

One of the most important and consistent findings in the social networks literature is that individuals are socially connected to people who resemble themselves. This finding extends to preferences for consumer culture. Whereas network theorists previously had presumed that social networks generated this outcome through a process of social influence, this traditional conception of the relationship between culture and social networks has been challenged by new theoretical perspectives and novel methodological techniques that enable researchers to empirically test the causal direction of the relationship. In this article, I first discuss how theorists have adjudicated between competing explanations of the relationship of taste preferences and social network structure. Second, I discuss how sociologists have theorized that tastes contribute to variation in network structure. Third, I examine survey and ethnographic research that discusses interactional mechanisms by which people actively mobilize culture to form social relationships. Fourth and finally, I discuss research that explores how consumer culture constitutes the meaning of social relationships and how relationship category affects theorizing of network formation.

Introduction The residential neighbourhood is thought to affect residents because of presumed neighbourhood effects; the independent effects of a neighbourhood’s characteristics on the life chances of its residents. An enormous body of research has tried to measure neighbourhood effects, however, there are no clear conclusions on how much, if any, effect the neighbourhood has on its residents. There is non-random selection of people into neighbourhoods which causes a bias in the modelling of neighbourhood effects. Any correlation found between neighbourhood characteristics and individual outcomes might be explained by selection bias and can therefore not prove the existence of a causal neighbourhood effect. The question is; do poor neighbourhoods make people poor, or do poor people live in unattractive neighbourhoods because they cannot afford to live elsewhere (Cheshire, 2007). Therefore, insight in selection is important to gain more insight in neighbourhood effects (Van Ham and Manley, 2012). For neighbourhood effects research it is important to study selective mobility and neighbourhood choice and to combine neighbourhood effects research with neighbourhood selection research (Doff, 2010a; Van Ham and Manley, 2012; Van Ham et al., 2012; Galster, 2003; Hedman, 2011). The aim of this thesis therefore is to gain more insight in both the causes and the consequences of segregation and thus to study both individual residential mobility and neighbourhood selection and neighbourhood effects. Besides the neighbourhood effects literature, also the segregation literature will benefit from better insights in selective residential mobility because selective residential mobility is one of the main driving forces of segregation. There are two main research questions for this thesis. Firstly, I try to give insight in selective mobility and neighbourhood choice and thus to study where, when and why which people move. What is the effect of personal characteristics, neighbourhood characteristics and macro level housing market developments on individual neighbourhood satisfaction, moving wishes, moving behaviour and neighbourhood selection and on macro level selective mobility patterns and segregation? Secondly, I will test presumed neighbourhood effect mechanisms. Concentration areas of ethnic minorities are seen as undesirable, because their residents are thought to have less contact with the native majority which might hamper their integration and their life chances. It is, however, unclear to what extent social contact is affected by the residential neighbourhood. The second research question therefore asks whether ethnic minorities have less contact with the native majority if they live in minority concentration neighbourhoods. Segregation Segregation is defined as the population composition of neighbourhoods in relation to each other; that is, the concentration or underrepresentation of population groups in neighbourhoods compared to a city or national level average. Selective residential mobility is one of the main driving forces of segregation. Households move to a certain neighbourhood, either because they choose to live there, or because they are constrained in their choice options. Therefore segregation can be both voluntary and involuntary. This thesis focuses on selective residential mobility as cause of segregation, therefore it tries to understand why and where people move. According to residential mobility theory, personal characteristics determine residential preferences and if the residential situation is not in line with these preferences this will lead to dissatisfaction and a desire to move (Brown and Moore, 1970). Whether a dissatisfied household succeeds in moving to a dwelling and neighbourhood more in line with their preferences, depends on their personal resources and restrictions and macro level opportunities and constraints (Mulder and Hooimeijer, 1999). Successful households will move to a neighbourhood more in line with their preferences. There are, however, differences between households in which neighbourhoods are open to choice. Low income households will only be able to select neighbourhoods in which inexpensive dwellings are available. Similarly, households who depend on the social housing sector, or on the owner-occupied sector will only be able to select neighbourhoods where dwellings of this tenure are available. In addition, there are differences between households in which neighbourhood is (deemed) most attractive. People prefer to live among others who are similar to themselves and also facilities directed towards specific groups will make especially concentration neighbourhoods of the own ethnic or income group attractive. Besides residential preferences, also other factors will affect neighbourhood selection; population groups will differ in access to information on neighbourhood attractiveness or housing opportunities and discrimination, or fear of discrimination, can limit the opportunities of minority groups on the housing market. Neighbourhood effects It is typically assumed in European and American urban policy and academic research that spatial concentrations of low income households or ethnic minorities have negative effects on their inhabitants (Friedrichs et al., 2003). An enormous body of research has tried to measure neighbourhood effects; the independent effect of a neighbourhood on its residents when controlling for individual characteristics (see for a review Dietz, 2002; Ellen and Turner, 1997; Sharkey and Faber, 2014; Van Ham et al., 2012). The research attention for neighbourhood effects started with the seminal work of Wilson (1987). He argued that living in concentration areas of the jobless lowest class, isolated from role models, mainstream values and norms, and informal job networks and social contacts with employed, has a negative effect on your life chances. Neighbourhoods can affect their residents via a number of mechanisms (Ellen and Turner, 1997; Erbring and Young, 1979; Galster, 2012). Firstly, the geographical location determines job access and thereby labour market opportunities. Secondly, pollution, noise and disturbance affect health and (thereby) life chances via environmental mechanisms . In addition, neighbourhood stigmatisation can reduce life chances because others have prejudiced ideas and low expectations of the residents of stigmatised neighbourhoods. Also, the quality of institutions such as schools, museums, libraries and sport facilities will generally be lower in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, thereby reducing the life chances of residents. Finally, neighbourhood effects can transpire via social interactions with neighbours. Through collective socialisation and peer pressure people are thought to conform to local social norms (Jencks and Mayer, 1990). Positive role models and social network contacts with individuals with more social capital can help people advance in their work or educational career (Ellen and Turner, 1997). For ethnic minorities it can be important to have social interactions with the native majority to have the opportunity to learn the majority language, standards and values (Lazear, 1999) and to have bridging network ties that can provide access to valuable information not present within the own ethnic network (Buck, 2001). Many neighbourhood effect researchers believe that living in concentrated poverty has negative effects on individuals, and policymakers try to create mixed neighbourhoods to prevent these negative neighbourhood effects. However, although “it is perfectly plausible that poor people are made poorer by the characteristics of the neighbourhoods in which they live” (…) “a close examination of the best research available does not reveal any clear evidence to support it” (Cheshire, 2007: p. ix). Almost all neighbourhood effect studies struggle with selection bias (Cheshire, 2007). Any relation found between neighbourhood characteristics and individual outcomes might be a selection effect and therefore cannot prove the existence of a causal neighbourhood effect. Neighbourhood effects researchers have tried to reduce or eliminate selection bias. Firstly this is done by using quasi-experimental study designs, using households whose residential neighbourhood is determined by external factors (Sampson et al., 2002). Secondly, advanced statistical methods such as sibling studies, fixed effects studies, instrumental variables and propensity score matching are used to reduce selection bias or to control for selection (Harding, 2003). These advancements in methodology have improved our insight in selection bias and in neighbourhood effects, however, since there are no methods that can completely eliminate selection bias, there is still no clear evidence of causal neighbourhood effects. Generally, methods that apply more controls for selection bias find smaller neighbourhood effects. Instead of trying to eliminate selection bias, this thesis tries to provide insight in selection, in why and where which people move. In addition, this thesis tests presumed neighbourhood effect mechanisms. Social interactive mechanisms assume that neighbourhood effects transpire because the population composition of the residential neighbourhood affects with whom you interact (Ellen and Turner, 1997; Galster, 2012). Therefore I test whether the ethnic composition of the neighbourhood affects interethnic contact. Individual differences in determinants of residential satisfaction<

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Social networks provide a fairly wide range of data that allows one way or another to evaluate the effect of the dissemination of information. This article presents the results of a study that describes methods for determining the key parameters of the model needed to analyze and predict the dissemination of information in social networks. An approach based on the analysis of statistical data on user behavior in social networks is proposed. The process of evaluating the main features of the model is described, including the mathematical methods used for data analysis and information dissemination modeling. The study aims to understand the processes of information dissemination in social networks and develop recommendations for the effective use of social networks as a communication and brand promotion tool, as well as to consider the analytical properties of the classical susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model and evaluate its applicability to the problem of information dissemination. The results of the study can be used to create algorithms and techniques that will effectively manage the process of information dissemination in social networks.&lt;/span&gt;

Background: Racial disparities in quality and completion of cancer treatment have been associated with poorer health outcomes among African Americans (AA) compared to White Americans (WA). Support from informal social networks – such as family members and friends - during the cancer care journey is critical. Yet, few studies have examined system-level factors associated with family and friend involvement in cancer care and whether system-level factors contribute to racial variations in their involvement. The purpose of this study is to investigate (a) cancer survivor perceptions on involvement of and effects from their informal social network during their cancer journey, (b) healthcare system factors that influenced the type and degree of network involvement, and (c) racial differences in survivor/network member experiences with the healthcare system during the cancer journey. Methods: Accountability for Cancer Care through Undoing Racism and Equity”, a 5-year system-change intervention trial funded by the National Cancer Institute, is a community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Greensboro Health Disparities Collaborative, and two cancer centers. ACCURE aims to reduce racial inequity in quality and completion of treatment for Stage 1-2 breast and lung cancer patients at the two partner cancer centers. As part of the formative work for this study, focus groups were conducted with Black and White early-stage breast and lung cancer survivors to understand how encounters with the healthcare system influenced their treatment experience (diagnosis through survivorship). Our racially diverse CBPR partnership developed, conducted, and analyzed focus group data from 8 focus groups with early stage breast and lung cancer survivors at the two cancer centers: 4 focus groups with AA survivors (n=12) and 4 focus groups with WA survivors (n=15). Results: Informal network member involvement was associated with barriers to care patients encountered in the cancer system; aspects of cancer care that helped to facilitate patient care and treatment; and, racial differences in critical encounters with the health system. Involvement with and health related experiences of family members and friends also influenced survivor interactions with the health care system, though differences by race were observed. Conclusion: Cancer survivors identified several healthcare system factors that influenced the nature of social network member involvement during cancer care, with some differences by race. Implications for system-changes to improve care for early-stage breast and lung cancer patients and survivors, and considerations of family and friend involvement in care, will be discussed. Citation Format: Katrina R. Ellis, Jennifer Schall, Stephanie Baker, Kristin Zenee Black, Carol Cothern, Kia Davis, Kay Doost, Eugenia Eng, Christina Goettsch, Fatima Guerrab, Christina Hardy, Alexandra Lightfoot, Neda Padilla, Cleo Samuel. A System-Change and Community-Based Participatory Research Approach to Understanding the Role of Informal Social Networks During the Cancer Care Journey. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A43.

Experiences of discrimination, or social marginalization and ostracism, may lead to the formation of social networks characterized by inequality. For example, those who experience discrimination may be more likely to develop drug use and sexual partnerships with others who are at increased risk for HIV compared to those without experiences of discrimination. This is critical as engaging in risk behaviors with others who are more likely to be HIV positive can increase one's risk of HIV. We used log-binomial regression models to examine the relationship between drug use, racial and incarceration discrimination with changes in the composition of one's risk network among 502 persons who use drugs. We examined both absolute and proportional changes with respect to sex partners, drug use partners, and injecting partners, after accounting for individual risk behaviors. At baseline, participants were predominately male (70%), black or Latino (91%), un-married (85%), and used crack (64%). Among those followed-up (67%), having experienced discrimination due to drug use was significantly related to increases in the absolute number of sex networks and drug networks over time. No types of discrimination were related to changes in the proportion of high-risk network members. Discrimination may increase one's risk of HIV acquisition by leading them to preferentially form risk relationships with higher-risk individuals, thereby perpetuating racial and ethnic inequities in HIV. Future social network studies and behavioral interventions should consider whether social discrimination plays a role in HIV transmission.

A social network is a collection of social entities and the relations among them. Collection and sharing of such network data for analysis raise significant privacy concerns for the involved individuals, especially when human users are involved. To address such privacy concerns, several techniques, such as k-anonymity based approaches, have been proposed in the literature. However, such approaches introduce a large amount of distortion to the original social network graphs, thus raising serious questions about their utility for useful social network analysis. Consequently, these techniques may never be applied in practice. In this paper, we emphasize the use of network structural semantics in the social network analysis theory to address this problem. We propose an approach for enhancing anonymization techniques that preserves the structural semantics of the original social network by using the notion of roles and positions. We present experimental results that demonstrate that our approach can significantly help in preserving graph and social network theoretic properties of the original social networks, and hence improve utility of the anonymized data.

The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the curriculum of junior high school-”Taiwan Society” from the view points of multicultural education. The second purpose is to explore the practice of the curriculum by questionnaire.The curriculum will be explored from three aspects: design of the ”Taiwan society” curriculum, its teaching material and teachers' attitude and opinion. The methods are adopted here are literature-analyzing, questionnaire and interview. The subjects of questionnaire are selected from the teachers who teach ”Taiwan Society” in junior high schools. The objects of interview are the members of writing this textbook. The results of this study are presented as followed:1. ”Taiwan Society” is a curriculum of multicultural education, but its theory is merely based on the view points and opinion of scholars. The design of the curriculum is like James A. Banks' ”the additive approach”.2. The contents of this textbook emphasize both diversity and commonness of the society. Though the teaching material reflects the truth of the society, its contents can not display the spirits of multicultural education. In addition, the proportion of multicultural contents in the textbook is not apposite.3. Teachers' attitude toward multicultural education is positive. Most of teachers support the execution of multicultural education. At the same time, they think that it is important to foster teachers with the quality of multiculture. Additionally, they don't think the practice of multicultural education will be in the way of national unity.4. Many teachers confirm the project of this curriculum. They think it can help students understanding the difference of each other and extending students' field of vision, but we should pay attention to the fairness of the teaching material. Almost the whole of teachers feel that their capacities are so insufficient that they have to accept the training of multicultural education. In the other hand, many teachers think that the time of teaching this lesson is not enough.Finally, the applications of the results to instruction are recommended. In addition, regardless of the existent/potential defects, this thesis may provide helpful implications and suggestions to further studies in the field.

The purpose of this document is to highlight two strategies which increased feedbacks and stimulated the diffusion of information in social networks. Starting by an online survey, which assists searchers in understanding the behavior of social network users, to define the problem. The information received with this survey has been tested on validation by an analyze on the most popular type of posting on social networks. The results of this study provided two strategies as a solution for the problem of dissatisfaction among users of social networks and to increase feedbacks and diffusion of information on social network. One strategy is manual and is based on the type of publication and the second strategy is automatically and takes the concept of collaborative work in to account

The development of the post-industrial society requires the acceleration of the integration of the national economy into the globalized economic space. This stage is characterized by active informatization of all spheres of life in society, which requires information security and cyber protection for high-quality information provision of the country’s population, intellectualization of economic processes and prevention of destructive informational influence on the social status of the individual. It is also necessary to consider that for Ukraine the specified stage is complicated by the hybrid war with Russia, which requires strengthening the protection of information from cyber-attacks and the formation of new approaches in preserving the quality of information on social networks. Therefore, the purpose of this article is the development of scientific and methodological approaches in information security management, strengthening its social significance. This requires solving a certain range of tasks of identifying and preventing socially dangerous information based on the use of economic and mathematical methods and models. The article highlights the main directions of socialization of modern technological development and theoretically substantiates its significant impact on human consciousness and behavior, puts a person in front of serious challenges and, under conditions of hybrid warfare, requires strengthening of information security in social networks. In the work, the components of information security are supplemented, its impact on social aspects of society’s life is highlighted. As a result of the research, the authors proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the construction of a system for countering the spread of socially dangerous information in social networks. Besides, its functional elements are highlighted. A method of combating the spread of harmful information in social networks has been developed, which solves the problem of information support of the decision-making process and includes providing the chosen and alternative options to the person making the decision, with the justification of the choice. This creates prerequisites for information support for making a well-founded management decision.

After Democratization, the long suppressed ethnic subcultures have been revitalized in Taiwan. Multiculturalism not only has become a consensus nowadays, but also been institutionalized through the legislation of laws safeguarding minority rights and the establishment of governmental agencies like The Council for Hakka Affairs and The Council for of Indigenous Peoples. However, these endeavors of recognizing and respecting minority cultural status and rights cannot effectively avert the trend of gradually vanishing of the minority languages in Taiwan. For this reason, the ”Mother tongue learning” in the obligatory education has been adopted as one of the major policy responses.Academic research has found that policy implementation process served as intermediate variable between policy formation and implementation results. The implementation results are thus indirectly affected by this implementation process and implementation process consists of behaviors of ”inter-organizational implementation”, ”bureaucrats” and ”target group”. This research focuses on the policy implementation of ”Hakka Language School” in the primary schools in Kaohsiung City started from 2003. By using research methods of case study, literature review, in-depth interview, and participant observation, we purposively analyze the policy implementation process of ”Hakka Language School” in order to evaluate and explain the policy implementation which is crucial in determination of the policy outcomes.