A Blockchain-Based E-Commerce Reputation System Built With Verifiable Credentials

In distributed environment, a digital transaction or operation requires transparency and trust among multiple stakeholders. Several approches address such issues however, among these blockchain provides a viable solution which has received wide acceptance in the recent past. Permissioned blockchain solutions adopt more efficient consensus algorithms and smart contracts. There are many smart-contract solutions exists (such as, etherium, IBM blockchain, hyperledger fabric), however, much of them mainly follow traditional access control models. A role-based access control model provides controlled access of resources to members. This research work presents an extended usage control model known as DistU (Distributed Usage Control). DistU is proposed to capture all possible access control models required by a business for permissioned blockchain frameworks. DistU can monitor a resource continuously during the operation and update the attributes accordingly, performing different actions, such as denying or revoking permissions. We believe that the proposed DistU usage control model can provide a fine-grained control for blockchain resource management. The paper also contributes to provide a protoype implementation of fine-grained permission model on Hyperledger Fabric. The reason of selecting Fabric for this research is that, it is the first execute-order achitecture blockchain that provides a platform to develop general business applciations. Secondly, it is an opensource operating system of permissioned blockchain with huge industry support.

In a vaccine model, ensuring integrity and transparency throughout the vaccination process is crucial for reducing security risks. Therefore, developing a secure digital tracking system and regular audits becomes significant to build trust and reliability. Also, in the vaccine model, the changes are possible due to human error. The prevailing studies didn’t focus on handling the Smart Contract (SC) immutability in the vaccine model, affecting the effectiveness of the system. Thus, this paper presents a Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain (HFB) and proxy pattern SC-enabled secure vaccine model utilizing Adaptive Segmented Cache-based Merkle Tree (ASC-MT) and Manifold Deep SwAT Convolutional Neural Network (MDSCNN). Primarily, the vaccine supply chain users register in the HFB. Then, login and Quantum Cumulative Regret Cryptography (QCRC)-based vaccine and user details security are done. Afterward, the proxy pattern-based SC is created and stored in the Interplanetary File System (IPFS). Here, an ASC-MT-based tree is constructed, and hash-converted proxy pattern-based SCs are stored in ASC-MT. Subsequently, in the transaction pool, the user requests are stored. Afterward, vaccinations prioritization by BG-Fuzzy, Scaled Uniform-based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (SUPBFT)-based consensus verification, and SC counterfeit detection using MDSCNN are performed. If SC is not attacked, then Merkle root verification is done. Here, if the Merkle root created by IPFS and the Merkle root created after the current transaction are matched, then only the full execution of the SC is invoked; otherwise, the system is redirected to generate the SC again. As per the outcomes, the proposed ASC-MT achieved a low tree verification time of 796 ms, and the proposed MDSCNN achieved a high accuracy of 99.78% for detecting SC counterfeits, thus outperforming prevailing techniques.

A smart contract is a program running on a blockchain platform. Smart devices send data to smart contracts or change their own status based on smart contracts. Businesses want to use smart devices and smart contracts to streamline workflow because smart contracts reduce the need in trusted intermediators and cut down enforcement costs. However, developing smart contract applications is challenging due to different memory models, different interaction models, and a dearth of supporting tools and libraries. When developers are asked to reimplement conventional applications to smart contracts, it is thus ideal to automatically transform them, avoiding manual labor, as well as ensuring reliability and security. This paper contributes a set of rules to transform conventional applications in the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern into smart contracts running on Hyperledger Fabric, a blockchain platform preferred by businesses. Major transformations are performed in the model, while in the controller, model calls are replaced by smart contract calls. The source application and the target smart contract are all written in Java. Our rules add read-your-writes consistency that Hyperledger Fabric does not natively support. Runtime pre- and post-condition checking in the original application is supported in the transformed smart contract. We evaluated our rules on CoCoME and other MVC applications, and all code ran correctly and passed unit tests.

Port supply chains play a very important role in the process of economic globalization. Lack of trust of the mechanism is the main factor in restricting the development of port supply chains. Blockchains have great potential to solve the trust problem among all participants using port supply chains, which can reduce costs and improve efficiency. As the bridge between blockchains and port supply chains, smart contracts reconstruct the business process of blockchain-empowered port supply chains. In this article, we present an architecture of a consortium blockchain-empowered port supply chain system, and propose a system verification framework for the smart contracts of port supply chains with probabilistic behaviors. The smart contracts are modeled as DTMCs (Discrete-Time Markov Chains), which are automatically transformed through the BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) description of the smart contracts. The requirements are specified by PCTL (Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic). Moreover, we implement the customs clearance process of the Shanghai Yangshan Port based on blockchain Hyperledger Fabric, and reconstruct the clearance process with smart contracts. We use it to demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework, and identify the smart contracts that do not meet the expected needs of users.

Due to their decentralized and trustless nature, blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are increasingly used in several domains, including critical applications. The behavior of such blockchain-integrated systems is typically driven by smart contracts. However, smart contracts are application-specific software and may contain faults with severe system-level impacts. This is especially true in the case of the extensively used Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) platform, where smart contracts are written in general-purpose languages (Java, among others), and applications can go far beyond handling virtual-currency-like assets. In this work, we present a novel formal-verification-based approach to smart contract verification and a high-level empirical model of the HLF platform. Our Smart Contract in the Loop (SCIL) method uses a model checker (Java Pathfinder) to check whether specific error properties hold for a given smart contract, while a predefined combination of platform-level fault modes is active. We facilitate the checking of HLF smart contracts without modification and enable the propagation or non-propagation of platform faults through the smart contracts to the system failure level.

Halal-certified products are in high demand globally, but traditional supply chains face challenges like inefficiency, lack of transparency, and low trust among stakeholders. This study proposes a Shariah-compliant blockchain-based Halal supply chain management system to address these issues. By using Hyperledger Fabric, the system ensures traceability and trust through data-smart auditing, creating a decentralized, immutable ledger with a permission blockchain. The system automates compliance checks via smart contracts and integrates with Shariah boards for certification validation. It also incorporates QR code-based product authentication and off-chain storage for scalability. Periodic audits maintain system integrity, and end-to-end monitoring provides full visibility, ensuring Shariah compliance at every stage. This solution offers a modular, scalable, and transparent approach to Halal supply chains, improving efficiency, privacy, and trust while addressing the shortcomings of traditional methods.

This work aims to provide a more secure access control in Hyperledger Fabric blockchain by combining multiple ID’s, attributes, and policies with the components that regulate access control. The access control system currently used by Hyperledger Fabric is first completely analyzed. Next, a new implementation is proposed that builds upon the existing solution but provides users and developers with easier ways to make access control decisions based on combinations of multiple ID’s, attributes, and policies. Our proposed implementation encapsulates the Fabric CA client to facilitate attribute addition and simplify the process of registering and enrolling a newly created certificate (corresponding to a new user). This research, concludes that it is possible to combine multiple ID’s, attributes, and policies with the help of Hyperledger Fabric’s smart contract technology. Furthermore, it could be seen that the performance impact for real-world applications is negligible compared to the insecure case of always providing access to a resource without performing access control.

In this paper, we propose a patient-centric care system based on a smart contract mechanism which is an enhancement to Blockchain technologies. The health records are controlled by the patients, it means the patients could choose and share what kind of information related to their health history to the clinics even the sensitive information. The secure information mechanism and e.ective technical infrastructures to enhance care coordination of individuals and communities are achieved by using Smart Contract which is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum Blockchain. Six algorithms were utilized for interacting data between the components of a Patient-centered healthcare system: createData(), query-Data(), get.eryHistory(), createPatientInformation() / createMedicalRecord() / createDrugInformation() / createHospitalFees() and modifyPatientInformation() / modifyMedicalRecord() / modifyDrug-Information() / modifyHospitalFees(). The simulation results show that the healthcare system and record resources consumption by the aforementioned six algorithms, in terms of execution speed and memory capacity that are allocated for each function at the execution time ranges from 1s.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to design and implement a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof attendance management system using blockchain technology, specifically leveraging Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 deployed on Ubuntu 24.04. The paper aims to demonstrate how blockchain can efficiently replace traditional attendance systems by providing enhanced reliability, integrity, and auditability. Through practical implementation, the study evaluates performance, ease of use, and scalability, offering insights into blockchain's applicability in educational institutions and workplaces to mitigate common issues associated with traditional attendance tracking methods, such as data tampering, inefficiency, and lack of trust. Methodology: The methodology involves deploying a blockchain-based attendance system using Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 on Ubuntu 24.04. It includes requirements analysis, blockchain network setup, smart contract (chain code) development, and frontend-backend integration using React.js and Node.js. This is followed by rigorous functional and performance testing to ensure transparency, security, scalability, and overall system robustness. Result/Analysis: The analysis of the blockchain-based attendance system demonstrated significant improvements in data security, transparency, and efficiency compared to traditional attendance methods. Transactions executed reliably, achieving an average throughput of approximately 200 transactions per second with minimal latency, validating the scalability of Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 on Ubuntu 24.04. The use of cryptographic certificates ensured robust security, preventing unauthorized access and data manipulation. Additionally, integration of a React.js frontend provided user-friendly interaction, enhancing usability. Performance tests confirmed efficient resource utilization, maintaining stable CPU and memory consumption under varying workloads. Overall, results indicate the system's feasibility for reliable, secure, and scalable attendance management. Originality/Values: This study uniquely integrates Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 with Ubuntu 24.04, creating a practical, secure, and transparent blockchain-based attendance solution. Its originality lies in demonstrating real-world applicability, comprehensive performance evaluation, and detailed system integration insights, contributing valuable knowledge for institutions seeking innovative, decentralized, and efficient alternatives to traditional attendance tracking systems. Type of Research: Experimental-based Research.

In the traditional approach to a digital asset management system, the data processing mechanism is not transparent or visible to the data owners since the data is managed solely by the service provider. With the rapid development of blockchain technology, the above issues can be resolved by leveraging the tamper-resistance and decentralization characteristics of blockchain. However, post the implementation of the EU General Data Protection Rules (GDPR) in 2018, the protection of data owners has taken center stage. This has led to several principles of personal data deletion, such as Storage Limit and the Right to Be Forgotten to conflict with the blockchain. It is also observed that, out of the various smart contracts deployed to manage digital assets, often only specific smart contracts are invoked, while the rest of the deployed smart contracts are rarely invoked, leading to smart contract designs exhibiting similar patterns with very little creativity. This current scenario has motivated us to propose SPChain, a smarter and private GDPR-compliant digital asset management framework enabled by blockchain. In this approach, a decentralized InterPlanetary File System has been adopted to solve the problem of SPOF. In addition, the combination of digital assets with artificial intelligence models has been proposed so as to make digital assets accessible to a larger number of applications and to enable better creativity. In this design, artificial intelligence models have been run in independent, virtualized containers and invoked through smart contracts. The proposed SPChain can be applied to the field of digital art management to provide a complete implementation based on the Hyperledger Fabric. Using this proposed framework, model developers, digital art creators, collectors, service providers, as well as third parties can not only benefit from securely managing digital assets and combining them with AI models, but also from simultaneously complying with the rights stipulated in the GDPR. During the course of the experiments conducted, the latency, throughput, and resource consumption of different functions in the smart contracts have been measured. After adjusting the batch timeout of the block and the maximum number of transactions in a block, the throughputs were observed to be about 500 TPS, with 10 to 15 TPS for reading and writing operations, respectively. The latency ranges were found to range from 0 to 7 seconds, with 2.5 to 5 seconds for reading and writing operations, respectively.

As a computer programmer, a smart contract encapsulates the contractual features of the parties’ transactions through code. Some blockchain technology platforms, such as Hyperledger Fabric, IBM Blockchain and Ethereum, currently allow smart contracts. Smart contracts on these platforms are kept on the blockchain and are not under the control of any party involved. They can’t be tampered with after they’ve been digitally signed and placed on the blockchain. The use of smart contracts in blockchains is critical. It is the authors’ primary goal with this research to provide an alternative to standard contracts by allowing users to modify data stored in the chain. Methodology for designing smart contracts is presented in this article, along with an example of how it has used modifications to the data stored in the chain. In this article, we present a methodology for the design of smart contracts and we also illustrate its application with a case study.

Blockchain technology is a forefront innovation that drives multi-user data accessibility with patient ownership, traceability, transparency, security, and privacy protection. However, optimizing blockchain latency and its relationship with security remains underexplored in health data management. This study aims to optimize security and latency in healthcare data management through a novel Blockchain-based framework. The objectives include: (1) developing an innovative EMR management architecture that integrates key stakeholders using Blockchain and smart contracts, (2)creating a multi-objective optimization model for Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain in medical health management, and (3)implementing and evaluating advanced optimization techniques using block Size and consensusLevels as key decision variables. This study bridges the gap by proposing a novel methodology that integrates the Hyperledger Fabric framework with smart contracts to optimize security and storage in health data systems. A key contribution of this research is the development of a multi-objective optimization model employing two advanced non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms, NSGA-II and NSGA-III, to configure system parameters such as blockSize and consensusLevels. Evaluation results show that NSGA-II outperforms NSGA-III, achieving 50% higher Hyper-volume and five distinct non-dominated solutions compared to two, demonstrating its superior ability to balance conflicting objectives and provide optimal configurations. The proposed framework tackles critical challenges in health data interoperability, privacy, and security while ensuring robust, patient-centric data management. By enabling multi-user access, enhanced security, and optimized storage, this work advances Blockchain’s role in healthcare and positions the industry for the Digital Health era. Future work will expand objectives and enable real-time deployment.

Transactions over the internet have increased rapidly and so is the need to prove one’s identity and have a secured system to keep records. To overcome identity theft and fraud cases, Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) was introduced which gives the user complete control over their identity on the internet. Self-Sovereign Identity eliminates the centralized authority and brings Zero-knowledge proof concepts into account to help in easy transactions over the internet. It avoids revealing unnecessary information and correlation attacks. Self-Sovereign Identity, on top of blockchain public ledger features, provides an extra security layer to the system that can be used to monitor the entries in confidential places. This research paper describes a software module, that we have developed, to grant verifiable credentials to users. These credentials, on verification, can grant entry into any security system with which the module is integrated. The module utilizes the facilities provided by Hyperledger Indy and Hyperledger Aries for the creation of verifiable credentials and subsequent verification in a secure manner.

Transformation of BPMN business process model will be a very important topic in the future of the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain environment. Machine transformation can increase the quality of transformation and thus reduce errors. The research paper first describes BPMN and the Hyperledger Fabric environment, what smart contracts are and why they are so important. In the second part, the raw transformation model is described, where the inputs for the transformations are BPMN and the metadata file, and the result is a smart contract written in Java that can be imported into the Hyperledger Fabric environment.

Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) is a leading permissioned blockchain platform designed for enterprise applications. However, it faces significant security risks from Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks targeting its core components. This study systematically investigated network-level DoS attack vectors against HLF, with a focus on threats to its ordering service, Membership Service Provider (MSP), peer nodes, consensus protocols, and architectural dependencies. In this research, we performed experiments on an HLF test bed to demonstrate how compromised components can be exploited to launch DoS attacks and degrade the performance and availability of the blockchain network. Key attack scenarios included manipulating block sizes to induce latency, discarding blocks to disrupt consensus, issuing malicious certificates via MSP, colluding peers to sabotage validation, flooding external clients to overwhelm resources, misconfiguring Raft consensus parameters, and disabling CouchDB to cripple data access. The experimental results reveal severe impacts on the availability, including increased latency, decreased throughput, and inaccessibility of the ledger. Our findings emphasize the need for proactive monitoring and robust defense mechanisms to detect and mitigate DoS threats. Finally, we discuss some future research directions, including lightweight machine learning tailored to HLF, enhanced monitoring by aggregating logs from multiple sources, and collaboration with industry stakeholders to deploy pilot studies of security-enhanced HLF in operational environments.