A Device-Centric Policy Conflict in IoT

Interacting with the Web of Things

The key concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) is linking physical smart things to the Internet to make them active participants on the Internet. The Web of Things (WoT) uses the World Wide Web platform and its associated technologies as a framework to realize IoT. Inspired by WoT, we propose a new paradigm, the Virtual Environment of Things (VEoT), to integrate real-world smart things and virtual-world avatars/objects in a computer generated virtual environment so that entities in either worlds can interact with one another in a real-time manner. To prove the VEoT concept, we design a hierarchical smart gateway, REX (Resources Exchange), to embody smart things as Restful resources that can be combined with networked virtual environments (NVEs) to realize the integration and the interaction of the virtual environments and the real world. In addition, we implement a VEoT-based NVE, called X-Campus, for guiding visitors to navigate a building of National Central University to verify the feasibility of VEoT. This implementation shows the VEoT framework works properly.

S2O: A smart objects orchestrator framework based on the web of things

Social needs for ubiquitous computing environment, in which anyone can easily, conveniently and safely receive IT service through computer and network anywhere, anytime increase, as IT technology develops. This paper proposes the Web of Things (WoT) platform and relevant technology to build ubiquitous computing environment. The proposed WoT platform enables to reduce expenses to build ubiquitous computing environment through the standardization of access and control mechanism of various smart things.

With the great impact of the advancement in the hardware field, major efforts have been made to create large-scale networks of IoT devices (e.g., embedded systems, sensors, and actuators) that can interact with each other as well as their surrounding environments. However, most of the deployments are based on proprietary and tightly-coupled systems. To overwhelm the application layer interoperability issues, the Web of Things (WoT) paradigm aims at making smart things an integral part of the Web and thus, enabling them to communicate through Web standards/protocols. Therefore, applications/services making use of smart things become easier to conceive by means of Web standards/protocols (e.g., HTTP, Websockets). This paper proposes an approach enabling the smart devices to join the Web using features provided by the Stack4Things (S4T) OpenStack-based middleware. Thereby, user agents, typically, Web browsers and/or smart devices can make use of the resources of (other) IoT devices using globally resolvable Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) regardless of their underlying used protocol stacks.

The Web of Things is an emerging scenario in which objects are connected to Internet and can answer to HTTP queries. To date, new applications in this field are mainly produced by designers and engineers while we claim that with simple and effective composition rules and easy-to-use building blocks, even users could invent new applications unforeseen by technology experts. In this paper, we describe a solution for modeling, implementing and running simple connections of smart things based on the point-click-and-compose paradigm. We envision a Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) where things are Web Services using WSDL standard and logical connections between things are modeled as Web Services orchestrations using the WS-BPEL language.

In the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), an increasing number of embedded devices of all sorts (e.g., sensors, mobile phones, cameras, smart meters, smart cars, traffic lights, smart home appliances, etc.) are now capable of communicating and sharing data over the Internet. Although the concept of using embedded systems to control devices, tools and appliances has been proposed for almost decades now, with every new generation, the ever-increasing capabilities of computation and communication pose new opportunities, but also new challenges. As IoT becomes an active research area, different methods from various points of view have been explored to promote the development and popularity of IoT. One trend is viewing IoT as Web of Things (WoT) where the open Web standards are supported for information sharing and device interoperation. By penetrating smart things into existing Web, the conventional web services are enriched with physical world services. This WoT vision enables a new way of narrowing the barrier between virtual and physical worlds.In this paper, we elaborate the architecture and some key enabling technologies of WoT. Some pioneer open platforms and prototypes are also illustrated. The most recent research results are carefully summarized. Furthermore, many systematic comparisons are made to provide the insight in the evolution and future of WoT. Finally, we point out some open challenging issues that shall be faced and tackled by research community.

An increasing number of real-world entities is currently being connected to the Internet and the World Wide Web. We argue that this development is the precursor of a Web of Things (WoT), which in turn provides a promising way to prototype UbiComp applications, by significantly lowering the technical barriers for making things smart. In this paper, we outline how sensors, actuators and Web services can easily be combined in the WoT in order to enable rapid prototyping of UbiComp applications.

Recently, Internet of Things (IoT)-based systems, especially automation systems, have become an indispensable part of modern-day lives to support the controlling of the networked devices and providing context-aware and intelligent environments. IoT-based services/apps developed by the end-users interact with each other and share concurrent access to devices according to their preferences, which increases safety, security, and correctness issues in IoT systems. Due to the critical impacts resulting from these issues, IoT-based apps require a customized type of compilers or checking tools that capable of analyzing the structures of these apps and detecting different types of errors and conflicts either in intra-IoT app instructions or in inter-IoT apps interactions. A plethora of approaches and frameworks have been proposed to assist the best practices for end-users in developing their IoT-based apps and mitigate these errors and conflicts. This paper focuses on conflict classification and detection approaches in the context of IoT systems by investigating the current research techniques that provided conflicts’ classification or detection in IoT systems (published between 2014 and 2020). A classification of IoT-based apps interaction conflicts is proposed. The proposed conflicts’ classification provides a priori conflicts detection method based on the analysis of IoT app instructions’ relationships with utilizing the state-of-the-art Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) model checking and formal notations. The current detection approaches are compared with each other according to the proposed conflicts’ classification to determine to which extend they cover different conflicts. Based on this comparison, we provide evidence that the existing approaches have a gap in covering different conflicts’ levels and types which yields to minimize the correctness and safety of IoT systems. We point out the need to develop a safety and security compiler or tool for IoT systems. Also, we recommend using a hybrid approach that combines model checking with a variety of languages and semantic technologies in developing future IoT-based apps verification frameworks to cover all levels and types of conflicts to guarantee and increase the safety, security, and correctness of IoT systems.

Aiming at solving the conflict of military aircraft passing through airlines, after modeling and analyzing the scenario that aircraft flows fly to converge, a conflict detection and resolution approach is proposed. When the aircraft flow enters the pre-designated control zone, the conflict in the forward looking time is determined by a ‘sliding detection window’, which moves with the military aircraft. After analyzing resolution boundary condition, a conflict resolution model is established. In this way, the avoidance action, heading and speed change maneuvering, would not cause the domino effect. The analytical mathematics result has shown the viability.

Rational energy consumption in large buildings depends on both the users' consumption culture and the management systems implemented. In Colombia, few buildings have an energy management system characterized by its adaptability to the user and with a certain degree of intelligence. Thus, this document describes the summarized research process for the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) system, which has been designed to promote an intelligent lighting service in an academic environment. The IoT system orchestrates a series of sensors, monitoring systems and controlled actions, all based on the principle of making the system functions and consumption records available in real-time, via web services. The devices used are "Things" with improved functionality, becoming "Smart Things" within the IoT paradigm. Methodologically, an experimental process was followed, linking the development of electronic tools, the construction of services, and the development of interfaces for a pleasant user experience. Research contributes to two essential areas: intelligent buildings, through the intelligent adaptation of an environment; and sustainability and eco-innovation, since the system provides appropriate information for environmental education, in terms of real-time energy consumption, that impacts directly on the fair-use culture of a service expensive for the environment.

There are already plenty of Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and systems available worldwide and this creates challenges for software development and systems entities that use these platforms. Global visibility and interoperability through the exposure of these platforms via the web can be achieved through a new paradigm to support an open framework for Web of Things (WoT), which is analogous to web pages. Thus, real-world objects and cloud services could interact via the web. This paper presents the concept of an intelligent lighting system designed in an architectural style based on the Representational State Transfer (REST) web technology and provides intelligent illumination based on Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology.

Safety supervision on construction sites has always been undertaken with the help of safety officers and other safety personnel. In recent years, smart working environments using the Internet of Things have turned a new page in terms of safety management on construction sites. Direct communication between different “smart things” such as sensors, smart phones and databases offers a new angle on safety management. In this chapter, first an introduction to the Internet of Things is provided. This is followed by a study on the popularity of the IoT in different countries and cities—undertaken with the help of big data provided by Google. After this, the results of an interview concerning real-life applications of IoT in Australia and the proposed IoT application of IoT to road repair works will be presented.

RETRACTED: Hospital internet of things system design and captopril treatment of hypertension nursing intervention

The Health and Safety of Migrant workers in the Garment industry in Vietnam: Key issues and potential strategies