The Virtual Environment of Things (VEoT): A Framework for Integrating Smart Things into Networked Virtual Environments

Interacting with the Web of Things

Virtual reality (VR) is a rapidly developing technology that has a wide spectrum of industrial and commercial applications. Networked (distributed or shared) virtual environments (VE) are of growing interest to modern manufacturing industry; a dominating use of networked virtual manufacturing environments (VMEs) is on-line visualisation and collaborative control of 3D information. This has to be supported by real-time data transfer. To meet a broad range of common requirements for Internet-based VE communications, particularly for virtual manufacturing and collaborative design and control, this paper presents a networked virtual environment system that is designed to support networked virtual design and manufacturing. The system is implemented with manufacturing message specification (MMS) standards so as to integrate a range of manufacturing services into networked VEs over the Internet.

Chapter 13 - WoX: Model-Driven Development of Web of Things Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that connects all physical devices to the web through switches, allowing them to exchange data. Web application development is advancing at a steady pace, and it is being used by a broad range of people in a variety of different fields and situations. To save human effort and make things easier, IoT often allows remote access to the existing system, which has been put up by different calculating institutions. Programed control of any gadget to get to the framework without human mediation is a unique IoT characteristic termed IoT. IoT, or the Internet of Things, refers to 'things' as a mixture of equipment components, programming information, and provided services. This device collects data from various devices from previous technological advances and exchanges it with other connected devices. IoT innovation can be portrayed as 'Web of Things', wherein this innovation is constructed dependent on the idea that all the ideal gadgets can be associated inside a particular system for sharing information and data with no manual intercession. The gadgets utilized for this can be isolated contingent to their capacity to send, get, and assemble information in the given system. IoT is obvious because of its remarkable properties that are, secure in nature, can be utilized on savvy gadgets, the capacity to interface with a system helps for the quicker network, etc. Thus IoT is a specialty innovation where heaps of work are going on and where the associations are attempting to computerize human exertion so the possibility of mistake will be negligible or zero. IoT will make things significantly simpler for people and associations with their machines to machine collaboration and network.

S2O: A smart objects orchestrator framework based on the web of things

In the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), an increasing number of embedded devices of all sorts (e.g., sensors, mobile phones, cameras, smart meters, smart cars, traffic lights, smart home appliances, etc.) are now capable of communicating and sharing data over the Internet. Although the concept of using embedded systems to control devices, tools and appliances has been proposed for almost decades now, with every new generation, the ever-increasing capabilities of computation and communication pose new opportunities, but also new challenges. As IoT becomes an active research area, different methods from various points of view have been explored to promote the development and popularity of IoT. One trend is viewing IoT as Web of Things (WoT) where the open Web standards are supported for information sharing and device interoperation. By penetrating smart things into existing Web, the conventional web services are enriched with physical world services. This WoT vision enables a new way of narrowing the barrier between virtual and physical worlds.In this paper, we elaborate the architecture and some key enabling technologies of WoT. Some pioneer open platforms and prototypes are also illustrated. The most recent research results are carefully summarized. Furthermore, many systematic comparisons are made to provide the insight in the evolution and future of WoT. Finally, we point out some open challenging issues that shall be faced and tackled by research community.

Policy-based management provides Web of Things (WoT) system with the ability to describe its requirements and functionality, so that desired service goals are achieved. This requires WoT system provisioning smart things which can work under the guidance of policies. However, policy makers with less awareness of specific safety constraints of smart things may create harmful policies, which make smart things work in unexpected situations and cause safety issues. From the view of smart things, the notion of safety issues is two-fold: First, devices themselves work in an unsound and unsecure state, second, devices are influenced by other devices with same or contradict function. We identify these safety issues as device-centric modality conflicts and interest conflicts, and then define a specific conflict detection approach for these conflicts. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of the conflict detection approach to detect device-centric conflicts in two cases. Finally, we conduct three experiments to evaluate the accuracy and time performance of the detection approach.

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) has fundamentally redefined the connectivity landscape by integrating physical devices with the Internet for data exchange. The Web of Things (WoT) takes this integration a step further by embedding IoT devices within the web, thus facilitating their interoperability. However, the inherent complexity of WoT architecture requires a layer of abstraction to simplify development and integration. Patterns and reference architectures (RAs) provide such an abstraction, modeling solutions for recurrent problems within this domain. In this paper, we aim to develop an RA for the WoT ecosystem. We use architectural patterns to build the RA of the WoT. Here, we present the WoT gateway pattern, which provides a clear and adaptable framework for integrating diverse IoT devices, ensuring seamless communication and functionality within the broader web ecosystem. The purpose of this pattern is twofold: to ensure the interoperability of WoT implementations and to serve as a foundational guide for developers navigating the multifaceted challenges of WoT system design. The pattern also paves the way for building an RA for IoT environments. KEYWORDS Architectural patterns, Internet of Things, reference architecture, web development, web science, WoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being applied for stovepipe solutions, since it presents a semantic description limited to a specific domain. IoT needs to be pushed towards a more open, interoperable and collaborative IoT. The first step has been the Web of Things (WoT). WoT evolves the IoT with a common stack based on web services. But, even when a homogeneous access is reached through web protocols, a common understanding is not yet acquired. For this purpose, the Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) is proposed for the integration of the semantic web on the WoT. This work analyses the SWoT, presenting its different levels to offer an IoT convergence. Specifically, we analyse the trends for capillary networks and for cellular networks with standards such as IPSO, ZigBee, OMA, and the oneM2M initiative. This work also analyses the impact of the semantic-annotations/metadata in the performance of the resources.

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered very widely spread in these days application and technology, which means a huge amount of data will need to be exchanged between devices and applications domains., For example, a weather application needs to communicate with a traffic application. Data between both applications need to be interpreted and to be interoperable in both applications. These applications are based on domain-specific, which means there is no domain interoperability. As a result, some developers and users took the web approach to find an easy solution that can be offered from the web itself, which leads to the Web of Things (WoT). But as with most recommendations in the web community, if data interoperability is needed as part of your implementation, you need to use Semantic Web as an approach that leads to a combined approach called Semantic Web of Things (SWoT). However, not every developer and user are having experience with Semantic Web standards such as RDF, Turtle, RDF/XML, SPARQL, OWL, etc. This paper proposes WOTJD for WoT using JavaScript Object Notation Linked Data (JSON-LD). WOTJD helps IoT users to overcome the main challenges of data interoperability in WOT by helping in (1) Design and integrate WOT applications, (2) IoT data parsing and annotation, and (3) Linking domains with each other (by using domain knowledge expertise), A case study of solving interoperability between smart cars and weather domain through a mobile application is presented, and performance evaluation has been performed, Experimental results show how fast is WOTJD framework against the sensor data size.

The development of Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPSs) in virtual network environment is facing severe challenges. On the one hand, the Internet of things (IoT) based on ICPSs construction needs a large amount of reasonable network resources support. On the other hand, ICPSs are facing severe network security problems. The integration of ICPSs and NV can provide more efficient network resource support and security guarantees for IoT users. Based on the above two problems faced by ICPSs, we propose a virtual network embedded (VNE) algorithm with computing, storage resources, and security constraints to ensure the rationality and security of resource allocation in ICPSs. In particular, we use RL method as a means to improve algorithm performance. We extract the important attribute characteristics of underlying network as the training environment of RL agent. Agent can derive the optimal node embedding strategy through training, so as to meet the requirements of ICPSs for resource management and security. The embedding of virtual links is based on the breadth first search (BFS) strategy. Therefore, this is a comprehensive two-stage RL-VNE algorithm considering the constraints of computing, storage, and security three-dimensional resources. Finally, we design a large number of simulation experiments from the perspective of typical indicators of VNE algorithms. The experimental results effectively illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in the application of ICPSs.

The development of intelligent cyber–physical systems (ICPSs) in the virtual network environment is facing severe challenges. On the one hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) based on ICPSs construction needs a large amount of reasonable network resources support. On the other hand, ICPSs are facing severe network security problems. The integration of ICPSs and network virtualization (NV) can provide more efficient network resource support and security guarantees for IoT users. Based on the above two problems faced by ICPSs, we propose a virtual network embedded (VNE) algorithm with computing, storage resources, and security constraints to ensure the rationality and security of resource allocation in ICPSs. In particular, we use the reinforcement learning (RL) method as a means to improve algorithm performance. We extract the important attribute characteristics of the underlying network as the training environment of the RL agent. The agent can derive the optimal node embedding strategy through training, so as to meet the requirements of ICPSs for resource management and security. The embedding of virtual links is based on the breadth first search (BFS) strategy. Therefore, this is a comprehensive two-stage RL-VNE algorithm considering the constraints of computing, storage, and security 3-D resources. Finally, we design a large number of simulation experiments from the perspective of typical indicators of VNE algorithms. The experimental results effectively illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in the application of ICPSs.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected computing devices having the ability to transfer data over a network, without needing human interaction. Software and communication technologies have seen a tremendous amount of growth in the past couple of decades, and this has resulted in a significant increase in IoT devices. Today, in 2017, IoT devices are ubiquitous and have pervaded almost every sphere of our lives ushering an era of 'smart things.' The explosive growth has resulted in much security and privacy concerns. The other concern is the scalability issue with the primary model of analyzing IoT data in the cloud. A cloud-only model leads to network congestion, data bottleneck and slower reaction times to security issues. By selectively moving computation and storage closer to the network edge, fog computing provides an effective solution for these issues. This paper presents a holistic picture of IoT, its growth, fog computing, and Machine Learning (ML) techniques for securing IoT devices and fog computing systems. It surveys ML techniques for detecting abnormalities and attacks, illustrates solutions to the data growth in IoT, and dives into the security issues concerning fog computing. It also discusses future research directions in this important topic.

A networked virtual environment is a hardware and software system where people who are geographically dispersed over the world can interact with each other by sharing space, presence, and time [1]. The goal of the work presented here is to develop methods to facilitate the use of force feedback, or haptic, devices within a networked virtual environment. Our research aims at investigating and constructing a networked haptic environment (NHE) over a non-dedicated channel for multiple users. The NHE consists of a local network between each haptic device and each virtual environment, as well as a global network linking all of the virtual environments. Position synchronization throughout the global network is accomplished using “Released-but-not-released” method (RNR) which allows computers with different performance capabilities to participate in the network without users experiencing inaccurate object motions. The networked virtual assembly application has been demonstrated using several haptic devices and several virtual environments, without a limitation on number of users or complexity of input models. Performance measures are examined and future work is outlined.

Social needs for ubiquitous computing environment, in which anyone can easily, conveniently and safely receive IT service through computer and network anywhere, anytime increase, as IT technology develops. This paper proposes the Web of Things (WoT) platform and relevant technology to build ubiquitous computing environment. The proposed WoT platform enables to reduce expenses to build ubiquitous computing environment through the standardization of access and control mechanism of various smart things.