A Multi-storey Garage Smart Parking System based on Image Processing

In recent times the concept of smart cities has become very popular. Thanks to the Internet of things the idea of smart city now seems to be completed. Consistent efforts are being made in the field of IoT in order to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure. Problems such as, traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety are being addressed by IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based cloud integrated smart parking system. The proposed Smart Parking system consists of an on-site deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor and signalize the state of availability of each single parking space. A mobile application is also provided that allows an end user to check the availability of parking space and book a parking slot accordingly.

Ø With the ever-growing urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles on the road, efficient management of parking spaces has become a critical challenge in modern cities. In this project, we propose a smart car parking system based on Arduino micro controllers to address this issue. The system utilizes ultrasonic sensors to detect the presence of vehicles in parking spaces and employs RFID technology for vehicle identification. Ø The smart parking system offers several innovative features to enhance user experience and optimize parking space utilization. Users can conveniently locate available parking spaces through a mobile application or digital displays placed at strategic locations. The system also integrates with existing payment systems, allowing for seamless payment transactions and automated access control. Ø One of the key advantages of the proposed system is its scalability and flexibility. It can be easily deployed in various parking environments, including on-street parking, parking garages, and commercial parking lots. Furthermore, the use of open-source Arduino platforms ensures affordability and accessibility, making it suitable for implementation in both developed and developing regions. Ø In addition to improving parking efficiency and reducing traffic congestion, the smart parking system contributes to sustainability efforts by minimizing carbon emissions associated with vehicle circulation in search of parking spaces. It also provides valuable data insights for urban planners and policymakers to optimize parking policies and infrastructure planning. Ø Through this project, we demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using Arduino-based technology to develop innovative solutions for urban parking management. The smart car parking system presented here serves as a practical demonstration of how IoT and embedded systems can contribute to creating smarter and more sustainable cities.

The first quarter of 2007 started as an active season for the real-time image processing community. The annual SPIE Conference on Real-Time Image Processing, which was held in San Jose, CA, highlighted recent developments in this growing branch of image processing. As one of the few regular events with its focus matching that of JRTIP, one witnessed the growth in applications of real-time image and video processing. The conference served as an effective instrument to foster the dissemination of recent results and to leverage the cohesion of the real time image processing community. The preparations for the next SPIE Conference on Real-Time Image Processing in 2008 are already progressing and its call-for-papers is included at the end of this issue. In 2007, JRTIP is going to seek involvement of more scientists in the field of real-time image and video processing. After 1 year of operation, the editors-in-chief have started to recruit additional associate editors to enlarge the expertise base of the editorial board, to solicit manuscript submissions from potential authors, and to make the reviewing process more efficient. Interested colleagues should contact the editors-in-chief expressing their Associate Editor candidature in support of one or more fields within the focus of JRTIP. In addition, they wish to encourage researchers to act as guest editors for special issues on any real-time image or video processing related topics of interest to them. It is possible to schedule two special issues in 2007, provided that a draft call-for-papers is sent to the editors-in-chief as soon as possible. The third issue of JRTIP presents four articles, two are survey papers and two are original research papers. These articles address different real-time image processing perspectives ranging from algorithmic to hardware issues. The first survey paper deals with the real-time filtering in 2D and 3D using ordered statistics that are supported by a rich set of experimental results derived from several algorithmic variations. Performance measurements are used to demonstrate the effect of noise suppression and preservation of fine image structures and to show the DSP implementation of denoising filters. The second survey paper introduces a non-invasive analysis of dynamic processes in living cells using microscopic computer vision techniques for understanding the interactions between cellular and molecular functional units and for providing novel insights into the cell biology. The third article is an original research paper covering a machine vision application involving vision-based position sensing for aerial refueling of unmanned aerial vehicles in real-time. A full image processing chain is investigated and tested in a MATLAB/Simulink soft real-time environment as well as in a Linux/RTAI hard real-time environment. The feasibility of the real-time implementation is shown using off-the-shelf commercial hardware. The fourth article is another original research paper describing a hardware architecture for real-time fractal coding for image compression. The introduced parallel hardware architecture contains units for domain M. F. Carlsohn (&) Ingenieurberatung fur Computer Vision und Bildkommunikation, Am Heiddamm 36g, 28355 Bremen, Germany e-mail: matthias.carlsohn@t-online.de

In the realm of smart cities, issues related to vehicle parking have increasingly contributed to traffic congestion, primarily due to drivers searching for vacant spots and the inefficient management by parking operators. Therefore, smart parking systems must continuously be enhanced with real-time models that can reflect the availability of parking spaces and improve the utilization of parking capacity, thereby addressing part of these challenges. This paper proposes a two-stage hybrid approach aimed at optimizing parking space reservations in smart parking systems. The model enables drivers to locate the most time-efficient parking spot within these systems. In the first stage, the parking space is evaluated within an environment defined by fixed capacity. In the second stage, the most suitable parking spot is made available through a hierarchical parking management system using a search-based method. The approach is grounded in Markov Chain modeling, which is employed to accurately estimate the number of vehicles requiring reservations. Underestimation of this figure results in insufficient demand adjustments, whereas overestimation leads to additional operational costs. Therefore, the proposed system uses Markov Chains for capacity forecasting and mathematical models to simulate the temporal movement of vehicles within the parking facility to determine the proportion of reserved versus regular parking spaces. This temporal analysis improves reservation predictions and yields an average occupancy rate of approximately 0.032, with 15 successful reservations recorded over a 24-hour period.

In the modern world with about a billion vehicles present around the globe, and being in a densely populated country like India creates the need for an efficient parking system and with world advancing towards automation, there is also a need for an automated parking system. Mainly the problem of parking arises in big cities and this causes problems like traffic congestion, driver frustration & air pollution, etc. The issue mainly arises from not knowing whether the parking spaces is available at any given point of time. Even if known, many vehicles may be competing for limited parking spaces causing severe traffic congestions. Even there are problems that can be caused with regards to the parking management. It may be difficult for the parking management to organise the parking of the vehicles in an orderly manner. Thus we are trying to resolve the problems stated by developing an RFID based smart parking system that monitors the availability of idle parking slots and guides the vehicle to the nearest such slot by sending a message to the mobile number registered in the vehicle’s RFID. The proposed system uses infrared transmitter-receiver pairs that remotely communicate the status of parking occupancy to the Arduino UNO microcontroller and displays the vacant slots on the display at the entrance of the parking so that the user gets to know the availability /unavailability of parking space prior to his/her entry into the parking place. Implementation involves minimal human interaction and provides a seamless parking experience thereby reducing a lot of time wasted by the user in parking his/her vehicle. Key Words: Parking System, RFID, Arduino UNO

In this work, we describe the implementation of a smart parking and mapping system, named Smart Park, for searching and booking parking spaces in uncovered parking areas. This system comprises of a mobile application which allows users to view and select available parking slots on an interactive map based on aerial imagery. The system can suggest parking spaces based on criteria such as vehicle dimensions, distance to destination and user preferences. QR technology has been used to allow users to check-into and out of the parking lot. Moreover, the application integrates a map guidance system to guide users to their designated parking spaces. The application features an administrator interface, with parking data represented in visual format, for analysis and strategic decision making. The features implemented are aimed at alleviating the difficulties in parking identification and allocation, thereby minimising congestion in and around parking lots.

SummaryIn big cities, the drivers face a major problem in identifying an optimal vacant parking space for their vehicles as the number of vehicles has rapidly grown over the recent years. This objective of determining the available parking space results in wastage of time, air pollution, and traffic congestion. Smart parking systems facilitate the driver to book parking slots and attain real‐time parking information. However, the existing smart parking solutions necessitate the disclosure of sensitive information like desired destination from the vehicle drivers. Moreover, the current smart parking solutions are highly centralized, making them vulnerable for launching privacy breaches by service providers and resulting in the issues of single‐point failure. In this paper, ring signature and improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain‐based private information retrieval (RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR) scheme is proposed for privacy preserving in smart parking system. This RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR scheme initially utilizes an improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain constructed by different number of parking lot owners in order to achieve maximized parking offers based on the factor of availability, transparency, and security. It incorporates an improved private information retrieval approach for protecting the location privacy of drivers and secretly retrieving the offers of parking from the improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain. It further utilizes the benefits of ring signature for permitting the drivers in a potential anonymous authentication process that aids in available parking slot reservation. The simulation results of this proposed RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR scheme portrayed a predominant performance in ensuring maximized degree of drivers' privacy with reduced computation and communication overheads.

Nowadays the concept of smart cities has gained grate popularity. and thanks to the IoT of things technology for the concept and the idea of smart city in this paper, we present an IoT based smart parking system. A Smart parking system that helps drivers to find vacant spot. Driver Problems such as limited car parking, traffic problems and road safety are being addressed by IoT. In this paper, I present an IoT based smart parking system. The Smart car Parking system will help user to solve the problem for finding a parking space and to reduce the time that they have spent in searching for the nearest available car parking. A mobile application is also provided that allows an end user to check the availability of parking space and book a parking slot according to their time convenience.

Internet of Things (IoT)-powered smart parking transforms urban transportation by combining cutting-edge technology to improve parking management. This system uses a network of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors that are mounted in parking spots to track availability in real-time. A centralized server receives the data gathered from these sensors, processes it, and updates the parking status instantly. The software has functions like digital payments, recommendation engines tailored to the user's tastes, and navigation to the closest spot. This minimizes emissions and traffic congestion, in addition to cutting down on the amount of time spent looking for parking. Furthermore, smart parking systems can maximize the use of available parking spaces and offer insightful data analytics to help city planners enhance urban infrastructure. All things considered, IoT-enabled smart parking systems are a big step in the direction of building smarter, more sustainable cities.

As the number of vehicles on the roads continues to rise, finding suitable parking spaces has become a major concern for drivers. Many drivers face frustration due to the lack of information about available parking spots, resulting in fatigue and wasted time. This research aims to address this issue by developing an intelligent parking system. The system employs object detection technology using a camera connected to a Raspberry Pi 4 and is complemented by a Progressive Web App (PWA) for easy access across different platforms. The study follows a research and development approach, incorporating agile methodologies for system development. Through this application, users can effortlessly check the availability of parking spaces using their preferred devices. Consequently, drivers will no longer have to spend time manually searching for parking spots. Furthermore, the application is integrated with Socketio to provide real-time data updates and supports non-cash payments to expedite the transaction process.

There are more and more vehicles on the road in every country, which have to be parked in spaces that are becoming increasingly packed. This is a big challenge especially for city planners, architects, and building owners. To meet this demand, the innovative and space saving-parking system is created. This is the new way of technology that can be applied to all users and it is more efficient than the previous parking systems. All buildings including hospitals, government building, shopping complex can access and apply this technology. This paper proposed a program that combined with the iOS system and connected through wireless connection. In addition, it will be connected to the mobile phones using this technology. Before the data can be displayed, the mobile phone has to be installed with BLINK's application that can be downloaded from the apple store. After this application is installed, then apps will show the available parking slot in the specific parking area. Any parking spaces can be assessed anywhere and anytime as long as users have internet connection to their smartphones. This paper proposed to develop the iOS apps that can show and update the parking spaces that are available and the hardware is designed by using ESPresso Lite 2.0 board.

nowadays, vehicles have become a very significant role in transport which remain a major problem in most cities around the world, especially in developing regions resulting in massive delays, turn traffic congestion, increased fuel wastage and monetary losses. There are many alternative systems, but one possible solution to this problem is parking system has become the sparking factors of the mentioned problems above. In this paper, we present various techniques as far as the smart parking system is mainly debated which are already implemented. When we are deepening into this parking issue, many contributors contributed a lot in monitoring smart parking system (SPS) and management of SPS with an asset of various gadgets and technologies including Bluetooth, Cameras, Image Processing, wireless sensors, ZigBeee accompanied by software explanations based on mobile application. Following this analysis will enhance researcher's thought on SPS which will result in a real solution of the technique.

Over the last few years, finding vacant parking spaces has become a hassle for drivers especially in crowded cities. This problem leads to wasting drivers' time, traffic congestion, and air pollution. Recently, smart parking systems aim to address this problem by enabling drivers to have real-time parking information about vacant parking spaces. However, the existing parking systems rely on a central third party to organize the service, which makes them subject to a single point of failure and privacy breach concerns by both internal and external attackers. In this paper, we propose a secure smart parking system using blockchain technology. Specifically, a consortium blockchain is made of parking lots to ensure security, transparency, and availability of the parking system. Then, to protect the drivers' location privacy, we use cloaking technique to hide the drivers' locations. The blockchain validators return available parking offers with in the cloaked area. Finally, the driver selects the best offer and makes reservation directly with the parking lot. Evaluations are conducted to evaluate the proposed scheme, and results indicate practicality of our scheme.

Urban parks and green spaces are managed by local authorities, and 8 local authorities are utilizing the park and green space management system in Korea. However, in each local government, park and green space data, system components, main function, and tasks were established in different forms and their utilization was also very low. In this context, this study suggests a general-purpose model of the park and green space management system that can be used commonly by local governments for park and green space management. Based on the requirements that the GIS (geographic information system) should be used for continuous management in the “park and green space master plan guideline”, and the creation of an urban park inventory in the “act on urban parks, green areas, etc.”, we proposed a general-purpose model that builds GIS—based spatial information. We expect that local governments can reduce time and cost of introducing the park and green space management system, and the central government will be able to collect data and statistics on national park and green space, and establish data-based policies.

Problem searching for a parking space is time-consuming and highly relevant both in Ukraine and abroad. Time spent searching for a parking space leads to excessive traffic, more traffic jams, air pollution and increased fuel consumption. These factors also affect the daily stress levels of drivers. Due to this, the process of finding a parking space should be fast and convenient. At the same time, there has been significant development of real estate in Lviv over the past few years. Accordingly, the need for organizing the process of parking cars of residents of residential areas is growing. This paper presents the results of the development of an application for a quick and convenient search for a parking space. A review of similar software applications was conducted. Proposed solutions use various technologies to solve the problem of searching for a free parking space including IoT, sensors, machine learning for image recognition. Even though they solve the problem of searching for a free parking space, most of them can be expensive to implement, maintain, they don’t provide the ability to work with different data sources. An activity diagram of system is presented and it shows two main flows of the system: displaying the current state of parking spaces and displaying parking space by the number of the car entering the territory of the complex. System consists of three modules. The first module is responsible for working with different data sources, storing the status of parking spaces, processing requests. Image processing module is responsible for determining the occupied and free parking spaces from the image. The third module is responsible for the correct display of parking spaces and their statuses. It is also demonstrated how the application works with different data sources and how exceptions are handled. The system works correctly and has a сlear interface. The parking assistant is a great helper and significantly reduces the time required to find a free parking space.