A Numerical Framework for the Analysis of Handoff Delay Component in Proxy NEMO Environment

Wireless networks incorporate Mobile Nodes (MNs) that use wireless access networks to communicate. However, the communication among these MNs are not remained stable due to the poor network coverage during inter mobility. Moreover, the wireless nodes are typically small that results in resource-constrained. Thus, it is uphill to use algorithms having giant processing power or memory footprint. Accordingly, it is essential to check schemes consistently to evaluate the performance within the probable application scenario. To do so, numerical analysis could be a notable method to grasp the performance of mobility management schemes as well as the constraint of evolving mobility management solutions specifically for multi-interfaced MR in Proxy NEMO environment. This paper analyzes handoff performance by using a mathematical model of Multihoming-based scheme to support Mobility management in Proxy NEMO (MM-PNEMO) environment. Moreover, a comparative study has been made among the standard Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP), Proxy NEMO (PNEMO) and MM-PNEMO scheme respectively. The performance metrics estimated for these schemes are mainly handoff delay and packet loss. This paper also analysed the packet loss ratio and handoff gain as a function of cell radius, number of SMR and velocity respectively. It is apparent that, the MM-PNEMO scheme shows lower packet loss ratio (1%) compared to NEMO-BSP (11%) and P-NEMO (6%).

Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (BSP) and seamless IP diversity based NEMO (SINEMO) have been designed to provide seamless and uninterrupted services to the mobile hosts in NEMO. SINEMO outperforms NEMO BSP by utilizing the advanced loss recovery and multi-homing feature of stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). To improve the performance of NEMO BSP, we could utilize the services of on-board TCP (obTCP) which implements local retransmission mechanism in the wireless links to recover wireless losses quickly and effectively. In this paper, we analytically compare NEMO BSP along with obTCP and SINEMO based on end-to-end packet loss probability, end-to-end packet delivery delay, handoff latency, and throughput degradation time during handoff. The numerical results show that NEMO BSP when used with obTCP performs better than SINEMO.

Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol is an extension Mobile IPv6. NEMO signaling is performed with extended of Mobile IPv6 messages. NEMO Basic Support protocol is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, it provides for devices or vehicles which move to another point of attachment to the Internet. NEMO can maintain sessions established between nodes on the mobile network and the global Internet after the Mobile Router (MR) changes its point of attachment. However, NEMO uses a bi-directional tunnel between the MR and its Home Agent (HA), resulting in a pinball route between 2 nodes. In addition, nested mobile networks will further increase the sub-optimality of routing, causing problems for some application. This proposed solution decreases packet delay, network resource usage and processing delay. Also, the bi-directional tunnel can be avoided, and the level of nesting of mobile networks does not increase packet overhead. This solution only requires modification of the MR.

The power depletion and crosstalk induced by stimulated Raman scattering in wavelength division multiplexing-based mobile fronthaul are investigated by simulation and experiment for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The simulation results show that the maximum power depletion is 1.7 dB in the case of 40-km fiber transmission with four fronthaul wavelength pairs. However, for the future hybrid fiber and radio access network, where the whole $\text{C}\,+\,\text{L}$ wavebands may be employed, the power depletion will be increased to 11 dB. Meanwhile, in order to verify the simulation, we conducted an experiment with four fronthaul wavelength pairs. The measured power depletion is consistent with the simulation results. As for the Raman crosstalk, the experimental results indicate that it varies from the fiber lengths and has the low-pass characteristic. These results provide a valuable reference for the wavelength allocation in the future hybrid fiber and radio access network.

To maintain the Internet connectivity of a group of nodes in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), the network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol was standardized. The NEMO BS provides mobility for mobile network nodes (MNNs) in a moving network through a mobile router (MR). Since packet loss in NEMO dramatically increases during a handover as the number of MNNs increases, Mobile IPv6 fast handovers (FMIPv6) was adopted to reduce packet loss and handover latency. However, since FMIPv6 was originally designed for a single mobile node (MN), FMIPv6 based on NEMO (fNEMO) incurs a high tunneling burden on the link between the previous and new access routers (PAR and NAR, respectively). In this paper, we propose an enhanced fNEMO (EfNEMO) as an efficient fast handover scheme that significantly mitigates the tunneling burden and handover latency. In particular, EfNEMO performs a tentative binding update (BU) procedure to register a new care-of address (NCoA) for the MR with the MR's home agent (HA) before the layer-2 handover. Consequently, EfNEMO delivers packets destined for MNNs via various paths between the HA and the NAR without any tunneling. Furthermore, EfNEMO reduces handover latency because it performs the registration to the HA in advance. By establishing an analytical model for the proposed EfNEMO, we investigate the handover performance of NEMO, fNEMO, and EfNEMO. In addition, we compare EfNEMO with NEMO and fNEMO in terms of the overall cost and the handover latency. Simulation is also performed to compare in a more realistic environment. The results of analysis and simulation show that EfNEMO significantly outperforms fNEMO and NEMO.

In Network Mobility (NEMO) environment, recurrent movement of a mobile router is one of the distinguished characteristics since this may affect the performance of the existing mobility management schemes. The movement pattern straightly influence once transmission links among mobile routers are established or failed, which is connected with the system topology. Therefore, numerical evaluation is a noteworthy process to apprehend the performance of any mobility management schemes as well as the constraints of emerging mobility management outcomes specifically for mobile environments. This paper proposed a numerical model to analyze the handoff performance of the multi-interfaced fast handoff scheme during movement of mobile router among different access technology in NEMO. Afterward, using numerical model, it has presented the numerical results of multi-interfaced fast handoff scheme as well as compared it with the standard Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) and Fast NEMO (FNEMO) scheme. Two metrics such as handoff delay as well as relative gain are considered as the performance metrics in different circumstances identified by link switching delay of the mobile router. It has been perceived from the outcomes that, the multi-interfaced fast handoff scheme performs better compared to NEMO BSP and FNEMO scheme in terms of handoff delay and relative gain.

This document describes the Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol that enables Mobile Networks to attach to different points in the Internet.The protocol is an extension of Mobile IPv6 and allows session continuity for every node in the Mobile Network as the network moves.It also allows every node in the Mobile Network to be reachable while moving around.The Mobile Router, which connects the network to the Internet, runs the NEMO Basic Support protocol with its Home Agent.The protocol is designed so that network mobility is transparent to the nodes inside the Mobile Network.Devarapalli, et al.

In order to be able to characterize a packet loss process accurately, short-term packet loss ratios need to be taken into account in addition to the long-term packet loss ratio. We propose to characterize a packet loss process by using a deterministic loss model which takes into account the maximum packet loss ratio, short-term packet loss ratios, and the long-term packet loss ratio. We also propose an adaptive pushout scheme which allows a network node to monitor and control the packet loss process at the network node so that the conformance to the deterministic loss model can be guaranteed.

Network mobility (NEMO) route optimization support is strongly demanded in next generation networks; without route optimization the mobile network (e.g., a vehicle) tunnels all traffic to its Home Agent (HA). The mobility may cause the HA to be geographically distant from the mobile network, and the tunneling causes increased delay and overhead in the network. It becomes peculiar in the event of nesting of mobile networks due to pinball routing, for example, a Personal Area Network (PAN) inside a vehicle. The authors propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks in local and global mobility domain. The EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs and modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). The authors carried out an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of EMIP.

Route optimization support in mobile networks is one of the most important concerns in Next Generation Networks (NGNs). NGNs require an efficient route optimization scheme, optimized specially to support nesting of mobile networks. We propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks. EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs. It modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). We carried out extensive simulation study to show that EMIP performs better than NEMO BS and Reverse Routing Header (RRH, a well established route optimization protocol) with respect to TCP throughput and round trip time. EMIP effectively reduces unnecessary large travelling route and overhead, thereby enhances performance. It also achieves route optimization between the mobile network nodes inside nested mobile network.

Mobility management in heterogeneous networks is an important area since the mobile network may be moving between multiple types of access networks which involve several service providers such as 802.11b WLAN, 802.16 WiMAX and UMTS Networks. In crowded environments, the bottleneck is often between the access link and the mobile network. Being able to prioritize the traffic and allocate a minimum bandwidth guarantee for each user is crucial in this environment. This study presents a novel dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism for network mobility in heterogeneous networks integrated with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol. Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol has three important nodes Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs), Mobile Router (MR) and Home Agent (HA). The dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism which consists of traffic marking, prioritizing and scheduling are implemented at the mobile network node domain. While the admission control module is implemented at a mobile router domain. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the mechanism. The results have shown the importance of less packet loss and delay and higher packet forwarding rate.

An enhanced fast handover with seamless mobility support for next-generation wireless networks

Owing to inherited shortcomings such as poor survivability and limited resource in network mobility basic support protocol, multihoming mechanism is introduced to network mobility management to improve robustness, aggregate Bandwidth, provide reliability and achieve ubiquitous access. In this paper a mobility management solution is proposed for multihomed mobile networks based on backup registration. By extending binding unique identifier sub-option with backup flag, mobile router can register its backup care-of address on its home agent to create backup entry which can be used not only to transmit packets after MR's current link can not work well but also to share load as normal registration. Then packets can be delivered through multiple paths, even if MR's link is broken, packets can get to destination through backup care-of address. Handover can be implemented before entire mobile network totally disconnects from current visiting network, so no communication interruption will be caused during handover. By adopting the idea of getting information before connecting, mobile router can choose proper router as its new access point to achieve route optimization.

In this article, we address the prospects and key enabling technologies for highly efficient and accurate device positioning and tracking in 5G radio access networks. Building on the premises of ultra-dense networks as well as on the adoption of multicarrier waveforms and antenna arrays in the access nodes (ANs), we first formulate extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based solutions for computationally efficient joint estimation and tracking of the time of arrival (ToA) and direction of arrival (DoA) of the user nodes (UNs) using uplink reference signals. Then, a second EKF stage is proposed in order to fuse the individual DoA/ToA estimates from one or several ANs into a UN position estimate. Since all the processing takes place at the network side, the computing complexity and energy consumption at the UN side are kept to a minimum. The cascaded EKFs proposed in this article also take into account the unavoidable relative clock offsets between UNs and ANs, such that reliable clock synchronization of the access-link is obtained as a valuable by-product. The proposed cascaded EKF scheme is then revised and extended to more general and challenging scenarios where not only the UNs have clock offsets against the network time, but also the ANs themselves are not mutually synchronized in time. Finally, comprehensive performance evaluations of the proposed solutions on a realistic 5G network setup, building on the METIS project based outdoor Madrid map model together with complete ray tracing based propagation modeling, are provided. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that by using the developed methods, sub-meter scale positioning and tracking accuracy of moving devices is indeed technically feasible in future 5G radio access networks operating at sub-6GHz frequencies, despite the realistic assumptions related to clock offsets and potentially even under unsynchronized network elements.

In future hybrid fiber and radio access networks, wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PON) based fifth-generation (5G) fronthaul systems are anticipated to coexist with current protocols, potentially leading to non-linearity impairment due to stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). To meet the loss budget requirements of 5G fronthaul networks, this paper investigates the power changes induced by SRS in WDM-PON based 5G fronthaul systems. The study examines wavelength allocation schemes utilizing both the C-band and O-band, with modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), optical double-binary (ODB), and four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4). Simulation results indicate that SRS non-linearity impairment causes a power depletion of 1.3 dB in the 20 km C-band link scenario, regardless of whether the modulation formats are 25 Gb/s or 50 Gb/s NRZ, ODB, and PAM4, indicating that the SRS-induced power changes are largely independent of both modulation formats and modulation rates. This effect occurs when only the upstream and downstream wavelengths of the 5G fronthaul are broadcast. However, when the 5G fronthaul wavelengths coexist with previous protocols, the maximum power depletion increases significantly to 10.1 dB. In the O-band scenario, the SRS-induced maximum power depletion reaches 1.5 dB with NRZ, ODB, and PAM4 modulation formats at both 25 Gb/s and 50 Gb/s. Based on these analyses, the SRS non-linearity impairment shall be fully considered when planning the wavelengths for 5G fronthaul transmission.