Enhanced Fast Handover for Network Mobility in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol is an extension Mobile IPv6. NEMO signaling is performed with extended of Mobile IPv6 messages. NEMO Basic Support protocol is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, it provides for devices or vehicles which move to another point of attachment to the Internet. NEMO can maintain sessions established between nodes on the mobile network and the global Internet after the Mobile Router (MR) changes its point of attachment. However, NEMO uses a bi-directional tunnel between the MR and its Home Agent (HA), resulting in a pinball route between 2 nodes. In addition, nested mobile networks will further increase the sub-optimality of routing, causing problems for some application. This proposed solution decreases packet delay, network resource usage and processing delay. Also, the bi-directional tunnel can be avoided, and the level of nesting of mobile networks does not increase packet overhead. This solution only requires modification of the MR.

Network mobility (NEMO) route optimization support is strongly demanded in next generation networks; without route optimization the mobile network (e.g., a vehicle) tunnels all traffic to its Home Agent (HA). The mobility may cause the HA to be geographically distant from the mobile network, and the tunneling causes increased delay and overhead in the network. It becomes peculiar in the event of nesting of mobile networks due to pinball routing, for example, a Personal Area Network (PAN) inside a vehicle. The authors propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks in local and global mobility domain. The EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs and modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). The authors carried out an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of EMIP.

Objectives: This article proposes a new scheme known as (Diff-FH NEMO) to enhance seamless handover for the users within network mobility. Methods/Analysis: The proposed scheme adapts the method of Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6) to shrink binding locality signaling issues. Furthermore, it exploits DiffServ depiction to pull off silky delivery of real time trafficking in heterogeneous network mobility. Network Simulator (NS-2) tool version 2.28 and analytical analysis are utilized to implement and assess the performance of the proposed scheme. Findings: Network Mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (RFC 3963) endorsed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to enlarge the maneuver of Mobile IPv6 for better unremitting Internet connectivity to the users of mobile network. Here the protocol swaps mobility task function from mobile nodes to NEMO’ router. In mobility network the router is identified as Mobile Router (MR), which executes location update with its Home Agent (HA) to launch a bi-directional tunnel between the HA and MR. NEMO is premeditated with explication so that network mobility is transparent to the nodes in order to ease location update signaling that could happen by each Mobile Network Node (MNN). Yet, delays in data delivery and higher overheads are expected to transpire because of unnecessary multiple encapsulations of data packets and sub-optimal routing. Novelty/Improvement: The proposed scheme intents to curtail the packet loss and moderate the handover latency as well.

Network Mobility (NEMO), derived from Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) technology, has been evolving and expanding in very rapidity manner across very short period of time. In MIPv6 technology, the Access Router (AR) plays important roles such as provide sessions connectivity and safe-guarding communications protocol. Whereas in NEMO, the routers in the communication chains are essentially the moving targets and hence the Mobile Router (MR). The MR too, inherits the basic functionalities of AR. In the basic MIPv6 and NEMO modus operandi, when the Mobile Network Notes (MNN) roamed away from home link and attached to some other foreign link, the MNNs are also addressable via a secondary address named as Care-of Address (CoA). The MNN essentially registered its primary CoA to the router on its own home link and thus registering the router to be its Home Agent (HA). These communication sets, and the ingredients of the communication will be managed via Binding Updates (BU) and the Binding Acknowledgement (BAck). Since the NEMO is using MIPv6 as the backbone, NEMO also inevitably inherits many design difficulties and problems that the MIPv6 seen. Such as using the Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) with end-to-end tunneling and using nonce value within the BU to serve as part of the authentication process and many more. In this paper, we illustrate the scenario of authentication problems involving NEMO movements and the flaw in security design. With the aim of succeeding IPSec we then propose a much better solution which is the use of Random Number, coupled with PKI concept.

Route optimization support in mobile networks is one of the most important concerns in Next Generation Networks (NGNs). NGNs require an efficient route optimization scheme, optimized specially to support nesting of mobile networks. We propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks. EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs. It modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). We carried out extensive simulation study to show that EMIP performs better than NEMO BS and Reverse Routing Header (RRH, a well established route optimization protocol) with respect to TCP throughput and round trip time. EMIP effectively reduces unnecessary large travelling route and overhead, thereby enhances performance. It also achieves route optimization between the mobile network nodes inside nested mobile network.

This paper presents a novel scheme that enables IPv6 mobile networks to perform optimal route optimization. The proposed scheme exploits features of the widely deployed border gateway protocol (BGP). When a mobile network is about to change its point of attachment to the Internet, its mobile router (MR) gets a new care-of-address (CoA) from the visited location and sends a binding update to its home agent (HA). Additionally, MR gets a new temporary network prefix (TNP) at the new location using the prefix delegation protocol. MR then advertises this TNP to its subnet via a router advertisement (RA) message and enables the mobile network nodes (MNNs) to build their own respective CoAs. Simultaneously, this TNP is also sent to the border router (BR) of the home network to enable BR update its BGP routing table. This operation is performed to build an association between the TNP and the mobile network prefix (MNP). BR then notifies its peers of this new update. This procedure will enable any correspondent node (CN) to directly communicate with MNNs, avoiding therefore ingress filtering and reducing both signaling and processing overhead on MR and the home agent (HA). A comparison of the proposed scheme against the NEMO Basic Support scheme, in terms of communication delay, is made via a simple performance analysis.

Network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol is an entire network, roaming as a unit which changes its point of attachment to the Internet and consequently its reachability in the network topology. NEMO BS doesn't provide QoS guarantees to its users same as traditional Internet IP and Mobile IPv6 as well. Typically, all the users will have same level of services without considering about their application requirements. This poses a problem to real-time applications that required QoS guarantees. To gain more effective control of the network, incorporated QoS is needed. Within QoS-enabled network the traffic flow can be distributed to various priorities. Also, the network bandwidth and resources can be allocated to different applications and users. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group has proposed several QoS solutions for static network such as IntServ, DiffServ and MPLS. These QoS solutions are designed in the context of a static environment (i.e. fixed hosts and networks). However, they are not fully adapted to mobile environments. They essentially demands to be extended and adjusted to meet up various challenges involved in mobile environments. With existing QoS mechanisms many proposals have been developed to provide QoS for individual mobile nodes (i.e. host mobility). In contrary, research based on the movement of the whole mobile network in IPv6 is still undertaking by the IETF working groups (i.e. network mobility). Few researches have been done in the area of providing QoS for roaming networks. Therefore, this paper aims to review and investigate (previous /and current) related works that have been developed to provide QoS in mobile network. Consequently, a new proposed scheme will be introduced to enhance QoS within NEMO environment, achieving by which seamless mobility to users of mobile network node (MNN).

Mobility management in heterogeneous networks is an important area since the mobile network may be moving between multiple types of access networks which involve several service providers such as 802.11b WLAN, 802.16 WiMAX and UMTS Networks. In crowded environments, the bottleneck is often between the access link and the mobile network. Being able to prioritize the traffic and allocate a minimum bandwidth guarantee for each user is crucial in this environment. This study presents a novel dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism for network mobility in heterogeneous networks integrated with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol. Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol has three important nodes Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs), Mobile Router (MR) and Home Agent (HA). The dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism which consists of traffic marking, prioritizing and scheduling are implemented at the mobile network node domain. While the admission control module is implemented at a mobile router domain. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the mechanism. The results have shown the importance of less packet loss and delay and higher packet forwarding rate.

Fast handover protocol provides seamless handover in mobile IPv6 networks by reducing handover latency. One assumption in fast handover is that the MN (Mobile Node) or the network could know or predict the new AR (Access Router) before data transport from the previous AR to the MN is disrupted. In order to achieve this capability, the complexity of predicting the new AR and the diversity of the wireless link technologies should be considered. While it is difficult to know or predict the new AR exactly, a better solution is required to find a reasonable set of candidate ARs (i.e., neighbor ARs) that are likely to be the new AR after a handover. This paper introduces a solution to support a fast handover mechanism using multi-tunnels between MAP (Mobility Anchor Point) and neighbor ARs in HMIPv6 (Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) network. It includes the concepts of Proxy Mobile IP for creation of CoA (Care of Address) and DAD (Duplicate Address Detection). In this protocol, the MN can handover without receiving any information about the new AR and this eliminates difficulties to know or predict exactly the new AR which is not specified in standard fast handover scheme. It decouples layer-2 and layer-3 handover and efficiently reduces handover latency through the minimized number of wireless signaling messages and pre-DAD. It also saves periods of service disruption and prevents packet loss in the case of ping-pong movement of the high-speed MN. The performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated by simulations under variable conditions.

Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (BSP) and seamless IP diversity based NEMO (SINEMO) have been designed to provide seamless and uninterrupted services to the mobile hosts in NEMO. SINEMO outperforms NEMO BSP by utilizing the advanced loss recovery and multi-homing feature of stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). To improve the performance of NEMO BSP, we could utilize the services of on-board TCP (obTCP) which implements local retransmission mechanism in the wireless links to recover wireless losses quickly and effectively. In this paper, we analytically compare NEMO BSP along with obTCP and SINEMO based on end-to-end packet loss probability, end-to-end packet delivery delay, handoff latency, and throughput degradation time during handoff. The numerical results show that NEMO BSP when used with obTCP performs better than SINEMO.

NEMO Basic Support (NEMO BS) adds a mobility function to IPv6 routers, such a router is called as a mobile router. The network behind the mobile router (mobile network) becomes logically static. This function is considered useful when a network has a lot of nodes that do not have a mobility function but move with the network. The typical usage of this technology is the network provided in a transportation system like a bus or airplane. In the base specification of NEMO BS, a mobile router can use one IPv6 address as its attachment point at one time. Therefore, the mobile router and its mobile network will face service disruption of network connectivity while the mobile router is moving from one network to other network. In this paper, we explain two operational experiments of network mobility. One is an experiment using only the base NEMO BS function. The other is an experiment of seamless handover using multiple network interfaces to solve the problem. In these experiments, the mobile networks were actual conference networks which held a few hundred people. The result shows that the multiple interfaces usage provides one-third to one-tenth of the packet loss rate compared to the case that is not using the technology. Also most attendees of the conference did not notice the movement, which means the technology can be used for the realistic solution for the seamless handover.

In the mobility support standards, when a node moves between IP domains, it must be configured with a care-of address (CoA) and registers the new CoA with its home agent. As a result, before a target node is accessed its home agent must be first visited to acquire the information on the foreign network where the target node is located. Therefore, the mobility handover latency is prolonged due to the CoA configuration, and the communication latency is increased due to visiting a target’s home agent. This paper proposes a mobility frame for IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network wireless sensor network and aims to reduce the handover latency and the communication latency. In this frame, a device managing sensor nodes is identified by a network prefix and can provide the geographical information on these sensor nodes, so the sensor nodes do not need to be configured with a CoA and can directly be accessed without visiting their home agent. In this way, the handover latency and the communication latency are reduced.

This document describes the Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol that enables Mobile Networks to attach to different points in the Internet.The protocol is an extension of Mobile IPv6 and allows session continuity for every node in the Mobile Network as the network moves.It also allows every node in the Mobile Network to be reachable while moving around.The Mobile Router, which connects the network to the Internet, runs the NEMO Basic Support protocol with its Home Agent.The protocol is designed so that network mobility is transparent to the nodes inside the Mobile Network.Devarapalli, et al.

The majority of research on MIPv6 only considers the mobility of nodes. However, using MIPv6 for mobile network will introduce a problem such as dog-leg routing. A mobile network is composed with one or more visited mobile networks as well as mobile nodes in fixed network environment. In order to communicate from foreign network with mobile nodes, packets are usually transmitted via the home link of the mobile node. This introduces a dog-leg routing. Especially, the increasing number of visited mobile network may cause a transmission delay for the packet. Dog-leg routing may cause a transmission latency, this subsequently causes the difficulty for a real time service and the delay in binding update. Our research tries to solve the dog-leg routing by only expanding AR (access router), MR (mobile router), HA (home agent) of MR without any changes in MN, HA of MN and CN. The second part of my research outlines the performance which reduces binding update latency and the number of binding update message through regional registration.

NEtwork MObility (NEMO) technology leads to manage not only host mobility but also the mobility of an entire network. For practical usage, mobile users should however be authenticated by their service provider when accessing foreign networks. AAA for NEMO (AFN) [8] provides a solution to perform the AAA mechanism, based on NEMO Basic Support (NBS). When we consider the AAA mechanism, the binding update procedure (BU) would also be performed when Mobile Router (MR) does frequent handoffs between Mobile Networks. These two procedures (Authentication and BU) result in additional overhead if they are performed separately. Therefore, both are considered for formulating an integration scheme. An efficient solution is proposed by integrating the binding update message into the Diameter protocol, in order to reduce traffic overhead and routing delay. The proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of measurement factors of transmission time and processing time. As a result, the proposed scheme outperforms AFN up to 8~35% in terms of routing delay.