Evaluation of QoS supported in Network Mobility NEMO environments

Objectives: This article proposes a new scheme known as (Diff-FH NEMO) to enhance seamless handover for the users within network mobility. Methods/Analysis: The proposed scheme adapts the method of Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6) to shrink binding locality signaling issues. Furthermore, it exploits DiffServ depiction to pull off silky delivery of real time trafficking in heterogeneous network mobility. Network Simulator (NS-2) tool version 2.28 and analytical analysis are utilized to implement and assess the performance of the proposed scheme. Findings: Network Mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (RFC 3963) endorsed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to enlarge the maneuver of Mobile IPv6 for better unremitting Internet connectivity to the users of mobile network. Here the protocol swaps mobility task function from mobile nodes to NEMO’ router. In mobility network the router is identified as Mobile Router (MR), which executes location update with its Home Agent (HA) to launch a bi-directional tunnel between the HA and MR. NEMO is premeditated with explication so that network mobility is transparent to the nodes in order to ease location update signaling that could happen by each Mobile Network Node (MNN). Yet, delays in data delivery and higher overheads are expected to transpire because of unnecessary multiple encapsulations of data packets and sub-optimal routing. Novelty/Improvement: The proposed scheme intents to curtail the packet loss and moderate the handover latency as well.

With the provision of various wireless services, e.g., third-generation (3G) and wireless local area network (WLAN), more and more people request to access the Internet anywhere at anytime. For example, people want to check their e-mails on the bus or watch online news while traveling in the train. For this purpose, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the concept of network mobility, i.e., a set of users move as a unit. We motivate the network mobility problem by considering the state-of-the-art scenario of the network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol that is extended from the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). In order to avoid the same problems suffered by MIPv6, a new session initiation protocol (SIP)-based network mobility management scheme called SIP-NEMO is designed and proposed in this paper. The proposed SIP-NEMO not only copes with the movement of a mobile network but also achieves the route optimization between two SIP clients without too many signaling messages over wireless links, even if the mobile network is nested. In this paper, we also analytically compute and simulate the performance of SIP-NEMO with the NEMO basic support protocol proposed by the IETF.

Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (BSP) and seamless IP diversity based NEMO (SINEMO) have been designed to provide seamless and uninterrupted services to the mobile hosts in NEMO. SINEMO outperforms NEMO BSP by utilizing the advanced loss recovery and multi-homing feature of stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). To improve the performance of NEMO BSP, we could utilize the services of on-board TCP (obTCP) which implements local retransmission mechanism in the wireless links to recover wireless losses quickly and effectively. In this paper, we analytically compare NEMO BSP along with obTCP and SINEMO based on end-to-end packet loss probability, end-to-end packet delivery delay, handoff latency, and throughput degradation time during handoff. The numerical results show that NEMO BSP when used with obTCP performs better than SINEMO.

Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol is an extension Mobile IPv6. NEMO signaling is performed with extended of Mobile IPv6 messages. NEMO Basic Support protocol is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, it provides for devices or vehicles which move to another point of attachment to the Internet. NEMO can maintain sessions established between nodes on the mobile network and the global Internet after the Mobile Router (MR) changes its point of attachment. However, NEMO uses a bi-directional tunnel between the MR and its Home Agent (HA), resulting in a pinball route between 2 nodes. In addition, nested mobile networks will further increase the sub-optimality of routing, causing problems for some application. This proposed solution decreases packet delay, network resource usage and processing delay. Also, the bi-directional tunnel can be avoided, and the level of nesting of mobile networks does not increase packet overhead. This solution only requires modification of the MR.

To maintain the Internet connectivity of a group of nodes in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), the network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol was standardized. The NEMO BS provides mobility for mobile network nodes (MNNs) in a moving network through a mobile router (MR). Since packet loss in NEMO dramatically increases during a handover as the number of MNNs increases, Mobile IPv6 fast handovers (FMIPv6) was adopted to reduce packet loss and handover latency. However, since FMIPv6 was originally designed for a single mobile node (MN), FMIPv6 based on NEMO (fNEMO) incurs a high tunneling burden on the link between the previous and new access routers (PAR and NAR, respectively). In this paper, we propose an enhanced fNEMO (EfNEMO) as an efficient fast handover scheme that significantly mitigates the tunneling burden and handover latency. In particular, EfNEMO performs a tentative binding update (BU) procedure to register a new care-of address (NCoA) for the MR with the MR's home agent (HA) before the layer-2 handover. Consequently, EfNEMO delivers packets destined for MNNs via various paths between the HA and the NAR without any tunneling. Furthermore, EfNEMO reduces handover latency because it performs the registration to the HA in advance. By establishing an analytical model for the proposed EfNEMO, we investigate the handover performance of NEMO, fNEMO, and EfNEMO. In addition, we compare EfNEMO with NEMO and fNEMO in terms of the overall cost and the handover latency. Simulation is also performed to compare in a more realistic environment. The results of analysis and simulation show that EfNEMO significantly outperforms fNEMO and NEMO.

Route optimization support in mobile networks is one of the most important concerns in Next Generation Networks (NGNs). NGNs require an efficient route optimization scheme, optimized specially to support nesting of mobile networks. We propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks. EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs. It modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). We carried out extensive simulation study to show that EMIP performs better than NEMO BS and Reverse Routing Header (RRH, a well established route optimization protocol) with respect to TCP throughput and round trip time. EMIP effectively reduces unnecessary large travelling route and overhead, thereby enhances performance. It also achieves route optimization between the mobile network nodes inside nested mobile network.

This document describes the Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol that enables Mobile Networks to attach to different points in the Internet.The protocol is an extension of Mobile IPv6 and allows session continuity for every node in the Mobile Network as the network moves.It also allows every node in the Mobile Network to be reachable while moving around.The Mobile Router, which connects the network to the Internet, runs the NEMO Basic Support protocol with its Home Agent.The protocol is designed so that network mobility is transparent to the nodes inside the Mobile Network.Devarapalli, et al.

In the present era of modern communication network, the importance of mobile technology can't be denied at all. The requirement of high speed internet access through these mobile devices seamlessly has been increased. The growing use of IP devices in the field of mobile network has generated a great demand of network mobility. To fulfill these demands, network mobility architecture has been studied extensively. Network mobility basic support protocol developed by Internet Engineering Task Force based on mobile IPv6 can be deployed using existing mobile infrastructure. In the basic support protocol, the tunnelling overhead increases with the level of nesting of a mobile network. In order to reduce the this overhead, various route optimization protocol have been proposed. However, most of the protocols fail to provide required quality of services in higher level of nesting. In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical attachment process in nested network mobility scenario that explicitly instructs a new mobile network node to attach at a suitable level of nesting for better quality of service. We observe that the newly proposed attachment process improves its hand-off latency in Nested Network Mobility environment.

Mobility management in heterogeneous networks is an important area since the mobile network may be moving between multiple types of access networks which involve several service providers such as 802.11b WLAN, 802.16 WiMAX and UMTS Networks. In crowded environments, the bottleneck is often between the access link and the mobile network. Being able to prioritize the traffic and allocate a minimum bandwidth guarantee for each user is crucial in this environment. This study presents a novel dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism for network mobility in heterogeneous networks integrated with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol. Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol has three important nodes Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs), Mobile Router (MR) and Home Agent (HA). The dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism which consists of traffic marking, prioritizing and scheduling are implemented at the mobile network node domain. While the admission control module is implemented at a mobile router domain. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the mechanism. The results have shown the importance of less packet loss and delay and higher packet forwarding rate.

Network mobility (NEMO) route optimization support is strongly demanded in next generation networks; without route optimization the mobile network (e.g., a vehicle) tunnels all traffic to its Home Agent (HA). The mobility may cause the HA to be geographically distant from the mobile network, and the tunneling causes increased delay and overhead in the network. It becomes peculiar in the event of nesting of mobile networks due to pinball routing, for example, a Personal Area Network (PAN) inside a vehicle. The authors propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks in local and global mobility domain. The EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs and modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). The authors carried out an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of EMIP.

This paper reports a demonstration of embedded communication systems on bicycles, and shows the advantages of Flow Bindings associated with the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol to distribute traffic along various paths. In June 2007 we demonstrated a new E-bike system by using the

This article describes a novel architecture signaling network so that an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) user, flying in an aircraft, be able to register with his IMS network of origin and have access to personal services and multimedia, through a Wide-Band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) link. The proposed architecture integrates the Session Initialization Protocol (SIP), the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol and the Mobile Internet Protocol (MIPv6) to enable the usage of IMS services by passenger on board an aircraft, as a type of Aeronautical Passenger Communication (APC) services. In this novel architecture, NEMO and MIPv6 protocols are responsible for the mobility management of smartphones and user notebook and the SIP protocol is responsible for the register and the management of sessions of an IMS user. This novel architecture enables an Air Communication Service Provider (ACSP) be able to supply to an on-board passenger (The IMS user) some APC services through an Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The simulation results indicate the accuracy of the proposed architecture into aeronautical scenarios.

Network mobility (NEMO) handles mobility of a set of mobile nodes in an aggregate way using one or more mobile routers. NEMO introduces several advantages, such as reduced signaling, increased manageability, reduced power consumption and conservation of bandwidth when compared to individual host mobility. NEMO Basic Support Protocol (BSP), the IETF standard for NEMO, suffers from a number of limitations, like inefficient route and increased handoff latency. Most of the recent research efforts on NEMO have concentrated on solving the problem of inefficient route resulting in several route optimization schemes to solve the problem. To choose a route optimization scheme, it is very important to have a quantitative comparison of the available route optimization schemes. The objective of this article is to survey, classify and compare the route optimization schemes proposed in the literature over the last five years. We classify the schemes based on the basic approach for route optimization, and compare the schemes based on protocol overhead, such as header overhead, amount of signalling, and memory requirements. We conclude that performance of the classes of schemes has to be evaluated under criteria such as available bandwidth, topology of the mobile network and mobility type.

NEMO Basic Support (NEMO BS) adds a mobility function to IPv6 routers, such a router is called as a mobile router. The network behind the mobile router (mobile network) becomes logically static. This function is considered useful when a network has a lot of nodes that do not have a mobility function but move with the network. The typical usage of this technology is the network provided in a transportation system like a bus or airplane. In the base specification of NEMO BS, a mobile router can use one IPv6 address as its attachment point at one time. Therefore, the mobile router and its mobile network will face service disruption of network connectivity while the mobile router is moving from one network to other network. In this paper, we explain two operational experiments of network mobility. One is an experiment using only the base NEMO BS function. The other is an experiment of seamless handover using multiple network interfaces to solve the problem. In these experiments, the mobile networks were actual conference networks which held a few hundred people. The result shows that the multiple interfaces usage provides one-third to one-tenth of the packet loss rate compared to the case that is not using the technology. Also most attendees of the conference did not notice the movement, which means the technology can be used for the realistic solution for the seamless handover.

NEtwork MObility (NEMO) technology leads to manage not only host mobility but also the mobility of an entire network. For practical usage, mobile users should however be authenticated by their service provider when accessing foreign networks. AAA for NEMO (AFN) [8] provides a solution to perform the AAA mechanism, based on NEMO Basic Support (NBS). When we consider the AAA mechanism, the binding update procedure (BU) would also be performed when Mobile Router (MR) does frequent handoffs between Mobile Networks. These two procedures (Authentication and BU) result in additional overhead if they are performed separately. Therefore, both are considered for formulating an integration scheme. An efficient solution is proposed by integrating the binding update message into the Diameter protocol, in order to reduce traffic overhead and routing delay. The proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of measurement factors of transmission time and processing time. As a result, the proposed scheme outperforms AFN up to 8~35% in terms of routing delay.