Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol

Network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (BSP) and seamless IP diversity based NEMO (SINEMO) have been designed to provide seamless and uninterrupted services to the mobile hosts in NEMO. SINEMO outperforms NEMO BSP by utilizing the advanced loss recovery and multi-homing feature of stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). To improve the performance of NEMO BSP, we could utilize the services of on-board TCP (obTCP) which implements local retransmission mechanism in the wireless links to recover wireless losses quickly and effectively. In this paper, we analytically compare NEMO BSP along with obTCP and SINEMO based on end-to-end packet loss probability, end-to-end packet delivery delay, handoff latency, and throughput degradation time during handoff. The numerical results show that NEMO BSP when used with obTCP performs better than SINEMO.

Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol is an extension Mobile IPv6. NEMO signaling is performed with extended of Mobile IPv6 messages. NEMO Basic Support protocol is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, it provides for devices or vehicles which move to another point of attachment to the Internet. NEMO can maintain sessions established between nodes on the mobile network and the global Internet after the Mobile Router (MR) changes its point of attachment. However, NEMO uses a bi-directional tunnel between the MR and its Home Agent (HA), resulting in a pinball route between 2 nodes. In addition, nested mobile networks will further increase the sub-optimality of routing, causing problems for some application. This proposed solution decreases packet delay, network resource usage and processing delay. Also, the bi-directional tunnel can be avoided, and the level of nesting of mobile networks does not increase packet overhead. This solution only requires modification of the MR.

With the provision of various wireless services, e.g., third-generation (3G) and wireless local area network (WLAN), more and more people request to access the Internet anywhere at anytime. For example, people want to check their e-mails on the bus or watch online news while traveling in the train. For this purpose, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the concept of network mobility, i.e., a set of users move as a unit. We motivate the network mobility problem by considering the state-of-the-art scenario of the network mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol that is extended from the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). In order to avoid the same problems suffered by MIPv6, a new session initiation protocol (SIP)-based network mobility management scheme called SIP-NEMO is designed and proposed in this paper. The proposed SIP-NEMO not only copes with the movement of a mobile network but also achieves the route optimization between two SIP clients without too many signaling messages over wireless links, even if the mobile network is nested. In this paper, we also analytically compute and simulate the performance of SIP-NEMO with the NEMO basic support protocol proposed by the IETF.

Objectives: This article proposes a new scheme known as (Diff-FH NEMO) to enhance seamless handover for the users within network mobility. Methods/Analysis: The proposed scheme adapts the method of Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6) to shrink binding locality signaling issues. Furthermore, it exploits DiffServ depiction to pull off silky delivery of real time trafficking in heterogeneous network mobility. Network Simulator (NS-2) tool version 2.28 and analytical analysis are utilized to implement and assess the performance of the proposed scheme. Findings: Network Mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (RFC 3963) endorsed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to enlarge the maneuver of Mobile IPv6 for better unremitting Internet connectivity to the users of mobile network. Here the protocol swaps mobility task function from mobile nodes to NEMO’ router. In mobility network the router is identified as Mobile Router (MR), which executes location update with its Home Agent (HA) to launch a bi-directional tunnel between the HA and MR. NEMO is premeditated with explication so that network mobility is transparent to the nodes in order to ease location update signaling that could happen by each Mobile Network Node (MNN). Yet, delays in data delivery and higher overheads are expected to transpire because of unnecessary multiple encapsulations of data packets and sub-optimal routing. Novelty/Improvement: The proposed scheme intents to curtail the packet loss and moderate the handover latency as well.

Mobility management in heterogeneous networks is an important area since the mobile network may be moving between multiple types of access networks which involve several service providers such as 802.11b WLAN, 802.16 WiMAX and UMTS Networks. In crowded environments, the bottleneck is often between the access link and the mobile network. Being able to prioritize the traffic and allocate a minimum bandwidth guarantee for each user is crucial in this environment. This study presents a novel dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism for network mobility in heterogeneous networks integrated with IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol. Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol has three important nodes Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs), Mobile Router (MR) and Home Agent (HA). The dynamic QoS provisioning mechanism which consists of traffic marking, prioritizing and scheduling are implemented at the mobile network node domain. While the admission control module is implemented at a mobile router domain. Several experiments are conducted to evaluate the mechanism. The results have shown the importance of less packet loss and delay and higher packet forwarding rate.

In the present era of modern communication network, the importance of mobile technology can't be denied at all. The requirement of high speed internet access through these mobile devices seamlessly has been increased. The growing use of IP devices in the field of mobile network has generated a great demand of network mobility. To fulfill these demands, network mobility architecture has been studied extensively. Network mobility basic support protocol developed by Internet Engineering Task Force based on mobile IPv6 can be deployed using existing mobile infrastructure. In the basic support protocol, the tunnelling overhead increases with the level of nesting of a mobile network. In order to reduce the this overhead, various route optimization protocol have been proposed. However, most of the protocols fail to provide required quality of services in higher level of nesting. In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical attachment process in nested network mobility scenario that explicitly instructs a new mobile network node to attach at a suitable level of nesting for better quality of service. We observe that the newly proposed attachment process improves its hand-off latency in Nested Network Mobility environment.

Network mobility (NEMO) handles mobility of a set of mobile nodes in an aggregate way using one or more mobile routers. NEMO introduces several advantages, such as reduced signaling, increased manageability, reduced power consumption and conservation of bandwidth when compared to individual host mobility. NEMO Basic Support Protocol (BSP), the IETF standard for NEMO, suffers from a number of limitations, like inefficient route and increased handoff latency. Most of the recent research efforts on NEMO have concentrated on solving the problem of inefficient route resulting in several route optimization schemes to solve the problem. To choose a route optimization scheme, it is very important to have a quantitative comparison of the available route optimization schemes. The objective of this article is to survey, classify and compare the route optimization schemes proposed in the literature over the last five years. We classify the schemes based on the basic approach for route optimization, and compare the schemes based on protocol overhead, such as header overhead, amount of signalling, and memory requirements. We conclude that performance of the classes of schemes has to be evaluated under criteria such as available bandwidth, topology of the mobile network and mobility type.

Network mobility (NEMO) route optimization support is strongly demanded in next generation networks; without route optimization the mobile network (e.g., a vehicle) tunnels all traffic to its Home Agent (HA). The mobility may cause the HA to be geographically distant from the mobile network, and the tunneling causes increased delay and overhead in the network. It becomes peculiar in the event of nesting of mobile networks due to pinball routing, for example, a Personal Area Network (PAN) inside a vehicle. The authors propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks in local and global mobility domain. The EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs and modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). The authors carried out an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of EMIP.

Network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol is an entire network, roaming as a unit which changes its point of attachment to the Internet and consequently its reachability in the network topology. NEMO BS doesn't provide QoS guarantees to its users same as traditional Internet IP and Mobile IPv6 as well. Typically, all the users will have same level of services without considering about their application requirements. This poses a problem to real-time applications that required QoS guarantees. To gain more effective control of the network, incorporated QoS is needed. Within QoS-enabled network the traffic flow can be distributed to various priorities. Also, the network bandwidth and resources can be allocated to different applications and users. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group has proposed several QoS solutions for static network such as IntServ, DiffServ and MPLS. These QoS solutions are designed in the context of a static environment (i.e. fixed hosts and networks). However, they are not fully adapted to mobile environments. They essentially demands to be extended and adjusted to meet up various challenges involved in mobile environments. With existing QoS mechanisms many proposals have been developed to provide QoS for individual mobile nodes (i.e. host mobility). In contrary, research based on the movement of the whole mobile network in IPv6 is still undertaking by the IETF working groups (i.e. network mobility). Few researches have been done in the area of providing QoS for roaming networks. Therefore, this paper aims to review and investigate (previous /and current) related works that have been developed to provide QoS in mobile network. Consequently, a new proposed scheme will be introduced to enhance QoS within NEMO environment, achieving by which seamless mobility to users of mobile network node (MNN).

To maintain the Internet connectivity of a group of nodes in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), the network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol was standardized. The NEMO BS provides mobility for mobile network nodes (MNNs) in a moving network through a mobile router (MR). Since packet loss in NEMO dramatically increases during a handover as the number of MNNs increases, Mobile IPv6 fast handovers (FMIPv6) was adopted to reduce packet loss and handover latency. However, since FMIPv6 was originally designed for a single mobile node (MN), FMIPv6 based on NEMO (fNEMO) incurs a high tunneling burden on the link between the previous and new access routers (PAR and NAR, respectively). In this paper, we propose an enhanced fNEMO (EfNEMO) as an efficient fast handover scheme that significantly mitigates the tunneling burden and handover latency. In particular, EfNEMO performs a tentative binding update (BU) procedure to register a new care-of address (NCoA) for the MR with the MR's home agent (HA) before the layer-2 handover. Consequently, EfNEMO delivers packets destined for MNNs via various paths between the HA and the NAR without any tunneling. Furthermore, EfNEMO reduces handover latency because it performs the registration to the HA in advance. By establishing an analytical model for the proposed EfNEMO, we investigate the handover performance of NEMO, fNEMO, and EfNEMO. In addition, we compare EfNEMO with NEMO and fNEMO in terms of the overall cost and the handover latency. Simulation is also performed to compare in a more realistic environment. The results of analysis and simulation show that EfNEMO significantly outperforms fNEMO and NEMO.

Owing to inherited shortcomings such as poor survivability and limited resource in network mobility basic support protocol, multihoming mechanism is introduced to network mobility management to improve robustness, aggregate Bandwidth, provide reliability and achieve ubiquitous access. In this paper a mobility management solution is proposed for multihomed mobile networks based on backup registration. By extending binding unique identifier sub-option with backup flag, mobile router can register its backup care-of address on its home agent to create backup entry which can be used not only to transmit packets after MR's current link can not work well but also to share load as normal registration. Then packets can be delivered through multiple paths, even if MR's link is broken, packets can get to destination through backup care-of address. Handover can be implemented before entire mobile network totally disconnects from current visiting network, so no communication interruption will be caused during handover. By adopting the idea of getting information before connecting, mobile router can choose proper router as its new access point to achieve route optimization.

Route optimization support in mobile networks is one of the most important concerns in Next Generation Networks (NGNs). NGNs require an efficient route optimization scheme, optimized specially to support nesting of mobile networks. We propose an Extended Mobile IPv6 route optimization (EMIP) scheme to enhance the performance of nested mobile networks. EMIP scheme is based on MIPv6 route optimization and the root Mobile Router (MR) performs all the route optimization tasks on behalf of all active Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Thus, the network movement remains transparent to sub MRs and MNNs. It modifies only MRs and MNNs leaving other entities untouched and is more efficient than the Network Mobility Basic Support protocol (NEMO BS). We carried out extensive simulation study to show that EMIP performs better than NEMO BS and Reverse Routing Header (RRH, a well established route optimization protocol) with respect to TCP throughput and round trip time. EMIP effectively reduces unnecessary large travelling route and overhead, thereby enhances performance. It also achieves route optimization between the mobile network nodes inside nested mobile network.

In Network Mobility (NEMO) environment, recurrent movement of a mobile router is one of the distinguished characteristics since this may affect the performance of the existing mobility management schemes. The movement pattern straightly influence once transmission links among mobile routers are established or failed, which is connected with the system topology. Therefore, numerical evaluation is a noteworthy process to apprehend the performance of any mobility management schemes as well as the constraints of emerging mobility management outcomes specifically for mobile environments. This paper proposed a numerical model to analyze the handoff performance of the multi-interfaced fast handoff scheme during movement of mobile router among different access technology in NEMO. Afterward, using numerical model, it has presented the numerical results of multi-interfaced fast handoff scheme as well as compared it with the standard Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) and Fast NEMO (FNEMO) scheme. Two metrics such as handoff delay as well as relative gain are considered as the performance metrics in different circumstances identified by link switching delay of the mobile router. It has been perceived from the outcomes that, the multi-interfaced fast handoff scheme performs better compared to NEMO BSP and FNEMO scheme in terms of handoff delay and relative gain.

The network mobility basic support protocol is an extension of mobile IP that enables an entire network to change its attachment point to the Internet. However, it incurs high overhead on the network if a mobile router moves frequently. In this paper, therefore, we propose a paging extensions for network mobility in nested mobile networks. To minimize signaling overhead, in our proposal, an idle mobile router does not register when moving within a paging area in the nested mobile networks. The cost analysis presented in this paper shows that our proposal offers considerable performance advantages to existing network mobility scheme.

As wireless communication and terminal technologies develop, the mobility of users rapidly increases. The users in this dynamic state also want to connect their devices and to receive seamlessly services anywhere, anytime. Standard groups therefore progress the research and standardization for 'mobility support'. Network Mobility (NEMO) proposed by IETF focuses on the condition where the entire network moves. However, in the NEMO basic support protocol', the tunneling overheads increase and the pinball-routing problem occurs as the levels of nesting of a mobile network increase. Thus, various schemes have been proposed under the route optimization of the nested NEMO. However, the existing schemes have a long convergence time in route optimization after handoff. In addition, if the levels of nesting are changed, the communication is disrupted. Therefore, we propose a fast route optimization to support real-time applications even if the levels of nesting of a mobile network are dynamically changed.