A Secure Service Oriented Architecture Based Mobile SDI Model for Mineral Resources Management in India

In basin researches, quantitative data available from Topographical maps and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) make significant contributions to researchers in line with database created making use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Technological developments in the last 10 years, in particular, rendered GIS and Remote Sensing methods fit-for-use to achieve the objectives in geology-related applications. To identify applications of GIS in relation to basin researches, we selected the basin of the Kazandere Stream Basin of the castle located in Marmara Region as the field of study. In this study, we generated drainage network features of the basin using Arcinfo 9.2 GIS software from streams on 1/25000 scaled topographical map and from 10 m grid spaced DEM. We used Archydro Tool in line with the objectives of study. We obtained parameters in relation to stream directory analyses such as branching rate, drainage density and stream frequency of the field of study making use of topographical maps. And for DEM-related applications, we obtained information about sub-basins by way of Flow Accumulation and Flow Direction model. DEM's are a general source of data for field analyses and 3-dimensional applications. Such basin characteristics as basin field, sub-basin fields, water running directions, drainage networks, catchment centreoid etc., are easily generated through DEM. Stream morphometric features found using such two data sources provide reliable information on drainage characteristics of the stream basin and its lower branches. Analyses and applications conducted within the framework of database created on GIS environment indicated that GIS could be used for multi-purposes under scope of geographical researches.

This chapter gives an overview of mineral resources and legislation associated with it in China. The basic legal principles of mineral resources law of China include: state ownership of mineral resources; rational exploitation and sustainable development; and attaching equal importance to mineral resources development and environment protection. The legal institutions such as the property system, mineral resources planning systems, the management system of mineral resources exploration, management system of mineral resources exploitation and the environment protection system in the process of mineral resources exploration all play an important role in the exploration, utilization, protection, and management of mineral resources. Violators will usually have administrative and criminal liability in the mineral resources affairs.

Geographical information (GI) and spatial data infrastructure (SDI) has gained increasing awareness among researchers as well as among executive level managers and politicians. In Europe especially the adoption of the INSPIRE Directive has put spatial data infrastructure on the agendas of the parliaments combined with national e-Government strategies. In Denmark this top-down approach to development of e-Government has been combined with an informal, bottom-up approach with a focus on standardisation, the use of geographical information systems (GIS) and IT-architecture. Though, dealing with the transformation of procedures relating to traditional parts of the Danish public administration lack of awareness regarding place and location as integrative infrastructural elements is still a challenge. This paper will present the Danish case of digitalising the administration of real property rights as means of analysing the potentials as well as challenges in fulfilling the vision of a spatially enabled digital government.

The paper considers the problematic issues of the geographical information systems (GIS) use in the sociohygienic monitoring (SHM). We analyzed scientific and practical publications on this subject that are freely available on the largest Russian information portal of scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU during 2014- 2018, which allowed us to formulate the principles of organization and requirements for effective operation of geographic and information systems in the socio-hygienic monitoring. An analysis of the implementation of these principles at the present stage of development for the socio-hygienic monitoring system is presented, the results of which were used in formulating priority tasks in the area of geographic and information technology implementation into socio-hygienic monitoring and risk-based planning of control and supervisory measures: to determine the necessary level of detail and an information list depicted on electronic maps for the implementation of risk-based control planning; to provide organizational and regulatory and methodological support for the hierarchical principle of GIS within Rospotrebnadzor operating on a single software product of domestic developers for organizations and institutions; to work out the need to combine GIS with similar systems of other departments involved in the data collection of social and hygienic monitoring (Rosstat, Roshydromet, Rosprirodnadzor, Ministry of Health, etc.) to enable automated data export and import; to solve staffing issues to ensure customization and subsequent GIS operation; to provide budget funding for the purchase of licensed software products for GIS in SHM, preferably of Russian developers.

Component-based software development is the successor of object-oriented software development. Authors of the paper extend existing Unified Modeling Language standard to describe containers semantically, automate the process of creating containers and later deploying them to the platform as a service. The paper presents the concept of using Unified Modeling Language (UML) as well as principles of Model Driven Architecture (MDA) to automate creating of and maintaining containers. The main aims are designing meta-model language that is capable of defining Docker containers as part of software architecture modeling process and using transformations to create Docker files that can be used to instantiate container. The paper presents UML profile UML Docker Services Profile and model-to-text transformation Model2DockerFile transformation. Both, the profile and the transformation were designed, implemented and incorporated in IBM Rational Software Development environment. The developed environment can be used to generate DockerFile files, from UML models with applied specific stereotypes from UML Docker Services Profile, that can be used in containers runtime.

In this paper, we propose a verification methodology for System-On-Chip (SoC) design using Unified Modeling Language (UML). We introduce UML as a formal model to analyze and formalize the specification. The specification and implementation validation can be performed systematically by introducing UML. We applied our method to a Mobile Media Processors SoC. We improved the quality of ζ the specification written in informal natural language through UML modeling techniques. The test scenarios and coverage metrics for implementation are derived from the UML model systematically. The result shows that our proposal is effective for eliminating errors from both specification and implementation.

The management system which is based on handling GIS database files and remotely sensed imageries on Geographical Information System (GIS) environment is an essential tool to guide and regulate the production systems and marketing activities of product chains. In the case of guava, the management system has to be fed with a specific and structured field database and its metadata to verify the phenotypic status of guava trees and to characterize the production system applied by the producer in agronomic terms (coordinate data, planting frame, vigor, health etc). This data is useful to determine agronomic conditions to be incorporated as a field test in a supervised classification process on SPOT satellite images (PAN and MS) which is used as a mean to scale the punctual field observation data. As a numerical value, the raster structure of satellite images and the numeric value for each cell represents guava photosynthetic activity rate. Along with this, the isolation of guava's phenotypic signature in DN units will feed the supervised classification procedure allowing the user to generate thematic maps per class. On GIS environment, a multi-assessment analysis is applied in order to assign a weight to each component on the project. The analysis is based on spatial analysis vicinity functions applied to guava orchard locations, proximity to collecting centers, roads, and highways. The visual immediacy on thematic maps will allow the decision makers to implement their own criteria analysis to plan the market destination of guava production volume weeks after harvest (fresh market or industry) in Calvillo County.

Nurses Need Training and Policies to Address Barriers to Use of Mobile Devices and Apps for Direct Patient Care in Hospital Settings

The basic precondition for effective management and protection of a forest is a concept built on modern methods of collection, processing, analysis and publication of spatial data about forest coverage, as well as its health status. This paper provides a structural concept for integration of heterogeneous data in the support of the forest protection with implementation of the latest methods of remote sensing data collection. The main principles of the structural concept of Forest protection management system (FPMS) result from the assessment of the current and new available data sources (represented by the Diagram of data sources), data analysis and development of innovative mathematical techniques of image processing (represented by the Diagram of methods and tools). Mind maps of the proposed diagrams were created in the free mind mapping application FreeMind. The structural concept is represented by an analytical model of the co-operation of data sources, tools and applications. The dynamic structure was proposed using Unified Modelling Language (UML). The Diagram of the use cases is represented by a Use Case Diagram in UML. The Diagram of the processes, which describes the main processes realized within forest protection management, is represented by an Activity Diagram in UML. The UML diagrams were created in open-source software StarUML. The resulted structural concept of FPMS is the basis of a predictive model improvement and a web application development for the forest protection from the bark beetle.

This study proposes a probabilistic analysis method for modeling rainfall-induced shallow landslide susceptibility by combining a transient infiltration flow model and Monte Carlo simulations. The spatiotemporal change in pore water pressure over time caused by rainfall infiltration is one of the most important factors causing landslides. Therefore, the transient infiltration hydrogeological model was adopted to estimate the pore water pressure within the hill slope and to analyze landslide susceptibility. In addition, because of the inherent uncertainty and variability caused by complex geological conditions and the limited number of available soil samples over a large area, this study utilized probabilistic analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations to account for the variability in the input parameters. The analysis was performed in a geographic information system (GIS) environment because GIS can deal efficiently with a large volume of spatial data. To evaluate its effectiveness, the proposed analysis method was applied to a study area that had experienced a large number of landslides in July 2006. For the susceptibility analysis, a spatial database of input parameters and a landslide inventory map were constructed in a GIS environment. The results of the landslide susceptibility assessment were compared with the landslide inventory, and the proposed approach demonstrated good predictive performance. In addition, the probabilistic method exhibited better performance than the deterministic alternative. Thus, analysis methods that account for uncertainties in input parameters are more appropriate for analysis of an extensive area, for which uncertainties may significantly affect the predictions because of the large area and limited data.

The inherent geographic nature of displacement in refugee camps is requiring further use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology for community-based information and asset management. Additionally, refugees have a fundamental need for livelihood development in host countries due to the protracted nature of displacement. This paper presents our work on the Refugee GIS or ‘RefuGIS’ project that addresses these two topics via a training and capacity building education program and community mobilization efforts. RefuGIS is currently at the prototype level of development in the Za'atari Syrian Refugee Camp in northern Jordan. RefuGIS is the one of world's first efforts at enabling GIS capacity among refugees themselves and was funded by a grant from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Innovation fund. Specifically, this paper will discuss (a) design of the RefuGIS educational program via utilization of a non-profit GIS software donation, hardware procurement and customized GIS educational curriculum, (b) selection of refugee participants through spatial thinking aptitude testing, (c) practical experiences and lessons learned from education, training, and capacity building of refugees on the topics of GIS and related information technology skills, (d) insights into use of GIS as a community information and asset management tool by refugees themselves as demonstrated by evaluation of project outputs such as reference mapping products and field surveys conducted by refugees. Lessons learned from the RefuGIS project, even at the prototype stage, have potential to inform other refugee community information and asset management projects. Since creation of the project, refugees in Za'atari camp have been able to obtain cash-for-work GIS jobs in Za'atari using the skills learned via the RefuGIS project. The RefuGIS project demonstrates the refugee livelihood potential that training and capacity building around GIS can build as well as the empowerment effect that technology education and livelihood development can bring to refugees.

The application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the work of government bodies, economic subjects and units of regional and local self-government presents the real situation today in every European country, as well as in its regions. The organisation of collecting, storing, distribution and usage of spatial data, in accordance with the principals of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) presents the next (higher) level in the application of spatial data and GIS. Rapid development of GIS application in the last decade highlights two problems in the efficient usage of GIS technologies, entailing the usage of spatial data in general. The first problem is the lack of the concept in organising the spatial data that has been solved basically through the development of IPP concept. The other problem lies in the fact that the subjects and the users do not have enough knowledge of GIS and IPP. Therefore, special attention has been paid within the frame of INSPIRE project to the development of education concept for the subjects and users of IPP, in order to provide the possibility for them to use the advantages offered by the concept of enhanced technologies and IPP itself. The paper presents the current situation in the education referring to GIS and IPP, and describes the activities carried out for the purpose of creating the environment that would provide quicker and more efficient implementation of National SDI (NSDI) based on better information given to the subjects and users.

The development of fuzzy sets in geographic information systems (GIS) arose out of the need to handle uncertainty and the ability of soft computing technology to support fuzzy information processing. An overview of the fundamentals of fuzzy sets is used to illustrate its use in GIS. The use of some terms within both the GIS and fuzzy information processing community is clarified. Since one of the key problems when applying fuzzy sets to GIS problems is in the specification of grades of membership, the many methods used to specify memberships in fuzzy sets in GIS applications are presented. The α–cut is defined and shown to be of increasing importance in GIS. Non–compensatory and compensatory connectives are compared. Aggregation operators are reviewed and shown to be useful in a number of GIS studies. Fuzzy relations and fuzzy control systems are briefly discussed with reference to their use in GIS and in relation to the development of modern soft computing technology. Several features of fuzzy sets make that paradigm attractive for use in GIS. It is concluded that as GIS–related applications increase in their levels of complexity and sophistication fuzzy sets will play a major, cost effective role in their development.

Use of geographic information systems (GIS) in fisheries science has increased in prevalence since its introduction in the late 1980s, but use among and within fisheries management agencies has not been quantified. We surveyed 89 administrators of fisheries management agencies in the United States and Canada to determine the current status of GIS in fisheries management and received 54 responses (61% return rate). Survey respondents indicated that GIS was used to help manage fish populations, and 63% of respondents believed that GIS was either “very useful” or “extremely useful” for meeting agency objectives. However, most GIS work conducted by fisheries management agencies was executed by few individuals within the agency or by contracted service. Barriers preventing more widespread use by managers within agencies included lack of knowledge or training and limited time to use GIS in job duties. Our results suggest that GIS is an important tool for fisheries management. Further, GIS use within an agency might be increased by focusing on increased biologist participation in training exercises, integration with existing job duties, and recognizing diversity among GIS software. RESUMEN desde que se introdujo en la década de los ochenta, los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (GIS) se han utilizado cada vez más en las ciencias pesqueras, sin embargo aún no se ha cuantificado dicha utilización entre y hacia el interior de las agencias de manejo pesquero. Se realizó un sondeo a 89 encargados de agencias manejo pesquero en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y Canadá para determinar el estado actual de los GIS en el ámbito de manejo, recibiéndose 54 respuestas (tasa de retorno de 61%). Los encuestados indicaron que los GIS fueron desde “muy útiles” hasta “extremadamente útiles” para cumplir los objetivos de las agencias. No obstante, la mayor parte del trabajo de las agencias basado en los GIS, era realizado por algunos pocos individuos de las propias agencias o bien por servicios contratados. Las barreras que impiden un uso más generalizado de los GIS hacia el interior de las agencias de manejo incluyen la falta de conocimiento o entrenamiento y limitaciones de tiempo para usar este enfoque como parte del trabajo diario. Estos resultados sugieren que los GIS son una herramienta importante para el manejo de pesquerías. Más aún, el uso de los GIS dentro de las agencias, pudiera incrementarse enfocando o aumentando la participación de los biólogos en los ejercicios de entrenamiento, integración a las labores diarias de trabajo y reconociendo la diversidad de software de los GIS.

In this thesis, concepts for developing Spatial Data Infrastructures with an emphasis on visualizing 3D landscape and city models in distributed environments are discussed. Spatial Data Infrastructures are important for public authorities in order to perform tasks on a daily basis, and serve as research topic in geo-informatics. Joint initiatives at national and international level exist for harmonizing procedures and technologies. Interoperability is an important aspect in this context - as enabling technology for sharing, distributing, and connecting geospatial data and services. The Open Geospatial Consortium is the main driver for developing international standards in this sector and includes government agencies, universities and private companies in a consensus process. 
\n3D city models are becoming increasingly popular not only in desktop Virtual Reality applications but also for being used in professional purposes by public authorities. Spatial Data Infrastructures focus so far on the storage and exchange of 3D building and elevation data. For efficient streaming and visualization of spatial 3D data in distributed network environments such as the internet, concepts from the area of real time 3D Computer Graphics must be applied and combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For example, scene graph data structures are commonly used for creating complex and dynamic 3D environments for computer games and Virtual Reality applications, but have not been introduced in GIS so far. 
\nIn this thesis, several aspects of how to create interoperable and service-based environments for 3D spatial data are addressed. These aspects are covered by publications in journals and conference proceedings. The introductory chapter provides a logic succession from geometrical operations for processing raw data, to data integration patterns, to system designs of single components, to service interface descriptions and workflows, and finally to an architecture of a complete distributed service network.
\nDigital Elevation Models are very important in 3D geo-visualization systems. Data structures, methods and processes are described for making them available in service based infrastructures. A specific mesh reduction method is used for generating lower levels of detail from very large point data sets. An integration technique is presented that allows the combination with 2D GIS data such as roads and land use areas. This approach allows using another optimization technique that greatly improves the usability for immersive 3D applications such as pedestrian navigation: flattening road and water surfaces. It is a geometric operation, which uses data structures and algorithms found in numerical simulation software implementing Finite Element Methods. 
\n3D Routing is presented as a typical application scenario for detailed 3D city models. Specific problems such as bridges, overpasses and multilevel networks are addressed and possible solutions described. The integration of routing capabilities in service infrastructures can be accomplished with standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium. An additional service is described for creating 3D networks and for generating 3D routes on the fly. Visualization of indoor routes requires different representation techniques.
\nAs server interface for providing access to all 3D data, the Web 3D Service has been used and further developed. Integrating and handling scene graph data is described in order to create rich virtual environments. Coordinate transformations of scene graphs are described in detail, which is an important aspect for ensuring interoperability between systems using different spatial reference systems. The Web 3D Service plays a central part in nearly all experiments that have been carried out. It does not only provide the means for interactive web-visualizations, but also for performing further analyses, accessing detailed feature information, and for automatic content discovery.
\nOpenStreetMap and other worldwide available datasets are used for developing a complete architecture demonstrating the scalability of 3D Spatial Data Infrastructures. Its suitability for creating 3D city models is analyzed, according to requirements set by international standards. A full virtual globe system has been developed based on OpenStreetMap including data processing, database storage, web streaming and a visualization client.
\nResults are discussed and compared to similar approaches within geo-informatics research, clarifying in which application scenarios and under which requirements the approaches in this thesis can be applied.
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