An adaptive control application in a large thermal combined power plant

In China, many large thermal coal-fired super critical power plants are planned accompanying rapid economic development. The consortium of Harbin Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. (HEC) and Toshiba Corporation has received orders for two 1,000MW units for a thermal plant. The designing and the machine manufacturing of the first 1,000MW generator were done by Toshiba and the second generator is being manufactured by HEC. In the design stage, special attention was paid to higher operability and maintainability as well as reliability and performance. The combination of high efficiency and compact design technology has achieved both a reduction of weight and a guaranteed efficiency of 99.00%. The compact and high efficiency tandem 2-pole, 50Hz, 1,000MW turbine generator has been successfully completed to be shipped to the China thermal power plant. This paper introduces established design and modern technology, and the shop test results of the large turbine generator.

This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of rare earth elements (REEs), including 14 lanthanoids, scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y), in groundwater around a large coal-fired thermal power plant (TPP). The ICP-MS technique was used to analyze 16 REEs in groundwater samples collected from monitoring wells. REE concentrations ranged from 59.9 to 758 ng/L, with an average of 290 ng/L. The most abundant was Sc, followed by La, accounting for 54.2% and 21.4% of the total REE concentration, respectively. Geospatial analysis revealed the REE enrichment at several hotspots near the TPP. The highest REE concentrations were observed near the TPP and ash landfill, decreasing with the distance from the plant and the landfill. REE fractionation ratios and anomalies suggested the Light REE dominance, comprising over 78% of the total REEs. Correlation and principal component analyses indicated similar behavior and sources for most REEs. Health risk assessment found hazard indices (HI) of 1.36 × 10-3 and 1.98 × 10-3 for adults and children, respectively, which are far below the permissible limit (HI = 1). Likewise, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) were all below 1 × 10-6. Nevertheless, ongoing ash disposal and potential accumulation in the environment could elevate the REE exposure over time.

Steam line blowing is an operational cleaning method used to clean steam piping and reheaters prior to turbine powering for steam power plants. This paper focusses on the application and challenges associated with the steam blowing of large solar thermal collection power plants. The boiler configuration, located atop an over 400 foot tall tower, in a large solar thermal collection plant poses some challenges not associated with other steam supply methods. As a result of the flow path configurations and steam mass required for blowing the cold reheat, reheater, and hot reheat portions of the plant, attemperation is required to control temperatures in the reheater. The use of multiple flow paths and stages through the reheater also requires some additional consideration. Where in a fossil powered plant the losses through the reheater are based on the inlet vs. outlet conditions, additional vendor data is required to model the internal sections of the reheater in greater detail. Methodologies developed for fossil powered plants can be applied to large solar thermal collectors with special consideration for the unique configurations and constantly changing solar conditions associated with the plants. The smaller margins associated with these plants requires more rigorous modeling of the system components.

With the background of energy conservation and environmental protection,some application achievements of type selection and design optimization for heat engine equipments in large thermal power plant were analyzed,including steam turbine, boiler and main auxiliary equipments. The characteristics and shortcomings of equipment selection optimization of thermal power engine were pointed out,as well as some measures and suggestions were proposed,which have provided reference for the heat engine equipment selection in 600 MW and above large thermal power units.

During last, many years the electrical energy is generated in large Thermal Power Plants (TPP) and Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). Thermal Power Plants are the main electricity generating stations that are functioning based on the principle of thermal energy conversion into mechanical and finally into electrical energy. The noted conversion is accomplished by the condensation type of thermodynamic cycle that is called “Rankin” cycle. There are in use Co - generation heat and power plants too, which are functioning based on “Bryton” thermodynamic combined cycle. These plants are assigned for simultaneous generation and distribution of thermal and electrical energy. For this reason, they are more efficient. However, all mentioned cycles and conforming to them power plants serving for generation and distribution of large quantity of electricity from energy generating centralized stations to large number of consumers, which are located in significantly long distance from generating stations. The analysis of existing practice of use of mentioned types of electricity generating powerful centralized stations because of large losses of energy are not enough efficient and cost effective. For instance, the COP of electricity generating station, working by well-known Rankin cycle, makes only 30%, because about 70% of produced thermal energy should be lost to the surrounding environment for providing required conditions of electricity production. It is obvious that such big energy loses extremely pollute the environment, provoke global climate change and forces Governments adopting more forceful approaches to reduce carbon and other harmful gases rejections, increase efficiency of energy generation and improve environmental situation. For this reason, after having studied the potential possibilities of reduction of harmful gases rejections and increase of energy efficiency of electricity generation conventional mods the authors of this article became convinced in impossibility of assigned task and have decided to suggest novel and higher efficiency technology for electric energy generation. From this, point of view this article may become a guideline that can help to improve the present environmental and economic situations.

Gas pipelines in Japan tend to be operated in higher pressure than before because of the increase of gas demand.Especially in the latest thermal power plants, a large amount of fuel gas is consumed from high-pressure pipelines for advanced turbine generators or for huge steam boiler systems. In such a power plants pressure and temperature of supply gas should be controlled within the allowed narrow range even if gas demand changes suddenly. We have developed the advanced control system to maintain pressure and temperature of supply gas sent out from high-pressure pipeline via the pressure regulating and heating facility. It has been installed in some large thermal power plants in Japan. This paper describes engineering experiences of this regulating and heating system, and introduces the dynamic simulator that has been developed to predict the vibration in varied situations.

With the development of society, the industrial structure of China's electric power industry is constantly optimized and upgraded. in order to achieve the goal of "carbon peak, carbon neutralization", there is an urgent need to solve the problem of coordinated development of thermal power and renewable energy. large thermal power plants need to undertake the tasks of efficient energy saving, low-carbon environmental protection, deep frequency modulation and peak regulation, so it is urgent to establish an intelligent power plant architecture based on digital twin technology. By studying the architecture of intelligent power plant based on digital twin technology, this paper provides new ideas for the construction of intelligent power plant and provides theoretical support for the development of generation side under the background of new power system.

Introduction: The relevance of the study is determined by a great number of functioning thermal power stations that operate using solid fuels (40 %) and are a source of ambient air pollution posing human health risks. Objective: A comparative hygienic assessment of the component, disperse, and morphological composition of fly ash and airborne particles in the area surrounding a coal-fired power station for the purpose of increasing the accuracy of human health risk assessment. Materials and methods: We have used unified and approved methods for hygienic assessment of ambient air quality; hazard identification and health risk assessment; scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of component, disperse, and morphological structure of fly ash and airborne particulate matter. Results and discussion: Large coal-fired thermal power plants emit about 36 chemicals. Over 59 % of brown coal ash particles are calcium, magnesium, iron, silicon, aluminum, sodium, potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds. Particles found in fly ash and ambient air of the surrounding area have similar components and dispersion, are predominantly less than 10 µm in diameter with the sphericity index ranging from 0.4 to 1.0. Maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of seven chemicals are exceeded in the study area: up to 3.3 single MAC, up to 1.4 average daily MAC, and up to 1.5 average annual MAC, with the estimated contribution of the thermal power stations of about 40 %. We have also established increased non-carcinogenic health risks with the dust fractions alone generating risk levels as high as 5.5 HQac, 2.4 HQch, and 6.9 HIch, which are rated as “high” and “alerting”. Identified solid particles (aluminum, magnesium, calcium, etc.) are more significant risk factors compared to unidentified particulate matter and can cause respiratory and circulatory diseases, diseases of the eye, etc., which requires their quantification. These chemicals are not included in air emissions inventory lists and are, therefore, not monitored. As a result, health risks posed by economic activities of thermal power stations may be underestimated.

Thanks to the solid standards and principles of design and restoration planning after a blackout, power systems in developed economies generally show a high level of resiliency. Nevertheless, this power system restoration practice strongly relies on conventional power plants, e.g. large thermal power plants. As future global goals aim at reducing the use of fossil fuels and lowering carbon-dioxide emissions, conventional power plants are often taken out of operation. These are characterised by slow start-up times and considerable use of fossil fuels. In this context, large offshore wind farms (OWFs) show potential as renewable-based black start (BS) service providers. These can be equipped with a self-starter, e.g. synchronous generators or innovative power-electronic-based converters, such as battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and/or grid-forming wind turbines in order to BS the system. Additionally, state-of-the-art complementary devices such as STATCOMs or synchronous condensers can help with dynamic regulation and support the OWF both in island operation and BS. In this paper, an overview of different system configurations for OWF BS is presented. Firstly, the requirements for BS from non-conventional power plants are outlined. Afterwards, the challenges faced by OWFs to fulfil these requirements are identified. Finally, different solutions for system configuration to equip OWFs for BS are proposed.

Dispatch modeling of a regional power generation system – Integrating wind power

The paper presents a target vision of the new energy sector in Russia, based on the analysis of promising areas of its development in the field of energy technology economics and assessment of energy risks of using renewable energy sources. Financial and commercial indicators for various types of power plants under construction or under reconstruction are presented, showing that the new economic basis for the widespread use of renewable energy allows building new energy with a lower specific investment per 1 kW of installed capacity and obtaining cheaper electric energy. To assess the prospects for full inclusion of renewable energy facilities in the energy complex of our country and expand their use, a description of the risks arising in the renewable energy sector and their management methods is given. Based on the analysis of calculation results and data on electricity production at solar power plants commissioned in the Altai Republic, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for assessing natural resource risks in renewable energy is shown. The construction of large hydroelectric power plants, which account for ~20% of the country’s total energy balance, is also associated with a negative impact on the environment. Reservoirs necessary for regulating the productivity of hydroelectric power plants occupy significant territories that are excluded from agricultural turnover. The construction of reservoirs is associated with a violation of the hydrogeological regime of rivers, changes in the properties of ecosystems, and the species composition of hydrobionts. It should be noted that large hydroelectric power plants are not considered to be objects operating on the basis of renewable energy sources. According to the existing classification, such facilities include small hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of up to 25 MW and microhpps. The sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in TPP emissions lead to acid rain and have a detrimental effect on human and animal health, as well as on plants. Serious problems are also associated with ash and slag from thermal power plants. The discharge of heated water from the cooling systems of thermal power plants to surface water sources causes their thermal pollution, leading to a decrease in water saturation with oxygen.KeywordsEnergy technologiesFuture energyRisk managementClean energy

In modern industries, to improve energy efficiency and performance, adaptive control applications are growing step by step owing to their ability to cope with the effect of nonlinearities and time-varying phenomena of the dynamic system in a stochastic environment. Electro-hydraulic actuators (EHA) are such a kind of dynamic system which can be easily affected by uncertainties. However, EHAs have a wide range of applications ranging from teleoperated excavation to precise numerical control. Meanwhile, various uncertain phenomena can easily influence the overall control performance. This paper presents a psycho-biological motivated adaptive control featured by an emotional learning mechanism: a brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller (BELBIC) to control the trajectory of the electrohydraulic actuator. The control signal generated by this computationally efficient controller consists of an adaptive control signal to compensate for the uncertainties and handle the nonlinearities. It tries to keep the trajectory error as minimum as possible, corresponding to a random disturbance. Experimental work was carried out to evaluate the performance compared to conventional PID and fuzzy-PID controllers. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed BELBIC controller over the conventional PID and fuzzy PID controller. The proposed adaptive BELBIC controller provides an excellent response for a 0.5 Hz sinusoidal input signal where the PID and fuzzy PID show insufficient responses.

Feasibility of significant CO2 emission reductions in thermal power plants–comparison of biomass and CCS

This paper presents an implementation of conventional PID (CPID) controller using Ziegler-Nichols rules and fuzzy PD (FPD) controller for position servo motor control based on Lab View (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench Environment) through Data Acquisition (DAQ) Device PCI- 6521 of National Instrument's and Data Acquisition Accessory Board Model (CB-68LP).CPID controller is perhaps the most well-known and most widely used in industrial applications. However, it has been known that CPID controller generally don’t work well for non-linear systems, higher order and time-delayed linear system and particularly complex and vague system. To overcome these difficulties, this paper proposes to use the FPD controller for a servo motor system instead of CPID. The parameters of servo motor used are completely unknown. The FPD structure has two-input single-output and fairly similar characteristic to its conventional counterpart and provides good performance. Simple rules base are used for FPD (nine rules only). Performance evaluation was carried out via a comparison study for the proposed control scheme and other existing control scheme, such as CPID controller. The critical point for this experiment on position system is a steady state error and settling time. The performance showing that the FPD has less settling time and zero steady state error over its CPID. The algorithms of FPD and CPID controllers are implemented using PID, Fuzzy Logic and simulation toolkits of the Lab View environment.

The effects of industrial cooling water on fish communities were widely debated at the end of the seventies, when large thermal power plants were being developed. This led to numerous research programs on thermal tolerance in fish. The recent warming climatic period and especially the 2003 heat wave have brought thermal biology back to center stage. The work presentedherehasconsistedinanalyzinghistoricalandcontemporaryliterature to update basic knowledge on thermal tolerances of 19 riverine fish species. These data were then validated and completed by European fish specialists. We finally proposed a synthesis, based on more than 300 references, which details thermal tolerances for the entire life cycle: reproduction, embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult life stages. This updated material is of great importance to an understanding of the trends observed in fish communitiesorforforecastingfuturebehaviorinclimatechangescenarios.