Development of Pressure Regulating & Heating System for High-Pressure Gas Pipelines

An adaptive control application in a large thermal combined power plant

During last, many years the electrical energy is generated in large Thermal Power Plants (TPP) and Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). Thermal Power Plants are the main electricity generating stations that are functioning based on the principle of thermal energy conversion into mechanical and finally into electrical energy. The noted conversion is accomplished by the condensation type of thermodynamic cycle that is called “Rankin” cycle. There are in use Co - generation heat and power plants too, which are functioning based on “Bryton” thermodynamic combined cycle. These plants are assigned for simultaneous generation and distribution of thermal and electrical energy. For this reason, they are more efficient. However, all mentioned cycles and conforming to them power plants serving for generation and distribution of large quantity of electricity from energy generating centralized stations to large number of consumers, which are located in significantly long distance from generating stations. The analysis of existing practice of use of mentioned types of electricity generating powerful centralized stations because of large losses of energy are not enough efficient and cost effective. For instance, the COP of electricity generating station, working by well-known Rankin cycle, makes only 30%, because about 70% of produced thermal energy should be lost to the surrounding environment for providing required conditions of electricity production. It is obvious that such big energy loses extremely pollute the environment, provoke global climate change and forces Governments adopting more forceful approaches to reduce carbon and other harmful gases rejections, increase efficiency of energy generation and improve environmental situation. For this reason, after having studied the potential possibilities of reduction of harmful gases rejections and increase of energy efficiency of electricity generation conventional mods the authors of this article became convinced in impossibility of assigned task and have decided to suggest novel and higher efficiency technology for electric energy generation. From this, point of view this article may become a guideline that can help to improve the present environmental and economic situations.

This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of rare earth elements (REEs), including 14 lanthanoids, scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y), in groundwater around a large coal-fired thermal power plant (TPP). The ICP-MS technique was used to analyze 16 REEs in groundwater samples collected from monitoring wells. REE concentrations ranged from 59.9 to 758 ng/L, with an average of 290 ng/L. The most abundant was Sc, followed by La, accounting for 54.2% and 21.4% of the total REE concentration, respectively. Geospatial analysis revealed the REE enrichment at several hotspots near the TPP. The highest REE concentrations were observed near the TPP and ash landfill, decreasing with the distance from the plant and the landfill. REE fractionation ratios and anomalies suggested the Light REE dominance, comprising over 78% of the total REEs. Correlation and principal component analyses indicated similar behavior and sources for most REEs. Health risk assessment found hazard indices (HI) of 1.36 × 10-3 and 1.98 × 10-3 for adults and children, respectively, which are far below the permissible limit (HI = 1). Likewise, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) were all below 1 × 10-6. Nevertheless, ongoing ash disposal and potential accumulation in the environment could elevate the REE exposure over time.

The concentration of chlorine residue was monitored near the outlet of a large thermal power plant in Japan. The plant is required by the local government to ensure that the concentration of chlorine residue remains below 0.05 mg/L at the outlet. Background levels of chlorine residue were relatively high, though lower than 0.05 mg/L. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of phytoplankton and the background concentrations of chlorine residue. About 0.3 mmol/L of H2O2 was required to produce a color reaction equivalent to the background signal in the N-N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine assay for chlorine residue. However, reported concentrations of H2O2 in the Sargasso Sea are only 0.0002 mmol/L. H2O2, which is produced by phytoplankton, oxidizes Br− and I− to produce HBrO and HIO. We hypothesize that these oxidants react with reagents in the N-N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine assay and are naturally produced chlorine residuals.

Automated determinations of selenium in thermal power plant wastewater by sequential hydride generation and chemiluminescence detection

In China, many large thermal coal-fired super critical power plants are planned accompanying rapid economic development. The consortium of Harbin Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. (HEC) and Toshiba Corporation has received orders for two 1,000MW units for a thermal plant. The designing and the machine manufacturing of the first 1,000MW generator were done by Toshiba and the second generator is being manufactured by HEC. In the design stage, special attention was paid to higher operability and maintainability as well as reliability and performance. The combination of high efficiency and compact design technology has achieved both a reduction of weight and a guaranteed efficiency of 99.00%. The compact and high efficiency tandem 2-pole, 50Hz, 1,000MW turbine generator has been successfully completed to be shipped to the China thermal power plant. This paper introduces established design and modern technology, and the shop test results of the large turbine generator.

Steam line blowing is an operational cleaning method used to clean steam piping and reheaters prior to turbine powering for steam power plants. This paper focusses on the application and challenges associated with the steam blowing of large solar thermal collection power plants. The boiler configuration, located atop an over 400 foot tall tower, in a large solar thermal collection plant poses some challenges not associated with other steam supply methods. As a result of the flow path configurations and steam mass required for blowing the cold reheat, reheater, and hot reheat portions of the plant, attemperation is required to control temperatures in the reheater. The use of multiple flow paths and stages through the reheater also requires some additional consideration. Where in a fossil powered plant the losses through the reheater are based on the inlet vs. outlet conditions, additional vendor data is required to model the internal sections of the reheater in greater detail. Methodologies developed for fossil powered plants can be applied to large solar thermal collectors with special consideration for the unique configurations and constantly changing solar conditions associated with the plants. The smaller margins associated with these plants requires more rigorous modeling of the system components.

Thanks to the solid standards and principles of design and restoration planning after a blackout, power systems in developed economies generally show a high level of resiliency. Nevertheless, this power system restoration practice strongly relies on conventional power plants, e.g. large thermal power plants. As future global goals aim at reducing the use of fossil fuels and lowering carbon-dioxide emissions, conventional power plants are often taken out of operation. These are characterised by slow start-up times and considerable use of fossil fuels. In this context, large offshore wind farms (OWFs) show potential as renewable-based black start (BS) service providers. These can be equipped with a self-starter, e.g. synchronous generators or innovative power-electronic-based converters, such as battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and/or grid-forming wind turbines in order to BS the system. Additionally, state-of-the-art complementary devices such as STATCOMs or synchronous condensers can help with dynamic regulation and support the OWF both in island operation and BS. In this paper, an overview of different system configurations for OWF BS is presented. Firstly, the requirements for BS from non-conventional power plants are outlined. Afterwards, the challenges faced by OWFs to fulfil these requirements are identified. Finally, different solutions for system configuration to equip OWFs for BS are proposed.

With the development of society, the industrial structure of China's electric power industry is constantly optimized and upgraded. in order to achieve the goal of "carbon peak, carbon neutralization", there is an urgent need to solve the problem of coordinated development of thermal power and renewable energy. large thermal power plants need to undertake the tasks of efficient energy saving, low-carbon environmental protection, deep frequency modulation and peak regulation, so it is urgent to establish an intelligent power plant architecture based on digital twin technology. By studying the architecture of intelligent power plant based on digital twin technology, this paper provides new ideas for the construction of intelligent power plant and provides theoretical support for the development of generation side under the background of new power system.

Feasibility of significant CO2 emission reductions in thermal power plants–comparison of biomass and CCS

Woody biomass supply potential for thermal power plants in Japan

Usage of conventional energy resources has high limitations and constrains now a days. The thermal efficiency of the equipments in the modern thermal based power plant is mandatory for effective power generation with low production cost and pollution. The systems and equipments in the thermal power plant should be operated with optimum efficiency. An assessment of these system performance and comparing it with the design value is necessary for its improvement. This paper presents the findings of the observations and trials carried out on thermal power plant energy equipments. The main objective of this work is to assess the performance of various thermal power plant systems in respect of efficiency and determining the main factors which contribute to the efficacy of the power plant by indirect method. Further, suitable measures are recommended to enhance the energy performance with cost benefits. While making the measurements, care is taken to maintain the accuracy and wherever any discrepancy is found, the readings were again taken to ensure the best possible results.

This study presents a modern version of the economic load dispatch (MELD) problem with the contribution of renewable energies and conventional energy, including wind, solar and thermal power plants. In the study, reduction of electricity generation cost is the first priority, while the use of multiple fuels in the thermal power plant is considered in addition to the consideration of all constraints of power plants. Two meta-heuristic algorithms, one conventional and one recently published, including Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Equilibrium optimizer (EO), are applied to determine the optimal solutions for MELD. A power system with ten thermal power plants using multiple fossil fuels, one wind power plant, and three solar power plants is utilized to evaluate the performance of both PSO and EO. Unlike other previous studies, this paper considers the MELD problem with the change of load demands over one day with 24 periods as a real power system. In addition, the power generated by both wind and solar power plants varies at each period. The results obtained by applying the two algorithms indicate that EO is completely superior to PSO, and the solutions found by EO can satisfy all constraints. Particularly in Case 1 with different load demand values, EO achieves better total electricity production cost (TEGC) than PSO by 0.75%, 0.87%, 0.13%, and 0.45% for the loads of 2400 MW, 2500 MW, 2600 MW and 2700 MW. Moreover, EO also provides a faster response capability over PSO through the four subcases although EO and PSO are run by the same selection of control parameters. In Case 2, the high efficiency provided by EO is still maintained, though the scale of the considered problem has been substantially enlarged. Specifically, EO can save $51.2 compared to PSO for the minimum TEGC. The savings cost is equal to 0.33% for the whole schedule of 24 hours. With these results, EO is acknowledged as a favourable search method for dealing with the MELD problem. Besides, this study also points out the difference in performance between a modern meta-heuristic algorithm (EO) and the classical one (PSO). The modern metaheuristic algorithm with special structure is highly valuable for complicated problem as MELD.

The paper presents a target vision of the new energy sector in Russia, based on the analysis of promising areas of its development in the field of energy technology economics and assessment of energy risks of using renewable energy sources. Financial and commercial indicators for various types of power plants under construction or under reconstruction are presented, showing that the new economic basis for the widespread use of renewable energy allows building new energy with a lower specific investment per 1 kW of installed capacity and obtaining cheaper electric energy. To assess the prospects for full inclusion of renewable energy facilities in the energy complex of our country and expand their use, a description of the risks arising in the renewable energy sector and their management methods is given. Based on the analysis of calculation results and data on electricity production at solar power plants commissioned in the Altai Republic, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for assessing natural resource risks in renewable energy is shown. The construction of large hydroelectric power plants, which account for ~20% of the country’s total energy balance, is also associated with a negative impact on the environment. Reservoirs necessary for regulating the productivity of hydroelectric power plants occupy significant territories that are excluded from agricultural turnover. The construction of reservoirs is associated with a violation of the hydrogeological regime of rivers, changes in the properties of ecosystems, and the species composition of hydrobionts. It should be noted that large hydroelectric power plants are not considered to be objects operating on the basis of renewable energy sources. According to the existing classification, such facilities include small hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of up to 25 MW and microhpps. The sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in TPP emissions lead to acid rain and have a detrimental effect on human and animal health, as well as on plants. Serious problems are also associated with ash and slag from thermal power plants. The discharge of heated water from the cooling systems of thermal power plants to surface water sources causes their thermal pollution, leading to a decrease in water saturation with oxygen.KeywordsEnergy technologiesFuture energyRisk managementClean energy

The effects of industrial cooling water on fish communities were widely debated at the end of the seventies, when large thermal power plants were being developed. This led to numerous research programs on thermal tolerance in fish. The recent warming climatic period and especially the 2003 heat wave have brought thermal biology back to center stage. The work presentedherehasconsistedinanalyzinghistoricalandcontemporaryliterature to update basic knowledge on thermal tolerances of 19 riverine fish species. These data were then validated and completed by European fish specialists. We finally proposed a synthesis, based on more than 300 references, which details thermal tolerances for the entire life cycle: reproduction, embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult life stages. This updated material is of great importance to an understanding of the trends observed in fish communitiesorforforecastingfuturebehaviorinclimatechangescenarios.