An efficient computerized error control transceiver system for DSRC applications

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in manufacturing. The vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a typical application of IIoT. Benefiting from Dedicated Short‐Range Communication (DSRC) technology, vehicles can communicate with each other through wireless manner. Therefore, road safety is able to be greatly improved by the broadcast of safety messages, which contain vehicle’s real‐time speed, position, direction, etc. In existing DSRC, safety messages are broadcasted at a fixed frequency by default. However, traffic conditions are dynamic. In this way, there are too many transmission collisions when vehicles are too dense and the wireless channel is underused when vehicles are too sparse. In this paper, we address broadcast congestion issue in DSRC and propose lightweight adaptive broadcast (LAB) control for DSRC safety message. The objectives of LAB are to make full use of DSRC channel and avoid congestion. LAB meets two key challenges. First, it is hard to adopt a centralized method to control the communication parameters of distributed vehicles. Furthermore, the vehicle cannot easily acquire the channel conditions of other vehicles. To overcome these challenges, channel condition is attached with safety messages in LAB and broadcast frequency is adapted according to neighboring vehicles’ channel conditions. To evaluate the performance of LAB, we conduct extensive simulations on different roads and different vehicle densities. Performance results demonstrate that LAB effectively adjusts the broadcast frequency and controls the congestion.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are all types of communications in vehicles, between them and to infrastructure. ITS improve travelling experience through enhancements in safety, traffic efficiency and a wide range of entertainment services. This paper answers the question: how much does it cost to build and operate a dedicated Radio Access Network (RAN) for intelligent public transport? Investigated communication technologies are Ultra High Frequency (UHF) communications, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) or 802.11p, 802.11n Wi-Fi and LTE. It is shown that the 802.11 standards feature the highest Capital and Operational Expenditures (CapEx and OpEx). In comparison with LTE, DSRC-based RAN causes 2.3 times higher upfront costs (CapEx) and 6.5 times higher annual operation costs (OpEx).

The need for critical improvements to the North American surface transportation infrastructure vis-a-vis alleviation of congestion while enhancing public safety has led to new intelligent transportation system (ITS) infrastructure based on vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) wireless communications. The allocation of 75 MHz in the 5.9 GHz band for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) may also enable future delivery of rich media content to vehicles at short to medium ranges via vehicle-to-roadside (v2e) links. Recently, AASTM committee E17.51 endorsed a variant of the IEEE wireless LAN standard, denoted 802.11a roadside applications (R/A), as the platform for the DSRC link and data link layer. In this article, we provide a tutorial overview of DSRC applications and assess IEEE802.11 PHY and MAC layer characteristics in this context. It is anticipated that current 802.11 specifications need to be suitably altered to meet requirements for DSRC environments of multihop connectivity, high vehicle mobility, and heterogeneous services with a variety of QoS requirements for which the original design was not intended. This article captures the current state of the art of 802.11-based multiple access protocols and highlights open research issues.

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is becoming an important part of our society. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), as one of the most fundamental technologies in ITS, have attracted great interests in both industry and academia. Due to ever-increasing data demands in VANETs, it is challenging to meet the requirements of ITS, especially for safety-critical applications. Fog computing is an emerging paradigm with the vision of supporting low communication latency, enhancing quality of service, and improving efficiency of network. Meanwhile, collision warning (CW) is critical for enhancing driving safety, which has stringent timing requirement. This work is dedicated to addressing safety issues in VANETs by designing and implementing a fog computing based collision warning system. Distinguishing from conventional cloud-based solutions, where vehicles have to communicate with servers resided in the backbone network via cellular network, the fog computing based system offloads communication and computation workloads to the infrastructures which are closer to end users (i.e., vehicles). In particular, the road-side unit (RSU) with dedicated short range communication (DSRC) interface and local computation unit is acted as the fog node, and it is installed at the road intersection. Then, vehicles approaching to the intersection will periodically report their status including positions, speed, driving direction and acceleration, to the RSU via DSRC. Based on the collected real-time status of surrounding vehicles, a collision prediction algorithm is designed and implemented in the computation unit of the fog node. The warning message will be triggered if potential collision is detected, and it will be transmitted to corresponding vehicles. For performance evaluation, we have implemented the system in realistic VANETs scenario. In addition, we have also implemented a cloud computing based CW system for performance comparison, where the LTE interface is adopted for transmitting messages to the cloud server, where the collision prediction algorithm is executed. Based on the field testing, we have demonstrated the superiority of the fog computing based CW system in terms of enhancing driving safety by providing real-time communication and distribute computation capabilities.

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is an emerging technology, a vital enabler in realizing the concepts of smart cities, which helps in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. This paper focuses on the performance comparison of Wi-Fi, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), and modified DSRC when used in a V2X communication network. The communication scenario considered includes message passing for V2X applications like emergency brake assist, intersection collision warning, lane departure warning, signal status display in-vehicle, school zone warning, and, parking slot status display as per the SAE J2735 standard. The communication network under various operational scenarios is implemented in NetSim, a licensed network simulator. The performance evaluation is done based on metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), MAC layer, and physical layer processing time, link throughput, and delay. Performance analysis based on unicast messages of DSRC and Wi-Fi shows that Wi-Fi gives better performance. A modified version of DSRC using variants of Wi-Fi can improve the performance of DSRC as evident from the performance analysis of modified DSRC.

The dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) is an emerging technique to push the intelligent transportation system into our daily life. The DSRC standards generally adopt FM0 and Manchester codes to reach dc-balance, enhancing the signal reliability. Nevertheless, the coding-diversity between the FM0 and Manchester codes seriously limits the potential to design a fully reused VLSI architecture for both. In this paper, the similarity-oriented logic simplification (SOLS) technique is proposed to overcome this limitation. The SOLS technique improves the hardware utilization rate from 57.14% to 100% for both FM0 and Manchester encodings. The performance of this paper is evaluated on the postlayout simulation in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18-μm 1P6M CMOS technology. The maximum operation frequency is 2 GHz and 900 MHz for Manchester and FM0 encodings, respectively. The power consumption is 1.58 mW at 2 GHz for Manchester encoding and 1.14 mW at 900 MHz for FM0 encoding. The core circuit area is 65.98 × 30.43 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The encoding capability of this paper can fully support the DSRC standards of America, Europe, and Japan. This paper not only develops a fully reused VLSI architecture, but also exhibits an efficient performance compared with the existing works.

Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) is one of the key technologies enabling safety-critical applications for intelligent transportation system (ITS). Considering the significance of such safety-of-life applications, it is of utmost importance to guarantee reliable delivery of basic safety messages (BSMs). However, in accordance with a V2X network being inherently dynamic in key aspects such as vehicle density and velocity, the networking behavior of a DSRC system is usually highly complicated to analyze. In addition, the United States Federal Communications Commission (US FCC) recently proposed the so-called “5.9 GHz band innovation,”which includes a plan to reduce bandwidth for DSRC to 10 MHz at best from 75 MHz. Motivated from these challenges, the necessity of “lightening”load of a DSRC network has become essential to keep safety-related operations from performance deterioration. To this end, this paper proposes a protocol that prioritizes transmission of a BSM from a vehicle according to the level of accident risk of the vehicle. The proposed protocol uses the distance of a vehicle from a danger source as the metric to determine the priority for transmission. Our results show that this protocol effectively prioritizes the transmission opportunity for dangerous vehicles, and hence results in higher performance in terms of key metrics-i.e., average latency, packet delivery rate (PDR), and inter-reception time (IRT).

Heterogeneous cellular and DSRC networking for Floating Car Data collection in urban areas

Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) is the key component in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The goal of this technology is to help driver and passengers getting multimedia services via wireless communication equipment during the movement of vehicle, so as to improve the traffic safety and enhance the transportation efficiency. The paper is focus on the DSRC baseband technical analysis and the application development. Based on the WLAN 802.11a architecture, we develop a new adaptive channel estimation algorithm that uses two kinds of feedback tracking and pilot aid to enhance wireless access ability in vehicular environments.

Comparison of near-field and far-field data is important to verify measurement accuracy and study limitations of relying on only near-field data in automotive antenna measurement. In this study, near-field data extracted from FEKO full-wave simulator for three distances of 3m, 6m, and 9m, between the measurement surface and a monocone antenna mounted on the roof of a car, are compared to the far-field data. The frequency of the simulation and measurement is 6 GHz, for CV2X and dedicated short range communication (DSRC) services. Average gain is the parameter used for the comparison. The results provide a good benchmark to determine whether NF-FF transformation is required in the given applications and test scenarios.

This paper proposes a system level study of an adaptive communication gateway for Intelligent Vehicles (IV) in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This study starts with the analysis of the different communications standards that are expected to link the IV to mobile devices inside the vehicle, other IVs in the ITS network, the road side unites and the existing wireless infrastructures into three types namely, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), Wide Area Network (WAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). An adaptive communication gateway architecture is devised to support Multimode Multiband (MMMB) operation. This architecture accounts for the need for concurrent operation of multiple communication links and address the different challenges proper to the ITS applications

Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) or radio systems for intelligent transport systems (ITS) should be used for transmission of position information between dynamic traffic objects. The position information shall be used to improve the accuracy of localisation of traffic objects. Therefore the safety in road traffic is increased by avoiding dangerous situations and accidents. Due to relative movement of traffic objects the position data becomes outdated, the longer it takes to transmit the information via ITS radio system. For that reason, the transmission time of ITS radio system shall provide an input to correct the transmitted position data at the receiver.

Vehicular communication is regarded as a backbone for the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Recently vehicular communication has attracted researchers from both academia and industry all over the world, notably, in the United States of America, Japan and European Union. The rapid advances in wireless technologies provide opportunities to utilize them in vehicular communication in advanced road safety applications. The most important feature of vehicular communication is to improve the road traffic safety, efficiency, comfort and quality of everyday road travel. Networking in particular and communication in general are important rudiments in the development of ITS. Generally, in vehicular communication, the information exchange occurs among vehicles not only in an ad-hoc based vehicle-to-vehicle networking but also in a vehicle-to-infrastructure with possible intermediate infrastructure-to-infrastructure networking. Therefore, the infrastructure plays major role in order to realize the full potential of vehicular communications. This chapter provides an in-depth survey of the infrastructures and technologies that are recently proposed as part of future ITS developments as well as tested for vehicular communications in mobile environment. Specifically, we provide an in-depth analysis of wireless technology-applications such as ad-hoc networking and wireless local area network (WLAN), dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), cellular technology and NOTICE Architecture, and compare their characteristics in terms of their abilities to support vehicular communications for development of ITS.

In the realm of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), vehicular communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X), and LoRa 2.4 GHz play crucial roles in enhancing road safety, reducing traffic congestion, and improving transport efficiency. This article explores the integration of these communication protocols within smart intersections, emphasizing their capabilities and synergies. DSRC, based on IEEE 802.11p, provides reliable short-range communication with data rates up to 27 Mbps and latencies below 50 ms, ideal for real-time safety applications. C-V2X leverages LTE and 5G networks, offering broader coverage up to 10 km and supporting data rates up to 100 Mbps, with latencies as low as 20 ms in direct communication mode (PC5). LoRa 2.4 GHz, known for its long-range (up to 15 km in rural areas, 1–2 km in urban settings) and low-power characteristics, offers data rates between 0.3 and 37.5 kbps, suitable for non-critical data exchange and infrastructure monitoring. The study evaluates the performance and interoperability of these technologies in urban environments, focusing on data latency, transmission reliability, and scalability. Experimental results from simulated and real-world scenarios show that DSRC maintains reliable communication within 1 km with minimal interference. C-V2X demonstrates superior scalability and coverage, maintaining robust communication over several kilometers in high-density urban settings. LoRa 2.4 GHz exhibits excellent penetration through urban obstacles, maintaining connectivity and efficient data transmission with packet error rates below 10%.

Due to the rapidly growing number of autonomous vehicles, establishing an intelligent transportation system (ITS) supported by the Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) technology is important. The need for IoV technology is emphasized even more because recent accidents relating to autonomous vehicles show that there are limitations in the reliability of autonomous vehicles only using vehicle onboard sensors. In addition, a highly reliable support system for many vehicular applications is in strong demand, which is why there is a need for advanced vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology. The two major types of V2X technology are dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and cellular-V2X (C-V2X). Many vehicles are already equipped with DSRC; however, the use of C-V2X is highly supported by many mobile communication companies and the 5GAA, which is why C-V2X is expected to be very widely used. In this article, a hybrid V2X (H-V2X) scheme is proposed, which adaptively controls C-V2X to satisfy the key-performance indicator (KPI) requirements as much as possible, and uses DSRC transmission when the C-V2X required performance cannot be reliably supported. The performance analysis graphs show that the gain in performance of the proposed H-V2X scheme can provide an improved performance compared to other V2X schemes, which makes it more suitable to support reliable autonomous vehicles.