An Efficient Post-Quantum Lattice-Based Encryption Scheme for Secure Communication in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a special kind of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) that supports cooperative driving among communicating cars on the roads. There are several technologies involved in implementation of wireless communication in VANETs. These technologies include 3G cellular systems, long-term evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.11. This chapter focuses on 802.11-based wireless communication in VANETs. It reviews some presented methods for vehicle movement path prediction, and explains some algorithms are explained for performance improvement in opportunistic networks based on the predicted vehicle movements. The chapter considers the fact that communication in VANETs can be infrastructure-based or infrastructureless. It also reviews some methods to apply the predicted vehicles' position for improving communication in infrastructure-based and infrastructureless VANETs, respectively. Opportunistic routing algorithms can be classified according to their dependency on roadside infrastructure. The chapter presents the taxonomy of opportunistic routing in VANETs.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an increasing important paradigm for greatly enhancing roadway system efficiency and traffic safety. To widely deploy VANETs in real life, it is critical to deal with the security and privacy issues in VANETs. In this paper, we propose a certificateless conditional privacy preserving authentication (CCPPA) scheme based on certificateless cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography for secure vehicle-to-infrastructure communication in VANETs. In the proposed scheme, a roadside unit (RSU) can simultaneously verify plenty of received messages such that the total verification time may be sharply decreased. Furthermore, the security analysis indicates that the proposed scheme is provably secure in the random oracle model and fulfills all the requirements on security and privacy. To further improve efficiency, both map-to-point hash operation and bilinear pairing operation are not employed. Compared with previous CCPPA schemes, the proposed scheme prominently cuts down computation delay of message signing and verification by 66.9%–85.5% and 91.8%–93.4%, respectively, and reduces communication cost by 44.4%. Extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme is practicable and achieves prominent performances of very little average message delay and average message loss ratio and thus is appropriate for realistic applications.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) technology enables communication between vehicles, or vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) through wireless communication devices installed on the vehicles. One of the most important goals of VANETs is providing safety applications for passengers. In addition, VANETs provide comfort applications to users. Guaranteeing a reliable and stable routing protocol over VANETs is a very important step. The proposed research attempts to improve routing protocols that decrease the end-to-end delay to suit VANET communication characteristics. In addition, it proposes analysis of the end-to-end delay probability distribution. More specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the re-healing delay in a VANET conditioned on the distance between two VANET clusters. Furthermore, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the unconditional re-healing delay. Moreover, we develop a mathematical model to calculate the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay. On the other hand, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones in wireless communications and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has started to attract attention. We propose a routing protocol that uses infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. Moreover, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Furthermore, we propose a drones-active service (DAS) that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-todrone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a new routing protocol called multi-copy intersection-based routing (MCIR) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in urban areas. MCIR is an intersectionbased routing protocol that forwards multiple copies of the packets in different road segments. Moreover, it is a beacon-less routing protocol with a carry-and-forward strategy. We show via simulation that the MCIR protocol is superior to other existing routing protocols, especially in low vehicular density scenarios. The results show that MCIR achieves a shorter end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery ratio in urban VANET communications.

VABLOCK: A blockchain-based secure communication in V2V network using icn network support technology

An efficient identity-based signature scheme without bilinear pairing for vehicle-to-vehicle communication in VANETs

A type of ad hoc network formed among moving vehicles that come in one another’s radio transmission range is called Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET may be deployed using three architectures: pure ad hoc, WLAN and hybrid. Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) are the two modes in VANET used for communication among vehicles. These features not only distinguish a VANET from other ad hoc networks but also make these networks more exposed to attacks and increase their complexity. These networks being the primary mechanism for communication in VANETs, appropriate and timely delivery of information is of prime importance. Due to the existence of various vehicular traffic scenarios, a single category of routing protocols is not sufficient for the VANETs. Therefore, various categories of routing protocols have been tailored to meet specific kinds of routing requirements in this framework. Most significant ones are ad hoc/topology-based, position-based, geocast-based, cluster-based, broadcast-based protocols. There exist a number of attacks that apart from affecting various other parameters also affect the routing protocols in these VANETs. Most of these attacks may be launched in all the above-mentioned three architectures. But, one of the most dangerous attacks is the Sybil attack that may be initiated in pure ad hoc deployment of VANET where vehicles communicate with one another in one to one manner using carry forward approach. In this paper, with the help of illustrative example for each of the five categories of routing protocols, we show how Sybil attack affects these protocols. Considering the ad hoc scenarios in VANETs, we also discuss a prevention mechanism for the Sybil attack briefly.

VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) enable on-road wireless communication using vehicular and road-based electronic infrastructure. The services provided include routine traffic information dissemination aimed at ensuring safe driving while offering payment systems, and entertainment services are also part of VANET services. Ensuring secure, cost-effective VANET communication is a key research focus. A mechanism for unidentified message transmission, reciprocal vehicular and road base verification, as well as highly secure authentication by a trusted party, preservation of confidentiality of messages, recovery of the identity of vehicle by a trusted authority in unfortunate events, and low set up cost, is the prerequisite for trusted vehicular communication in VANET. The technique of Chameleon hashing signature provides message security with frequent changing of keys. The validation of vehicular identity in group-based communication is centralized using group signature and time stamping. This study proposes a framework combining chameleon hash signatures with group signatures to enhance VANET communication privacy, security, and cost-effectiveness.

Reliability is an important issue for safety-critical broadcast services in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). So far, most investigations of such broadcast networks focus on multihop connectivity, taking all one-hop links for granted. In this paper, four reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast communication in VANETs, including the packet reception rate (PRR), the packet delivery ratio (PDR), the node successful packet delivery probability (PDP), and the effective range (ER), are introduced and evaluated analytically and by simulations. Expressions of these reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast in IEEE-802.11-based 1-D VANETs are derived with consideration of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), the hidden terminal problem, and collisions caused by concurrent transmissions. The impacts of network parameters such as distinct transmission, carrier sensing, and interference ranges; the density of nodes in the networks; the distances of receivers to the senders; the message generation rates; the backoff window sizes; and the channel data rates on the reliability of the broadcast communication in VANETs are investigated and discussed. As an example, the proposed model is applied to the evaluation of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) safety-critical message propagation in a highway setting. As a result, some important observations to the design and analysis of such communication systems are provided.

VANETs are targeted to improve the traffic safety and driving experience on the road. Vehicular connectivity based communication in VANETs to be used for safety critical, safety related and non safety related messages dissemination in the networks. A key challenge in developing such network connectivity mechanism is that quickly adaptation the changes in the network topology due to the vehicular mobility. In this work we investigate the feasibility of developing the location based network connectivity for communication in VANETs in the spatial localized time domain for safety applications. The vehicular mobility and maximization of network connectivity duration between the vehicles have been identified as two important design goals in this work. However, these two goals are in conflict in nature, which makes it challenging to achieve both of these two goals in VANETs. To balance the trade-off between vehicular mobility and network connectivity, the average number of vehicle links, average link duration and connection time of each vehicle is ensured and subject to this constraint, aggregate network connectivity is maximized for efficient communication in VANETs.KeywordsMedium access control (MAC)Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)Vehicular connectivity

Information dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is inseparable from the interaction between vehicles and infrastructure. The trust authority (TA) often plays a pivotal role in VANETs and requires interaction with multiple vehicles. However, when the TA sends the same message to multiple vehicles, there are many redundancies, as it needs to negotiate with each vehicle and send them different ciphertexts. This greatly reduces the work efficiency of the TA. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research on the problem of redundancy that occurs when the same message is sent to multiple vehicles in VANETs. The proposed scheme adopts identity-based broadcast encryption (IBBE) technology, which is a secure data-sharing scheme suitable for the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication mode, in VANETs for the first time. Thus, with only one encryption, the TA can generate a fixed-length ciphertext for a group of vehicles. When there are new vehicles that subsequently request a service, the TA can assign encryption tasks to the proxy server. In terms of security, our scheme meets the particular requirements of VANETs. The encryption overhead of the sender and the length of the ciphertext were comparatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the performance of the scheme improved significantly. Thus, our scheme can prevent redundancies and effectively improve the work efficiency of TA.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) plays a vital role in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). When a vehicle receives a message through network, the CRL (certificate revocation list) checking process will operate before certificate and signature verification. After successful authentication, a CRL list is created based on authentication. This CRL is used to verify whether a vehicle node can be permitted for communication in the VANET network. But when using CRL, a huge amount of storage space and checking time is needed. So we proposed a method without the CRL list. It mentions a key management list to overcome large storage space and checking time. Even it reduced the access delay. For access permission we can do an authentication system based digital novel signature authentication (DNSA) for each vehicle in the VANET with the RSU unit or with other participant node vehicles in the communication as per the topology. We can perform an efficient and secured communication in VANET.

ID-CEPPA: Identity-based Computationally Efficient Privacy-Preserving Authentication scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) communications are mobile communication alternatives allowing vehicles to exchange information among them with a suitable forwarding scheme. The forwarding scheme is a mechanism to select proper candidate nodes as the intermediate node. Current angle-based forwarding schemes take into account a Horizontal Relative Angle (HRA) and propose Vertical Relative Angle (VRA) as an alternative. The introduction of a filtering concept, implementing both HRA and VRA, restricts the number of insignificant candidates. Under various VANET communication factors (e.g., network density, mobility, and road level topology) the work presented here investigates the VRA scheme to improve the forwarding decision especially in the three-dimensional case within a large city environment.

Over the past few years, there has been significant research interest in field of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Wireless communication over VANETs supports vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Such innovation in wireless communication has improved our daily lives through road safety, comfort driving, traffic efficiency. As special version of MANETs, VANETs bring several new challenges including routing and security challenges in data communication due to characteristics of high mobility, dynamic topology. Therefore, academia and the auto mobile industry are taking interest in several ongoing research projects to establish VANETs. The work presented here focuses on communication in VANETs with their routing and security challenges along with major application of VANETs in several areas.

Integration of IoT and edge cloud computing for smart microgrid energy management in VANET using machine learning