An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research

The purpose of any social discipline is to understand the society through their theoretical perspectives. Human communication as a social science is also without exception, its purpose is to explain the society by means of inspecting the social information as well as the contents and extensions during the operation of social information system. Social together with its system are complex and comprehensive by nature, which determines human communication existing itself as a comprehensive science with multiple theories, aspects and perspectives. It is reasonable to study with the help of related theories of other subjects in facing concrete research issues and when the existing theories lack enough power to give an explanation. Interpersonal human communication is an important part in human life, the human communication study about is rather few, however. This paper is about to solve this problem, for current human communication cannot explain the barriers occurred in the interpersonal human communication. To deal with such issue that often happens in social life, the author is appeal to information system theories to explain that the trajectory of information changes in the course of human communication could cause barriers.

A review of the following books: Communication Theory by Ernest Bormann; Human Communication Theory: The History of a Paradigm by Nancy Harper; Explorations in Interpersonal Communications by Gerald Miller; Persuasion: New Directions in Theory and Research by Michael Roloff and Gerald Miller; I Am An Impure Thinker by Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy; Speech and Reality by Rosenstock-Huessy; and Intercultural Communication by Lawrence E. Sarbaugh. Publishing information on page 71. EUGENE D. TATE University of Saskatchewan

This study discusses the analysis of KH Ahmad Dahlan's interpersonal communication and small group communication in dealing with conflict, especially as depicted in the film "Sang Pencerah." KH Ahmad Dahlan is an important figure in the history of the development of Islam in Indonesia, particularly through the founding of the Muhammadiyah organization. This study aims to reveal KH Ahmad Dahlan's interpersonal and small group communication skills in addressing conflicts. The method used in this research is descriptive-interpretative with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA) of the film "Sang Pencerah" and in-depth interviews with relevant informants. The results of the research show that KH Ahmad Dahlan has excellent interpersonal and small group communication skills, which are reflected in the scenes in the film "Sang Pencerah" and reinforced by interviews with sources. These communication skills, especially in terms of openness and closeness, play a crucial role in his efforts to address and resolve conflicts that arise during his preaching process. These findings can serve as a reference for future research in understanding the role of interpersonal and small group communication in dealing with conflict and highlight the importance of an effective communicative approach in spreading reform ideas and facing resistance from conservative groups Keywords:, Content analyis, Interpersonal Communication, KH Ahmad Dahlan

Communication models have historically been used by communication scholars and professionals to capture and understand the intricacies of the communication process. In the current digitalized and globalized communication environment, communication models can still be seen as valuable tools, but as communication technology enjoys various evolutions, some recalibration and reconceptualization is required to effectively explain and use communication models. A considerable number of studies have focused on digitalization and its effects on the communication process. By reviewing communication models in light of digital global communication, this study aims to appraise the continued relevance of communication models and recommend new perspectives for their use. This paper reviews four classic communication models in view of recent evolutions in communication technology that enable digital global communication. The paper also considers the interplay of culture and digitization on the communication process, and the models reviewed are selected on the basis of how they fit into the evolving realities of this moment, contributing to the understanding of human communication from intra and interpersonal communication to mass communication and organizational communication. The results help to close context gaps between classic communication models and the communication environment in a digitally connected globalized world, excavating the relevant portions of classic models while suggesting areas that require new perspectives. The study also utilizes communication models to suggest bridges for conflict scenarios that are brought about by the communication environment of the day. Keywords: communication models, communication technology, global communication, culture. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.61.52

A little over a decade ago, communication scholar Robert Craig (1999, p. 119) observed in his award-winning article,“Communication theory is enormously rich in the range of ideas that fall within its nominal scope and new theoretical work on communication has recently been flourishing.” In the ensuing time since Craig’s declaration, scholars have accomplished much in advancing communication theory, particularly in the emerging field of sport communication (Kassing, 2009; Krizek, 2008; Sanderson, 2011a). Sport communication research is, to use Craig’s descriptor,“flourishing.”This status has been achieved largely through the willingness of sport communication and sport media researchers to undertake studies that advance communication (including mass communication) theory. Several brief examples include scholars using social identity theory to explain audience perceptions of female sports reporters (BaiocchiWagner and Behm-Morawitz, 2011); employing agenda setting theory to analyze Olympic broadcast coverage (Angelini and Billings, 2010); and utilizing dissent to explore Dallas Mavericks’ owner Mark Cuban’s blogging (Sanderson, 2009).As this volume evidences, sport communication literature is expanding and increasing in prominence. Concurrent with this trek up the mountain of disciplinary acceptance is the necessity for sport communication and sport media researchers to continue integrating and advancing communication theory. The emergence of research investigating social media influences in sport stands as a particularly rich area for this task to be accomplished.

The article is the first part of the summary of the book by the world renowned historian and sociologist Denis MacQuail “Mass Communication Theory”. This widely known book has been republished six times and is still one of the main works in the field of the theory and practice of Mass Communication. It considers not only theoretical issues but also practical aspects of communication. The first article is dedicated to the structure and contents of the book, it also gives the key definitions and introduces the main theories which explain the aspects of interaction between Mass Communication, Mass Media and the society.

Stages in the development of human communication the emergence of the mass press the development of motion pictures the establishment of the broadcase media the mass media as social systems mass society and the magic bullet theory theories of selective influence socialization and theories of indirect influence mass communication and the construction of meaning theoretical strategies for persuasion media system depending theory emerging media systems.

What communicative experiences are particular to African Americans? How do many African Americans define themselves culturally? How do they perceive intracultural and intercultural communication? These questions are answered in this second edition of African American Communication: Exploring Identity and Culture. Informing multiple audiences interested in African American culture, from cultural researchers and practitioners to educators, policymakers, and community leaders, this innovative and invaluable resource examines the richness and depth of African American communication norms and patterns, as well as African American identities. Positive and healthy African American identities are centrally positioned throughout the book. Applying the cultural contracts theory and the communication theory of identity, authors Michael L. Hecht, Ronald L. Jackson II, and Sidney A. Ribeau explore relationships among African Americans, as well as between African Americans and European Americans, while highlighting the need for sensitivity to issues of power when discussing race, ethnicity, and culture. This wide-ranging volume provides an extensive review of the relevant literature and offers recommendations designed to encourage understanding of African American communication in a context extending beyond Eurocentric paradigms. Considering African American identity with a communicative, linguistic, and relational focus, this volume: *Defines African American identities by describing related terms, such as self, self-concept, personhood and identity; *Explores Afrocentricity and African American discourse; *Examines the status of African Americans in the United States using census statistics and national studies from other research agencies; *Considers identity negotiation and competence; and *Features a full chapter on African American relationships, including gendered, familial, intimate, adolescent and adult, homosexual, friendship, communal, and workplace relationships. African American Communication: Exploring Identity and Culture begins an important dialogue in the communication discipline, intercultural studies, African American studies and other fields concerned with the centrality of culture and communication as it relates to human behavior. It is intended for advanced students and scholars in intercultural communication, interpersonal communication, communication theory, African American/Black studies, social psychology, sociolinguistics, education, and family studies.

Debate on cultural imperialism emerged from communication literature, which involves topical issues around media economics and political economy. How we view these seminal constructs shapes our perceptions and understanding of government and its relationship with the private sector through policies and practices. This paper queries the authenticity of cultural imperialism and explores the awareness of a new paradigm, which integrates the new media as a direct‐behavior medium of effect with these seminal constructs. The changing role of the media, particularly the mass media in the importation and exportation of culture will remain a queried subject in global communication theories and research for a long time to come. However, it is important to note that the explanations of early communication theories describing the power of the media are now being challenged. Theories such as the ‘magic bullet’ or the ‘hypodermic needle’ have speculated about the influence of the mass media upon its audience and how helpless an audience may seem under these influences. However, the veracity and the extent of these influences have remained a subject of debate in communication research since it was first postulated. Irrespective of these differences, global communication and research remain convinced that the media remains a powerful tool in the global exchange of cultures and common heritages though the same literature pursues in critical terms the scope and extent of such influences as the world moves from traditional to new media. Although, some media scholars have continuously queried the conception of cultural imperialism, extant literature has also proven that these scholars have not been able to provide any conceptual alternative. While others have derived their arguments from interdisciplinary literature across the social sciences and humanities which seek to develop theoretical alternatives, the seminal construct of cultural imperialism remains a valid construct in communication research. This paper further discusses how the media has evolved and how technology and the new media have made it possible to integrate economies, communication and cultures through globalization.

The era during which the volume Social Cognition and Communication and Communication (Roloff & Berger, 1982a) was published was an exciting one in the communication discipline’s history. The cognitive approach to the study of communication was in its nascent stages and its effects were beginning to be reflected in the work of several communication researchers, especially those with interests in social interaction (Berger & Bradac, 1982; Delia, O’Keefe, & O’Keefe, 1982; Greene, 1984; Hewes & Planalp, 1982, 1987; Planalp & Hewes, 1982). One source of excitement surrounding this surging interest in cognitive approaches stemmed from the promise that they would spawn theoretical frameworks that would illuminate basic communication processes. The hope was that these theories would transcend and integrate such ostensibly unique domains of communication inquiry as health, intercultural, interpersonal, mass, organizational, and political communication, as well as others (Berger & Chaffee, 1987, 1988; Roloff & Berger, 1982b). Cognitively based approaches have continued to exerted considerable influence within these subdomains of the communication discipline, as the contributions to this volume attest; however, it remains to be seen whether the promised theoretical integration of these areas will occur.

The Encyclopedia of Communication Theory provides students and researchers with a comprehensive two-volume overview of contemporary communication theory. Reference librarians report that students frequently approach them seeking a source that will provide them with a quick overview of a particular theory or theorist - just enough to help them grasp the general concept or theory and its relation to the discipline as a whole. Communication scholars and teachers also occasionally need a quick reference for theories. Edited by the co-authors of the best-selling textbook on communication theory and drawing on the expertise of an advisory board of 10 international scholars and nearly 200 contributors from 10 countries, this work finally provides such a resource. More than 300 entries address topics related not only to paradigms, traditions, and schools, but also metatheory, methodology, inquiry, and applications and contexts. Entries of this book cover several orientations, including psycho-cognitive; social-interactional; cybernetic and systems; cultural; critical; feminist; philosophical; rhetorical; semiotic, linguistic, and discursive; and, non-Western. Concepts relate to interpersonal communication, groups and organizations, and media and mass communication. In sum, this encyclopedia offers the student of communication a sense of the history, development, and current status of the discipline, with an emphasis on the theories that comprise it.

Individuality and mass consumption in charter tourism

Since the 1970s, communication researchers have utilized social network analysis to understand mass, health, organizational, and interpersonal communication. This article introduces communication researchers to a new class of social network analysis methods, exponential random graph (p*) models. This new method represents the latest advancement in social network methodology and will enhance the trajectory of social network research in the communication discipline. The benefits of this class of models include allowing for the simultaneous estimation of attribute and structural parameters, accounting for the interdependent nature of network data, and retaining the complexity of network observations throughout the analysis. An example analysis using data from Shumate, Fulk, and Monge (2005) is provided to illustrate the potentials of exponential random graph modeling. Five different social network software programs capable of the analysis discussed in this article are introduced with regard to their respective benefits. Finally, a brief tutorial based on data from Palazzolo (2005) is given on how to conduct an ERGM analysis using the PNET software program.

The study of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) phenomenon has developed rapidly in recent years by placing various multi-disciplinary perspectives including Communication. The question then arises, how to study the AI phenomenon with a Communication approach? What kind of communication theories can be used to explain the AI phenomenon? Can the existing perspective of communication theory, which emphasizes the notion of communication as an interaction in which two communicators, using some medium of communication, move towards a better understanding of each other through the exchange of messages, still be used? Is the communication theory domain in terms of elements, levels and contexts of communication still relevant to studying the AI phenomenon? Is there a possibility of developing a new group of theories in studying AI phenomena?. This paper will provide an inspiring perspective on the development of a group of communication theories called "Beyond Human Communication" (Littlejohn, 2021). This broader view of communication includes interactions between humans and other animate and inanimate entities. It provides opportunities to examine different ways and different reasons for communicating. AI phenomena in the "Beyond Human Communication" theoretical domain can be explained through what is referred to as "human-machine communication". Understanding the theoretical domain of "Beyond Human Communication" places the study of the AI phenomenon into a special study in Communication science.

could not have missed the news stories about the Internet, many of which speculate about its effects on the ever-increasing number of people who are on line. Why, then, have communications researchers, historically concerned with exploring the effects of mass media, nearly ignored the Internet? With 25 million people estimated to be communicating on the Internet, should communication researchers now consider this network of networks’ a mass medium? Until recently, mass communications researchers have overlooked not only the Internet but the entire field of computer-mediated communication, staying instead with the traditional forms of broadcast and print media that fit much more conveniently into models for appropriate research topics and theories of mass communication. However, this paper argues that if mass communications researchers continue to largely disregard the research potential of the Internet, their theories about communication will become less useful. Not only will the discipline be left behind, it will also miss an opportunity to explore and rethink answers to some of the central questions of mass communications research, questions that go to the heart of the model of source-message-receiver with which the field has struggled. This paper proposes a conceptualization of the Internet as a mass medium, based on revised ideas of what constitutes a mass audience and a mediating technology. The computer as a new communication technology opens a space for scholars to rethink assumptions and categories, and perhaps even to find new insights into traditional communication technologies. tion as a whole, in order to place the new medium within the context of other mass media. Mass media researchers have traditionally organized themselves around a specific communications medium. The newspaper, for instance, is a more precisely defined area of interest than printing-pressmediated communiThis paper looks at the Internet, rather than computer-mediated communica