Analyze the Impact of Mobility and Pause Time on ACO based MANET Routing Protocols

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a popular technology because of their wide application and independent mobility. Nevertheless, communication through MANETs can be effective because of their inherent nature of high mobility, which in turn results in a higher rate of data loss and delay. Therefore, for effective communication to be achieved, the MANETs’ routing performance must be enhanced. Some extant routing protocols like AOMDV can yield moderate Routing Overhead (RO) during communication. The review of previous studies shows that there is a need for improvement in the following areas: Computational E2E delay: the proposed Genetic Algorithm- Ant Colony Optimization (GA-ACO) was unable to reduce the computational E2E delay that occurs during communication. RO: The schemes that were proposed failed to minimize the RO in the network. Energy consumption: the reduction energy consumed by the network was reduced, however, high throughput and PDR could not be achieved by the method. On the contrary, the EHO-based AOMDV routing protocol achieved low E2E delay and RO but was unable to decrease the energy consumed by the network. Throughput and PDR: The protocol proposed failed to achieve high Quality of Services (QoS). Consequently, this paper aims to provide a solution to this communication problem by proposing a Hybrid Optimization-based Effective Path Selection and Multipath routing (HOEPSM) approach for MANETs. The proposed approach, which is HOEPSM is made up of two parts: Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO)-based AOMDV routing protocol, which makes use of EHO for the identification of the shortest path from the source to the destination. The second part which is the Hybrid optimization using Genetic Ant Optimization (GAO) algorithm, involves finding the best solution through the use of a GAO-based hybrid optimization algorithm. The results of the study revealed that the use of the HOEPSM causes a significant decrease in routing RO while enhancing the network’s Quality of Forwarding (QoF) of the network. Also, the simulation of the proposed approach was carried out in NS2, and afterward, compared with earlier proposed methods like DRARP and MDRARP. Based on the simulation results, the HOEPSM outperformed the other methods, with high Energy Efficiency (EE) (91%), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) (95%), RO (155), and End to End (E2E delay) (102ms). These results can be attributed to the HOEPSM’s choice of the best and steady route from the source nodes and destination nodes.

Today, the use of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is becoming increasingly popular due to its flexibility and ease of use wherever and whenever. MANET is able to adapt to many applications, such as disaster management and military operations. The MANET routing protocol consists of two types, namely Proactive Routing Protocols and On Demand Routing Protocols. Destination-Sequence Distance-Vector (DSDV) is an example of a protocol that includes Proactive Routing Protocols. Meanwhile, Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) are examples of protocols that include On Demand Routing Protocols or Reactive Routing Protocols. Because routing protocols greatly affect MANET performance significantly, it is necessary to study the performance of routing protocols. This paper discusses the performance comparison of MANET routing protocol based on RandomWaypoint mobility model. The experiment was carried out by applying the MANET routing protocol to the RandomWaypoint mobility model. Routing protocols used are AODV, DSDV and DSR. The simulation is done using NS-2 software. The total of nodes used in simulations is 100, 150, 200 and 250 nodes respectively. Length of simulation time 900 s. The simulation area take place in urban residential areas. Performance evaluation is performed on variable packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, average end to end delay, packet loss and normalized routing load (NRL).

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

Recently developments in the field of telecommuni-cations and network technology has been formed new paradigm shift in defense weapon system. The military also developing the Tactical Information Communication Network (TICN) system to meet the changing aspects of these wars. To equip its function from the battlefield, TICN system have to be received real-time information from the battlefield troop, and the key technologies that support these features is MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) routing protocol. In this paper, basis on the tactical environment of small combat units, by studying on the MANET routing protocol that can be transmitted in real time & reliable information, suggest efficient routing protocol in tactical MANET that can be applicable to advanced digital battlefield.

Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is made up of multiple nodes connected by routing protocols that do not require any infrastructure or centralized access point. Mobility and transmission power are two important parameters that influence the activity of MANET routing protocols. This study investigates the network performance of the reactive protocol AODV under different transmission power conditions in three mobility models of Random waypoint, Mass mobility and Linear mobility. Also, this study evaluates the impact of network size, mobility speed and simulation area on the network performance in terms of different QoS parameters. The simulation results are obtained using OMNeT++ and INET framework for AODV routing protocol. The findings indicate a good and helpful baseline for the researchers in evaluating some of the QoS metrics such as the packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and throughput under various scenarios in MANET environment.

As Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) gains popularity, the need for suitable ad hoc MAC and routing protocols will continue to grow. Cross-layer design is an emerging proposal to support flexible layer approaches in MANETs. Less remaining hop More Opportunity (LEMO) algorithm was proposed to improve the packet delivery ratio and fairness among flows for multi-hop ad hoc networks through cross-layer interaction between MAC and the routing layer. The routing information about the total hops and the remaining hops required by a packet to reach its destination is exploited by the MAC layer in order to give priority to the packets that are closer to their destination. This paper compares the performance of LEMO algorithm by using DSR and AODV protocols at the routing layer and varying the mobility and the load conditions. With the help of performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load, it is shown that cross-layering between DSR and IEEE 802.11 DCF performs better than cross-layering between AODV and IEEE 802.11 DCF.

Autonomous devices that are interconnected in an on demand fashion that communicate in wireless medium with the available energy constitute mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Communication in these networks is restricted to lifetime of the nodes that in turn dependent upon the node's battery power. Therefore optimisation is necessary to prolong node lifetime and communication period. This work proposes a hybrid ant colony optimisation (ACO) combined with fitness distance ratio particle swarm optimisation (FDR PSO) to optimise energy. ACO finds the energy efficient path in the network based on higher residual energy and FDR PSO minimises energy consumption of the network, to enhance node lifetime which ensures energy efficient routing. Duty cycle algorithm collaborated with ACO swaps the nodes between active and sleep state depending upon their utilisation. This prevents a node being active all time though it has no communication at that instant of time. The proposed hybrid technique (ACO-FDR PSO) is tested over a 100 node network scenario. The impact of varying number of nodes and their speed on the performance metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, drop and residual energy have been analysed using NS-2 simulator.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is one of the most upcoming technologies in the field of wireless communication. As there is no predefined network configuration in MANET, routing, therefore, is much more difficult compared to that in a wired network. It is known that in MANET there is a continuous change in topology resulting in the change in adjacent nodes to a certain node. This subsequently may play a vital role in finding the path from source to the destination host. Meta-heuristics, like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are being used successfully in MANET routing. In our earlier work we made some variations of ACO techniques for routing in wired network. Here, in this paper, some modifications on those variants of ACO have been made considering the situations in MANET. Variations are related to selecting the next node to visit depending on the number of adjacent nodes to the current node and modification of the pheromone deposit formula on the basis of transmission time. In some variants a tabu list has been incorporated to enhance the performance remarkably. Using NS2 simulator the experiments have been made to compare the performance of six variants of ACO, where the various parameters have been adjusted optimally. It is observed that modified versions are better than the previous ACO variants in overall performance related to throughput and packet drop rate.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks formed by several nodes communicating on a peer-to-peer basis without being connected to any fixed infrastructure. These nodes could be laptop computers, personal digital assistants, mobile phones or sensors dispersed in an area to measure certain data and send the information to a larger node. Where a source node and a destination node are not within direct range, they communicate through multi-hop routing, i.e. nodes in between them relay messages between source and destination. The routing protocol plays a key role in finding and maintaining the route in MANETs. Routing protocol can be a uni-path and multi-path. A multipath routing protocol is designed to increase the reliability in MANET. This research work focuses on Quality of Service (QoS) based evolution of multipath routing protocol. For this purpose, diverse type of simulation scenarios is designed to find the impact of mobility, increasing the number of nodes and pause time in MANETs. The results revealed that multipath routing protocol has comparatively less delay (percentage decrease of 81.52%). While unipath routing protocols have less packet drop ratio (percentage decrease of 47.78%) and routing overhead (percentage decrease of 99.30%).

<p>Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a group of mobile or wireless nodes that are placed randomly and dynamically that causes the continual change between nodes. A mobility model attempts to mimic the movement of real mobile nodes that change the speed and direction with time. The mobility model that accurately represents the characteristics of the mobile nodes in an ad hoc network is the key to examine whether a given protocol. The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of four different mobility models (i.e. Random Waypoint, Random Direction, Random walk, and Steady-State Random Waypoint) in MANET. These models were configured with Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol under three QoS (Quality of Service) <a title="Learn more about Metrics" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/metrics">metrics</a> such as the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, End-to-End delay. The simulation results show the effectiveness of Steady-State Random Waypoint Mobility Models and encourage further investigations to extend it in order to guarantee other QoS requirements.</p>

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences