Chemical Engineering in Korea

Chemical Looping for Energy Technology: A Special Issue

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 20th century have led to increasing volumes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere[...]

Polymer Reaction Engineering in China

SummaryAn end‐point life cycle impact assessment is used to evaluate the damages of electricity generation from fossil fuel‐based power plants with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology. Pulverized coal (PC), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants are assessed for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, pipeline transport, and storage in a geological formation. Results show that the CCS systems reduce the climate change‐related damages but increase the damages from toxicity, acidification, eutrophication, and resource consumption. Based on the currently available damage calculation methods, it is concluded that the benefit of reducing damage from climate change is larger than the increases in other damage categories, such as health effects from particulates or toxic chemicals. CCS significantly reduces the overall environmental damage, with a net reduction of 60% to 70% in human health damage and 65% to 75% in ecosystem damage. Most of the damage is due to fuel production and combustion processes. The energy and infrastructure demands of CCS cause increases in the depletion of natural resources by 33% for PC, 19% for IGCC, and 18% for NGCC power plants, mostly due to increased fossil fuel consumption.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as a potential strategy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It involves the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from large point source emitters, such as coal-fired power plants. The CO2 is transported to a storage location, where it is isolated from the atmosphere in stable underground reservoirs. CCS technology has been particularly intriguing to countries that utilize fossil fuels for energy production and are seeking ways to reduce their GHG emissions. While there has been an increase in technological development and research in CCS, some members of the public, industry, and policymakers regard the technology as controversial. Some proponents see CCS as a climate change mitigation technology that will be essential to reducing CO2 emissions. Others view CCS as an environmentally risky, complex, and expensive technology that is resource-intensive, promotes the continued extraction of fossil fuels, and competes with renewable energy investments. Effective communication about CCS begins with understanding the perceptions of the general public and individuals living in the communities where CCS projects are sited or proposed. Most people may never live near a CCS site, but may be concerned about risks, such as the cost of development, environmental impacts, and competition with renewable energy sources. Those who live near proposed or operational projects are likely to have a strong impact on the development and deployment of CCS. Individuals in locally affected communities may be more concerned about disruptions to sense of place, impact on jobs or economy, or effect on local health and environment. Effective communication about the risks and benefits of CCS has been recognized as a critical factor in the deployment of this technology.

CCS(Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage) is considered as the most effective counterplan in the mitigation of climate change. Even though the risk of leakage of CO 2 stored in the geologic formation is very low, the public is expected to disagree with the initiation of a CCS project without proper management plans ensuring the safety. In this study, recognition of laypeople were surveyed about CCS, climate change, characteristics of carbon dioxide, storage concepts, ground pressure, the impact of carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide for leakage. Thereafter the factors that could affect to recognition of CCS were analyzed by regression analysis. A survey was carried out to find out the public understanding and awareness about climate change and CCS. It is the purpose of this study to propose appropriate risk management strategies based on the findings from the survey.

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Chemical reaction engineering—the discipline whose goal is to move chemical transformations from the laboratory to industrial production—encompasses issues that range from the molecular level to the design of huge production plants. The chemical engineers who design industrial processes need to consider the minute details of how reactions proceed, the grand overview of energy and materials flow into and out of plants, and everything in between. At the 14th International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering (ISCRE-14) in Brugge, Belgium, last month, 500 attendees from industry and academia in 33 countries pondered the many aspects of these concerns. For example, a new multiscale approach to process design is being pursued by industry, which is also exploring the concept of microscale plants. Researchers are employing surface science to acquire the fundamental information for commercial catalytic reaction schemes. Others are coming to grips with the intractable compositional description of petroleum. ...

Renewable energy sources and low-carbon power generation systems with carbon capture and storage (CCS) are expected to be key contributors towards the decarbonisation of the energy sector and to ensure sustainable energy supply in the future. However, the variable nature of wind and solar power generation systems may affect the operation of the electricity system grid. Deployment of energy storage is expected to increase grid stability and renewable energy utilisation. The power sector of the future, therefore, needs to seek a synergy between renewable energy sources and low-carbon fossil fuel power generation. This can be achieved via wide deployment of CCS linked with energy storage. Interestingly, recent progress in both the CCS and energy storage fields reveals that technologies such as calcium looping are technically viable and promising options in both cases. Novel integrated systems can be achieved by integrating these applications into CCS with inherent energy storage capacity, as well as linking other CCS technologies with renewable energy sources via energy storage technologies, which will maximise the profit from electricity production, mitigate efficiency and economic penalties related to CCS, and improve renewable energy utilisation.

The role of CO2 capture and storage in Saudi Arabia's energy future

The term carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) refers to a range of technologies that can reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuels enabling the continued use of this fuel type without compromising the security of electricity supply. The technologies applicable to CCS differ in many key aspects; the stage of the electricity generation process at which the CO2 is captured, the CO2 capture process, efficiency, availability and matureness of the technology. The integration of these technologies into power plants results in a reduction in power generation efficiency, which remains one of the major issues for the commercial implementation of CCS. Among the possible technologies, the focus of this thesis is on post-combustion capture as it is a known technology, is readily available and it can be retrofitted to existing power plants. This thesis is concerned with the development of new carbon capture processes that require less energy for CO2 separation and are, at the same time, more environmentally friendly. Prior to the development of any new process, the current state of the art needs to be analysed and updated in order to set realistic targets for the new technology and benchmark the potential of the newly developed processes. Therefore, part of the work of this thesis is a thorough benchmarking exercise in which updated baselines for the performance of conventional post-combustion capture processes are given. The new process concepts developed in this thesis are based on the combination of enhanced absorption and enhanced desorption, two effects encountered in capture processes that are based on precipitating amino acid solvents. For this purpose, the conceptual design methodology has been followed with a specific target of energy reduction set to (at least) 30% of a conventional MEA process.

Concerns about climate change and the need to stabilize atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are driving the development of a lower carbon future. Within this context, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is gaining momentum as a large-scale option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews the rationale and potential scale of CCS, the status of geological storage options and lessons from the operating In Salah project. CCS is expected to have applications in the oil and gas industry, and other industries, particularly the coal and power sectors. CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery, depleted oil and gas fields and saline formations are considered the most important geological storage options. Experience with geological storage is being gained at the In Salah project in Algeria. Operating since 2004, it is the world's first industrial-scale project storing CO 2 in the water leg of a gas reservoir. A key challenge for wider deployment is for geological storage to be accepted as a safe and effective option, providing long-term CO 2 containment, with high integrity. This has several associated technical and regulatory challenges, including site characterization and selection, geological and well integrity risk assessment, performance prediction, the design of appropriate monitoring schemes and handling the closure and post-closure phases. The petroleum industry has the capabilities and know-how to deploy CCS and to manage the associated risks. This lends confidence that CCS will be a viable option and that deployment will help enable a low-carbon future.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology implemented to reduce emissions in the power and industrial sectors by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) before it is released into the atmosphere. Emerging technologies like CCS are often unfamiliar to the public and can be misinterpreted when publics are not involved in the decision-making process, leading to opposition and barriers to deployment. Engaging the public on policy decisions can prevent such obstacles from hampering implementation. This study aims to elicit preferences and estimate the distribution of willingness to pay (WTP) for carbon capture and storage in the United Kingdom (UK). We employ the contingent valuation method with double bounded dichotomous choice format, administering an online survey to 1033 individuals from the UK. Interval regression analysis is applied to estimate mean WTP. Our findings indicate that public attitudes towards CCS in the UK tend to be relatively positive. Mean WTP for the implementation of CCS is £95.50. We find that environmental attitudes more than socio-demographic characteristics are significant factors in WTP decisions for CCS. Public acceptance is critical to ensure appropriate steps are taken to move CCS projects and policy forward and prevent further delay in tackling emissions in the energy sector.

Introduction The chemical reactor is the heart of most industrial processes, although the reactor may represent only about 10 percent of the total capital cost; this is because the output from the reactor defines everything else that must be done downstream, particularly the separation processes. Similarly, if we wish to think about cellular rather than industrial processes, it is the chemical reactions that enable the cell or the organ to carry out its essential functions. We saw in Chapters 7 through 9 how a chemical reactor is integrated into simple processes, and we explored economic issues such as the trade-off between capital and operating costs. That discussion was limited, however, because we assumed in every case that the rate constants were fixed numbers. In doing so, we ignored one of the “handles” that the chemical engineer – or, in the case of an organism, evolution – has available to promote efficiency. Chemical reaction rates are highly temperature dependent, and precise temperature control can be critical in both the design and functioning of a reactor. Chemical reaction engineering is a broad subject, and it typically occupies at least one full course in an undergraduate chemical engineering curriculum. We introduce some basic ideas here for completeness, but we are only touching on one of the foundations of the chemical engineering profession. We restrict ourselves throughout this chapter to liquid systems, as before, in order to simplify some of the analysis while retaining the essential features, and we address only well-mixed reactor configurations.

CO2 emissions have caused significant climate changes, emerging as one of the most pressing environmental threats. The change in average global temperatures and forecasted dependance on fossil fuels in the energy mix require attention to technologies like Carbon Storage and Capture. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies offer the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects on climate by reducing carbon emissions. It is done by capturing carbon dioxide and storing it in places like underground formations. This avoids the release to atmosphere, thus lowering the emissions. However, the successful implementation of CCS projects is not without its challenges. These projects often encounter a combination of technical uncertainties, financial hurdles, regulatory constraints, and social acceptance challenges (S. Yasemil, 2023). This paper investigates these challenges from a project and strategic management standpoint, through an analysis of available literature and case studies both from developed and developing countries. The paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a strategic and project management perspective on the challenges faced by CCS projects. While previous studies have focused on the technical and environmental aspects of CCS, this research highlights the importance of integrating project management principles with technical and policy considerations. The paper goes on to highlight the importance of the common challenges faced in CCS projects and the effects of these factors on project success. It further highlights how robust project management ensures achievement of strategic objectives. Furthermore, it goes on to identify a ‘Sweet Zone’ which should be targeted for proper planning and management of CCS projects.