Comparative Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

The appearance of wireless sensor networks has attracted worldwide attention. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) consist of wirelessly interconnected sensor nodes organised arbitrarily or deterministically in an environmental area which can gather, distribute and route information in different application areas. Power consumption in these networks is the foremost problem. WSNs are a recent generation of sensor networks, have an ample range of applications, their expansion and application will convey about extensive impact in human life and construction of all areas. Some of the applications include disaster management, landslide detection, glacial monitoring, wildlife tracking, healthcare, military applications, environmental monitoring, security surveillance, industrial process control and a large number of applications to robotics and Internet of Things (IOT) projects. This paper will demonstrate the elementary description of WSN followed by different energy-efficient power consumption protocols. Here we have performed the comparative performance analysis of different energy-efficient protocols. In our work we have compared MODLEACH with TSEP followed by TSEP with RELSEP.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) abiding a huge quantity of inexpensive, low consumption and intense sensor nodes and sole or additional decline or base stations. Those nodes are tiny in dimension and can carry out numerous significant affairs, as well as event sensing, in order processing, and data communication. Owed to different compensation such as simplicity of consumption, comprehensive transmission range, and identity association, WSNs have been interchanging the conventional networks. The promising and innovative network of wirelessly connected devices, which consist of video, audio streams, scalar sensor data and others, is Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). The multimedia data depends on superiority to overhaul (Qos) parameters, like await, channel utilization, network life time throughput and distortion etc is the main aim to optimized delivery of these networks. In multimedia network each packets are communicated with each other so not on time incoming packets and lots of packets are evenly. In WMSNs challenging task to guarantee resource constrained, high data rate, and soft delay limit beside with energy reduced. In this paper, we provide Survey on comparison of different protocol of Wireless sensor network and wirelesss multimedia sensor network like Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks (GPSR), Real-time and Energy Aware Qos routing protocol (REAR), Temporary ordered routing Algorithm (TORA) and Dynamic source routing (DSR). This different protocols with WMSN are compared in requisites of throughput, end-to-end delay, network life time.

Applying multimedia to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) adds more challenges due to WSN resource constraints and the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for multimedia transmission. Different multimedia applications may have different QoS requirements, so routing protocols designed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) should be conversant of these requirements and challenges in order to ensure the efficient use of resources to transfer multimedia packets in an utmost manner. The majority of solutions proposed for WMSN depends on traditional layered based mechanisms which are inefficient for multimedia transmission. In this paper we propose a cross-layer Ant based Routing Protocol for WMSN (CARPM) by using modified ant colony optimization (ACO) technique to enhance the routing efficiency. The proposed protocol uses an improved ACO to search for the best path that are satisfied with the multimedia traffic requirements. While making best decision the weightage is given to energy consumption, and queuing delay. The proposed cross layer scheme works between the routing, MAC, and physical layers. Since, the remaining power and timestamp metrics are exchanged from physical layer to network layer. Dynamics duty cycle assignment is proposed at MAC layer which changes according to traffic rate. The presented algorithm is simulated using NS2 and is proven to satisfy its goals through a series of simulations.

Energy efficiency of MAC protocols in low data rate wireless multimedia sensor networks: A comparative study

Improvements in nanotechnology have introduced contemporary sensory devices that are capable of gathering multimedia data in form of images, audio and video. Wireless multimedia sensor networks handles such type of heterogeneous traffic. Since these networks are an emergent of wireless sensor networks, they inherit constraints that exist in these traditional networks. This paper is a survey of characteristics and requirements of wireless multimedia sensor networks and approaches to mitigating existing challenges in these networks. Further presents a review of recent research on multipath routing protocols and multi-channel media access protocols that offer quality of service assurances in handling multimedia data. The survey shows that there still exist bottlenecks in current routing solutions when applied to wireless multimedia sensor networks due to the nature of traffic involved as well as inherent characteristics, requirements and constraints. The findings are useful in the discovery of solutions to the challenges and issues. The authors further suggest approaches and plausible solutions to the problems in order to assist in the development of protocols that achieve quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks, a distributed network of sensor nodes perform critical tasks in many application areas such as target tracking in military applications, detection of catastrophic events, environment monitoring, health applications etc. The routing protocols developed for these distributed sensor networks need to be energy efficient and scalable. To create a better understanding of the performance of various routing protocols proposed it is very important to perform a detailed analysis of them. Network simulators enable us to study the performance and behavior of these protocols on various network topologies. Many Sensor Network frameworks were developed to explore both the networking issues and the distributed computing aspects of wireless sensor networks. The current work of simulation study of routing protocols is done on SensorSimulator, a discrete event simulation framework developed at Sensor Networks Research Laboratory, LSU and on a popular event driven network simulator ns2 developed at UC Berkeley. SensorSimulator is a discrete event simulation framework for sensor networks built over OMNeT++ (Objective Modular Network Test-bed in C++). This framework allows the user to debug and test software for distributed sensor networks. SensorSimulator allows developers and researchers in the area of Sensor Networks to investigate topological, phenomenological, networking, robustness and scaling issues, to explore arbitrary algorithms for distributed sensors, and to defeat those algorithms through simulated failure. The framework has modules for all the layers of a Sensor Network Protocol stack. This thesis is focused on the simulation and performance evaluation of various routing protocols on SensorSimulator and ns2. The performance of the simulator is validated with a comparative study of Directed Diffusion Routing Protocol on both ns2 and SensorSimulator. Then the simulations are done to evaluate the performance of Optimized Broadcast Protocols for Sensor Networks, Efficient Coordination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks on SensorSimulator. Also a performance study of Random Asynchronous Wakeup protocol for Sensor Networks is done on ns2.

Routing is very important in data communication, especially in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). In WSN, every node acts as a router, forwarding data packets to other nodes. There are various kinds of routing protocol and they act different in different scenario by their specialty. Routing protocols performance can be vary with various parameters such as speed time, seed time, pause time, number of node and network topology. In this paper, we discuss several routing protocols such as Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV),Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV),Dynamic Source Routing (DSR),Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV)and different connection types such as TCP, Constant Bit Rate (CBR) for WSN. In this research, we analyzed performance of routing protocols by considering different scenarios and metrics. We compare protocols performance by using several metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Loss Packet Ratio (LPR) and Average End to End Delay (E2E) with varying pause time and speed time. We use network simulator NS2.35 for compare and analyze WSN protocol performance.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.

QoSNET: An integrated QoS network for routing protocols in large scale wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are a promising application of the Internet of Things in the sustainable development of smart cities, and have been afforded significant attention since first being proposed. Authentication protocols aim to protect the security and confidentiality of legitimate users when accessing and transmitting data. However, existing protocols may suffer from one or more security flaws. Recently, Butt et al. proposed an energy-efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks. However, their protocol is vulnerable to several attacks, and lacks certain security properties. In this paper, the causes of these design flaws are analyzed. Furthermore, we propose a novel three-factor authentication protocol (password, smart card, and biometric information) for wireless sensor networks in Internet of Things contexts. A dynamic anonymous strategy is designed to prevent privacy disclosure and to resist sensor node capture attacks, tracking attacks, and desynchronization attacks. The Find–Guess model and random oracle model are combined to prove the security of the proposed protocol. A comparative analysis with related schemes shows that the proposed protocol has higher security and is able to maintain a low computational overhead.

Consistent data delivery in constrained networks such as wireless sensor networks (WSN), which has a significant role in Internet of Things (IoT), is vital due to the high probability of packet loss, not only because of the unreliable channel but also from link and buffer congestions. Thus, a reliable transport protocol should be used. Data caching at intermediate nodes is one way of improving the reliability performance of transport protocols in WSNs. However, it is not yet known up to what extent data caching alone can alleviate congestion in WSNs. This study investigates and analyses how a cache-based transport protocol, that has no congestion control mechanism and has a fixed transmission window, performs under congestion states. The transport protocol, called DTSN, is evaluated under link and buffer congestion states and the optimal performance is determined in terms of goodput, transmission cost and cache hit metrics. The results of our analysis reveal that intermediate caching was able to perform significantly during congestions in WSN. However, the amount of traffic being sent and intermediate node's cache memory should be taken into account. The optimum caching performance during link contentions is reached at higher transmission window and cache size values, while for buffer congestions, it is achieved at lower transmission window but higher cache size values, respectively. These values obtained can guarantee optimum usage of cache while ensuring congestion avoidance. In addition, the correlation that is established can serve as a basis for developing congestion window management for transport protocols in WSN that employ data caching.

Using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in delay and reliability critical environments is highly desired due to their unique advantages such as low cost, ease of deployment, and redundancy. However, successful deployment of resource-limited WSNs in such applications requires strict quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning techniques to meet the desired latency and reliability targets of those applications. Implementation of QoS techniques in WSNs is significantly challenging since WSNs have been initially devised for low-data-rate non-real-time applications. Therefore, WSN designers and developers resort to different cross-layer interaction and optimization techniques to provision QoS in WSNs. In this paper, we present a survey on the state of the art of cross-layer QoS approaches in wireless terrestrial sensor networks to achieve delay and reliability bounds in critical applications. Our paper provides a unique classification of cross-layer QoS approaches in WSNs that allows surveying a large amount of studies with utmost clarity. Furthermore, we highlight the main challenges of implementing QoS protocols in WSNs and present an overview of QoS-aware WSN applications.

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.

Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation and wireless communication capabilities. Various architectures and node deployment strategies have been developed for wireless sensor network, depending upon the requirement of application. Sensor networks are used in different applications e.g. environmental monitoring, habitat monitoring, home automation, military application etc. In this paper we present survey of state-of-the-art of architecture and node deployment in wireless sensor network. We present the characteristics of the environment in which the sensor networks may deploy. Node deployment in wireless sensor network is application dependent and can be either deterministic or randomized. But in both the cases coverage of interested area is the main issue. We also explain the routing protocols for wireless sensor network.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.