CONTEMPORARY PERCEPTIONS OF ENERGY SECURITY: POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Exploring propositions about perceptions of energy security: An international survey

Comprehensive analysis of energy security indicators and measurement of their integrity

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Entre las políticas energéticas ha adquirido creciente importancia la noción de “seguridad energética”, es decir, garantizar la continua disponibilidad de energía, en variadas formas, cantidades y a precios asequibles. El concepto de seguridad energética ha evolucionado desde su única asociación del suministro de petróleo, hasta incorporar conceptos ambientales y sociales relacionados con la energía. En los países de Latinoamérica la seguridad energética no deja de ser un problema, en este contexto, se hace necesario cuantificar la noción de “seguridad energética” y adaptarla a las necesidades nacionales y de ser posible a la realidad Latinoamericana con el fin contar con un modelo que sirva de instrumento para la planificación de políticas energética a largo plazo. En este artículo, se plantea un modelo cuantitativo para obtener un índice de seguridad energética, este modelo es aplicado para los países latinoamericanos cuyos resultados se compara con una investigación similar del Foro Económico Mundial.

The primary objective of the paper is to present threats and challenges to ensuring energy security in EU countries. Reflections on this topic were carried out using various definitions of the general concept of energy security, its determinants, and the key areas. The article is based on available studies containing analyses of energy security in EU countries against the background of its general concept described in different approaches. The study contains an analysis of different approaches to the issue of energy security with added value primarily in the presentation of the perspectives of energy security of the EU countries in the aspect of the current challenges arising from the geopolitical situation in Europe and the world, and in particular the consequences of economic crisis. In addition, attention was drawn to the characteristics of energy security as a public good. The publication presents the concept of energy security, with particular emphasis on the issue of its provision in relation to EU countries. The results achieved made it possible to define its essential determinants and scope. In addition, fundamental challenges to the EU energy security policy and ways to overcome them were formulated.

Energy security has emerged as an issue of great importance. As well as the traditional aspects of energy security, a myriad of new aspects has emerged and continues to emerge such as tight oil and gas markets, increasing prices, alternative energy sources and their role, the threat of terrorism, instability in some exporting and importing countries, geopolitical rivalries, and the increasing need for energy to fuel economic growth. The concept of energy security is vague. Energy security is an umbrella term that covers many concerns linking energy, economic growth and political power.

Energy security is the basic analytical category for this conducted study and its findings that are included in the article. This category defines the scope and the specific character of research and its relation to security studies. It is an important element of the epistemic layer of the conducted research. On the other hand, in terms of social reality and ontology, energy security is a foreign policy objective, an international value, and a dynamic process. It concerns various types of actors: from individuals to large social groups, institutions, states, nations, and international systems. Therefore, energy security policy aims to protect the state and society against numerous threats, the multitude, unpredictability, and complexity of which result from the polyarchic international system. The research objective of the study is to analyse the essence and specificity of energy security in the light of research on international security. Thus, various theoretical approaches, useful in the analysis of energy security issues, were taken into account. Their usefulness was also determined in the case of the analysis of the specificity of the contemporary energy market. The analysis allows us to conclude that energy security issues take into account long-term development trends as well as unpredictable events related to the functioning of energy market and energy technology. Thus, unexpected, sudden phenomena resulting from the dynamics of the international environment gain in importance. The dilemma related to non-linear thinking often ignores a variety of solutions that, taken together, can cause a radical turn in the energy security concept and its evolution.

A multilayered analysis of energy security research and the energy supply process

The article examines the national concept of energy security, which is the basis for the energy policy of Greece. The factors that shape the perception of national energy security at the political and expert levels due to regional specifics are analyzed. The influence of these factors (external and internal) on the country’s energy policy is emphasized. The reasons for the liberalization of the Greek energy sector are considered. The article describes individual branches of the energy sector and their role in ensuring energy security. The impact of new trends in global energy markets on the Greek energy sector is considered. The article describes new opportunities and challenges that Greece faces due to the impact of globalization on the world energy sector. The article analyzes the country’s view of its place and role in the implementation of the European Union’s energy policy. Energy projects implemented by leading players with the participation of Greece are listed and characterized. Emphasis is placed on the possibilities of Russian-Greek cooperation in the energy sector.

Energy security is defined as the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption and is a central component of political action. Since the oil crisis in 1973/1974, energy security is a topic of the general public. Over the years, the perception of energy security changed from reducing the dependency on oil exporting countries to additionally taking into account the decline of fossil fuels, environmental problems caused by conventional energy sources as well as the future electricity supply including renewable energy resources. Climate change increasingly impacts the environment and thus, water availability. That is why already today water availability impacts energy security in parts of Europe. In order to secure electricity supply, renewable energies such as wind turbines and photovoltaics, can be used additionally for electricity generation. Due to high fluctuation within the electricity grid, electricity supply can neither be secured by the conventional and nuclear power plants nor by renewable energies. Obviously, additional measures have to be taken to provide energy security. A system similar to demand-side management systems for electricity distribution can ease the problem and helps regulating the supply for electricity and water to the consumers to sustain energy security. For defining the necessary input data for such a system, it has to be analyzed which stakeholders are directly affected by water scarcity and/or low electricity supply, which data are already available and have additionally to be made available from each stakeholder and how these data will be used within the system.

The energy crisis that has hit the world requires countries to shift the use of their energy sources to renewable. As one of the most significant users and needs of coal sources, Indonesia requires careful preparation in the energy transition. One of the programs launched by the International Partnership Group (IPG) countries is the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), which supports and assists countries, especially developing countries, to realize the energy transition. This paper aims to find out how JETP Indonesia's role as a strategy for Indonesia in achieving energy security. We will elaborate on this research topic with the concept of energy security. This concept is generally used to analyze a country's condition with its efforts to secure its energy sector as a very vital sector. Our research uses descriptive qualitative research with secondary data obtained through documentation. We argue that the JETP has helped push Indonesia to achieve its energy transition targets to reduce carbon emissions and minimize the climate crisis through several program schemes and funding provided by the JETP.

Chapter 4 analyses the Turkish responses to the EU narratives on the diversification of suppliers and routes. State and non-state actors are considered to be the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which has been the governing party since 2002, public authorities concerned with energy matters, opposition parties, think-tanks, representatives of the private sector and unions. This chapter begins with scrutinising the concept of energy security in various Turkish narratives and examines the Turkish actors’ positions on natural gas pipelines. Accordingly, it examines Turkish narratives on being an energy hub/energy terminal and discusses their positions regarding pipeline projects, such as the Trans Anatolian Pipeline and Turk Stream, and the developments in the Eastern Mediterranean. From a theoretical perspective, the chapter analyses the functioning of the primary institutions of security of supply, balance of power, great power management and modern sovereignty. Within this context, the AKP’s foreign policy and its linkage with the energy policy and Turkey’s relations with Russia are also scrutinised.

This article aims to explain the important situations and significant changes that show several trends which affect Russian energy cooperation with China. It focused on Vladimir Putin's administration when Russia-China energy cooperation reached significant agreement after being stalled and hampered for years. It was only in his period that Russia made a big decision by showing a soft policy towards China's interests. On the other hand, Russia also showed an aggressive and strong motivation to expand gas cooperation with China. Findings of this article about four significant trends on Russian side: trend on energy policy reform, trend on Gazprom`s role, trend of market expansion to China and Asia, and trend of geographic consideration and border issues. This article is based on Russia perspective by using concept of energy security and the theory of foreign policy making. It uses qualitative explanatory research and concludes that the energy trends underlie the consideration of Russia's energy policy choices toward China. The importance of this article is to understand the perspective of energy producer and as scientific insight into issues of global energy security, specifically about cross border gas pipeline between two giant countries in the world, Russia and China.

Although energy security is a crucial issue for realizing national security, whenever an energy supply & demand crisis occurs, discussions on overcoming the crisis have been fragmentary. This is not irrelevant to the understanding and approach of energy security from a traditional viewpoint as saving energy sources. The energy crisis can come again anytime due to various factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in external situations. At this point, when uncertainties surrounding energy supply & demand are increasing, energy security can no longer be established with the same approach. Therefore, an in-depth discussion is needed on the change of approach to the concept of energy security and the arrangement of the legal basis to establish energy security through this change. In general, energy security is “guaranteeing sufficient energy supply at an appropriate price,” so, availability and affordability of the energy are critical. However, since energy security is also part of the national energy policy, it should not be understood differently in its direction. Given that Korea and the rest of the world have set common policy goals in the energy sector to respond to the climate crisis and achieve carbon neutrality, it is necessary to consider 'Environmental Sustainability' in establishing energy security. Countries that are not rich in energy resources, such as Germany and Japan, are already seeking measures to establish energy security, such as stockpiling fossil fuels, diversification of supply chains, and expansion of renewable energy. In this process, it is worth noting that the relevant countries are systematically approaching the short-term and mid- to long-term perspectives in connection with their energy policies and are arranging applicable laws and regulations necessary to establish energy security. Korea's energy security- related legislation, centered on individual laws, makes it difficult to respond effectively to the uncertain energy resource market due to its disconnected approach, such that it has fundamental limitations not being able to view the overall supplementation among energy sources. In addition, the current energy security legislation is focused on the means of post-counteraction rather than prevention of energy crises. In order to solve these problems, in addition to the arrangement of individual laws, a system for overall energy-related laws and integrated legislation to establish energy resource security, and distributed energy activation legislation should be enacted simultaneously considering the expansion of renewable energy.

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