Determinants and challenges of energy security in EU countries

Facing Global Environmental Change

A systematic risk spillover perspective for modelling China's energy security: Firm-level evidence.

The Challenge of Energy Security in the 21st Century: Trends of Significance seeks to inform all those concerned about energy security, whether national, regional or international bodies, of certain factors, which must be taken into consideration in developing their energy security policies and pursuing their respective objectives. Towards that end, this book reveals certain significant trends of importance to the major energy-producing and energy-consuming regions. Through its unique analysis, it sheds light on how such trends will affect the energy security policies of all the producers and consumers of energy, large and small, in one form or another, in the foreseeable future.

This article aims to explain the important situations and significant changes that show several trends which affect Russian energy cooperation with China. It focused on Vladimir Putin's administration when Russia-China energy cooperation reached significant agreement after being stalled and hampered for years. It was only in his period that Russia made a big decision by showing a soft policy towards China's interests. On the other hand, Russia also showed an aggressive and strong motivation to expand gas cooperation with China. Findings of this article about four significant trends on Russian side: trend on energy policy reform, trend on Gazprom`s role, trend of market expansion to China and Asia, and trend of geographic consideration and border issues. This article is based on Russia perspective by using concept of energy security and the theory of foreign policy making. It uses qualitative explanatory research and concludes that the energy trends underlie the consideration of Russia's energy policy choices toward China. The importance of this article is to understand the perspective of energy producer and as scientific insight into issues of global energy security, specifically about cross border gas pipeline between two giant countries in the world, Russia and China.

Entre las políticas energéticas ha adquirido creciente importancia la noción de “seguridad energética”, es decir, garantizar la continua disponibilidad de energía, en variadas formas, cantidades y a precios asequibles. El concepto de seguridad energética ha evolucionado desde su única asociación del suministro de petróleo, hasta incorporar conceptos ambientales y sociales relacionados con la energía. En los países de Latinoamérica la seguridad energética no deja de ser un problema, en este contexto, se hace necesario cuantificar la noción de “seguridad energética” y adaptarla a las necesidades nacionales y de ser posible a la realidad Latinoamericana con el fin contar con un modelo que sirva de instrumento para la planificación de políticas energética a largo plazo. En este artículo, se plantea un modelo cuantitativo para obtener un índice de seguridad energética, este modelo es aplicado para los países latinoamericanos cuyos resultados se compara con una investigación similar del Foro Económico Mundial.

Energy security is the basic analytical category for this conducted study and its findings that are included in the article. This category defines the scope and the specific character of research and its relation to security studies. It is an important element of the epistemic layer of the conducted research. On the other hand, in terms of social reality and ontology, energy security is a foreign policy objective, an international value, and a dynamic process. It concerns various types of actors: from individuals to large social groups, institutions, states, nations, and international systems. Therefore, energy security policy aims to protect the state and society against numerous threats, the multitude, unpredictability, and complexity of which result from the polyarchic international system. The research objective of the study is to analyse the essence and specificity of energy security in the light of research on international security. Thus, various theoretical approaches, useful in the analysis of energy security issues, were taken into account. Their usefulness was also determined in the case of the analysis of the specificity of the contemporary energy market. The analysis allows us to conclude that energy security issues take into account long-term development trends as well as unpredictable events related to the functioning of energy market and energy technology. Thus, unexpected, sudden phenomena resulting from the dynamics of the international environment gain in importance. The dilemma related to non-linear thinking often ignores a variety of solutions that, taken together, can cause a radical turn in the energy security concept and its evolution.

Comprehensive analysis of energy security indicators and measurement of their integrity

This paper is devoted to tracing contemporary perceptions of energy security. Energy security, as a concept started its evolution from a point, where it was identified with secure oil provision for countries, which did not possess energetic resources and were increasingly dependent on oil imports. Gradually, the concept of energy security started to be repeatedly used in the scientific papers, popular press and media and even colloquial language. Energy security has become an argument in making political decisions. Nevertheless, despite the exaggerated attention to energy security, still there is no unanimous agreement on what the concept of energy security means, what facets it embraces and, consequently, how it could be measured and controlled. The paper aims to distinguish the main perceptions of energy security and foresee plausible implications of one or another approach adopted.

Energy security has emerged as an issue of great importance. As well as the traditional aspects of energy security, a myriad of new aspects has emerged and continues to emerge such as tight oil and gas markets, increasing prices, alternative energy sources and their role, the threat of terrorism, instability in some exporting and importing countries, geopolitical rivalries, and the increasing need for energy to fuel economic growth. The concept of energy security is vague. Energy security is an umbrella term that covers many concerns linking energy, economic growth and political power.

The article aims to identify the relationship between energy efficiency and particular indicators of energy losses in Europe. The results of the bibliographic analysis showed a knowledge gap in energy losses in Europe regarding the new challenges of energy security. For the analysis, annual panel data from 32 European countries were collected from 1990 to 2019. The authors used the Jarque–Bera test to assess the normality of the residuals, utilized the Breush–Pagan test for heteroskedasticity check, and applied regression analysis to determine the relationship between energy efficiency and energy loss rates in Europe. To assess the effects of energy losses, the authors performed OLS modeling using the stats model’s package in Python. According to the modeling results, an increase in distribution losses (% of available energy from all sources) by 1% in Europe leads to an increase in energy consumption by 17.16% under other constant conditions. There is significant heterogeneity between European countries concerning energy efficiency and energy loss coefficients. Such a situation requires the development of new strategies and mechanisms to reduce energy losses, considering the challenges of energy security in Europe in turbulent times. Further research can be devoted to clustering European countries according to the main groups of energy losses: in the extraction, distribution, storage, and transformation of energy.

A multilayered analysis of energy security research and the energy supply process

The article analyzes the role of sustainable economic development in shaping the energy security policy of Central and Eastern European countries, exploring the relationship between stable access to energy resources and economic progress. The issue of energy security is of particular importance in the context of resource depletion, geopolitical instability, and climate change, which exacerbate countries' dependence on energy imports. The aim is to study the peculiarities of forming a flexible energy security policy, assess its impact on sustainable economic development, and develop recommendations for minimizing energy risks. The analytical method is used to decompose the concept of energy security into components and assess their impact on the economy, as well as the comparative method to compare the energy policies of the countries of the region. The least-squares method was used to analyze the financial performance of 20 energy projects, which made it possible to assess the effectiveness of investments. The analysis revealed that the lack of investment, insufficient staff qualifications, and external threats significantly affect energy security, leading to supply disruptions and economic losses. Indicators for assessing the state of energy systems are proposed, which have shown gradual improvement due to diversification and energy efficiency. The regression model confirmed the dependence of project costs on management and resources. Further research could focus on improving energy risk forecasting models, analyzing the impact of digital technologies on energy efficiency, and developing regional strategies for integrating renewable energy sources. Keywords: sustainable development; energy security; energy policy; Central and Eastern Europe; energy investments; energy efficiency.

The 2022 Russia invasion on Ukraine: The biofuel energy security challenge on Ukraine and some related countries

The energy crisis that has hit the world requires countries to shift the use of their energy sources to renewable. As one of the most significant users and needs of coal sources, Indonesia requires careful preparation in the energy transition. One of the programs launched by the International Partnership Group (IPG) countries is the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), which supports and assists countries, especially developing countries, to realize the energy transition. This paper aims to find out how JETP Indonesia's role as a strategy for Indonesia in achieving energy security. We will elaborate on this research topic with the concept of energy security. This concept is generally used to analyze a country's condition with its efforts to secure its energy sector as a very vital sector. Our research uses descriptive qualitative research with secondary data obtained through documentation. We argue that the JETP has helped push Indonesia to achieve its energy transition targets to reduce carbon emissions and minimize the climate crisis through several program schemes and funding provided by the JETP.

Chapter 4 analyses the Turkish responses to the EU narratives on the diversification of suppliers and routes. State and non-state actors are considered to be the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which has been the governing party since 2002, public authorities concerned with energy matters, opposition parties, think-tanks, representatives of the private sector and unions. This chapter begins with scrutinising the concept of energy security in various Turkish narratives and examines the Turkish actors’ positions on natural gas pipelines. Accordingly, it examines Turkish narratives on being an energy hub/energy terminal and discusses their positions regarding pipeline projects, such as the Trans Anatolian Pipeline and Turk Stream, and the developments in the Eastern Mediterranean. From a theoretical perspective, the chapter analyses the functioning of the primary institutions of security of supply, balance of power, great power management and modern sovereignty. Within this context, the AKP’s foreign policy and its linkage with the energy policy and Turkey’s relations with Russia are also scrutinised.