Turkey’s Energy Security and Pipelines

Entre las políticas energéticas ha adquirido creciente importancia la noción de “seguridad energética”, es decir, garantizar la continua disponibilidad de energía, en variadas formas, cantidades y a precios asequibles. El concepto de seguridad energética ha evolucionado desde su única asociación del suministro de petróleo, hasta incorporar conceptos ambientales y sociales relacionados con la energía. En los países de Latinoamérica la seguridad energética no deja de ser un problema, en este contexto, se hace necesario cuantificar la noción de “seguridad energética” y adaptarla a las necesidades nacionales y de ser posible a la realidad Latinoamericana con el fin contar con un modelo que sirva de instrumento para la planificación de políticas energética a largo plazo. En este artículo, se plantea un modelo cuantitativo para obtener un índice de seguridad energética, este modelo es aplicado para los países latinoamericanos cuyos resultados se compara con una investigación similar del Foro Económico Mundial.

Comprehensive analysis of energy security indicators and measurement of their integrity

This article aims to explain the important situations and significant changes that show several trends which affect Russian energy cooperation with China. It focused on Vladimir Putin's administration when Russia-China energy cooperation reached significant agreement after being stalled and hampered for years. It was only in his period that Russia made a big decision by showing a soft policy towards China's interests. On the other hand, Russia also showed an aggressive and strong motivation to expand gas cooperation with China. Findings of this article about four significant trends on Russian side: trend on energy policy reform, trend on Gazprom`s role, trend of market expansion to China and Asia, and trend of geographic consideration and border issues. This article is based on Russia perspective by using concept of energy security and the theory of foreign policy making. It uses qualitative explanatory research and concludes that the energy trends underlie the consideration of Russia's energy policy choices toward China. The importance of this article is to understand the perspective of energy producer and as scientific insight into issues of global energy security, specifically about cross border gas pipeline between two giant countries in the world, Russia and China.

A systematic risk spillover perspective for modelling China's energy security: Firm-level evidence.

This paper seeks to examine energy as a key factor in the domestic and foreign policies of the Central Asian states. The paper explores the domestic and regional dimensions of energy security for the Central Asian countries by elucidating the key issues in the domestic aspects of their energy policies as well as their policies towards other regional actors. In fact, all of the Central Asian states, namely; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, have their own niche in regional politics as well as the energy resources of oil, natural gas and water. These factors shape the energy security strategies of the Central Asian countries and their capabilities in meeting the challenges of energy security. In this respect, one of the key security challenges facing the Central Asian states is the Afghan problem. The Central Asian countries could contribute to enhancing security in Afghanistan through realizing the following energy projects: Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) natural gas pipeline and the Central Asia - South Asia electricity scheme (CASA). In addition, the support of the Central Asian countries for NATO's Northern Distribution Network (NDN) could also enhance energy security in this region considerably.

Energy security is the basic analytical category for this conducted study and its findings that are included in the article. This category defines the scope and the specific character of research and its relation to security studies. It is an important element of the epistemic layer of the conducted research. On the other hand, in terms of social reality and ontology, energy security is a foreign policy objective, an international value, and a dynamic process. It concerns various types of actors: from individuals to large social groups, institutions, states, nations, and international systems. Therefore, energy security policy aims to protect the state and society against numerous threats, the multitude, unpredictability, and complexity of which result from the polyarchic international system. The research objective of the study is to analyse the essence and specificity of energy security in the light of research on international security. Thus, various theoretical approaches, useful in the analysis of energy security issues, were taken into account. Their usefulness was also determined in the case of the analysis of the specificity of the contemporary energy market. The analysis allows us to conclude that energy security issues take into account long-term development trends as well as unpredictable events related to the functioning of energy market and energy technology. Thus, unexpected, sudden phenomena resulting from the dynamics of the international environment gain in importance. The dilemma related to non-linear thinking often ignores a variety of solutions that, taken together, can cause a radical turn in the energy security concept and its evolution.

This paper is devoted to tracing contemporary perceptions of energy security. Energy security, as a concept started its evolution from a point, where it was identified with secure oil provision for countries, which did not possess energetic resources and were increasingly dependent on oil imports. Gradually, the concept of energy security started to be repeatedly used in the scientific papers, popular press and media and even colloquial language. Energy security has become an argument in making political decisions. Nevertheless, despite the exaggerated attention to energy security, still there is no unanimous agreement on what the concept of energy security means, what facets it embraces and, consequently, how it could be measured and controlled. The paper aims to distinguish the main perceptions of energy security and foresee plausible implications of one or another approach adopted.

Energy security has emerged as an issue of great importance. As well as the traditional aspects of energy security, a myriad of new aspects has emerged and continues to emerge such as tight oil and gas markets, increasing prices, alternative energy sources and their role, the threat of terrorism, instability in some exporting and importing countries, geopolitical rivalries, and the increasing need for energy to fuel economic growth. The concept of energy security is vague. Energy security is an umbrella term that covers many concerns linking energy, economic growth and political power.

Energy security plays a key role in energy and economic policy. The importance of energy security has been highlighted by the energy and geopolitical crisis. The aim of this article is to present the crucial threats and challenges facing Polish National Power System, as well as to provide solutions to ensure Poland's energy security over the next 10 years. Article verify the hypothesis that security of electricity supply in Poland may be endangered in the coming years due to, among others, investment gap, coal power plants phase-out and undiversified energy mix. Therefore, it is a necessity to accelerate the investment processes in new generation capacity, especially in nuclear energy. Energy transition plans and energy policy need to be revised in light of the current energy and geopolitical crisis. Rapid growth of photovoltaics improves the energy security, mainly in the summer period, nevertheless, there is still insufficient development of investment in renewable energy sources, particularly in wind energy. In the Polish National Power System there are a lot of constraints such as investment gap, low capacity of transmission and distribution grids and high exposure to climate risk, thus it is necessary to take comprehensive investments to improve energy security in both the short and long term. Key words: Energy security, energy transition, energy crisis, decarbonisation, coal phase-out, energy policy.

The 2022 Russia invasion on Ukraine: The biofuel energy security challenge on Ukraine and some related countries

A multilayered analysis of energy security research and the energy supply process

The primary objective of the paper is to present threats and challenges to ensuring energy security in EU countries. Reflections on this topic were carried out using various definitions of the general concept of energy security, its determinants, and the key areas. The article is based on available studies containing analyses of energy security in EU countries against the background of its general concept described in different approaches. The study contains an analysis of different approaches to the issue of energy security with added value primarily in the presentation of the perspectives of energy security of the EU countries in the aspect of the current challenges arising from the geopolitical situation in Europe and the world, and in particular the consequences of economic crisis. In addition, attention was drawn to the characteristics of energy security as a public good. The publication presents the concept of energy security, with particular emphasis on the issue of its provision in relation to EU countries. The results achieved made it possible to define its essential determinants and scope. In addition, fundamental challenges to the EU energy security policy and ways to overcome them were formulated.

Waging War on Climate Change: Mapping Energy Policies to Their Strategic, Tactical, and Operational Levels

Although energy security is a crucial issue for realizing national security, whenever an energy supply & demand crisis occurs, discussions on overcoming the crisis have been fragmentary. This is not irrelevant to the understanding and approach of energy security from a traditional viewpoint as saving energy sources. The energy crisis can come again anytime due to various factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in external situations. At this point, when uncertainties surrounding energy supply & demand are increasing, energy security can no longer be established with the same approach. Therefore, an in-depth discussion is needed on the change of approach to the concept of energy security and the arrangement of the legal basis to establish energy security through this change. In general, energy security is “guaranteeing sufficient energy supply at an appropriate price,” so, availability and affordability of the energy are critical. However, since energy security is also part of the national energy policy, it should not be understood differently in its direction. Given that Korea and the rest of the world have set common policy goals in the energy sector to respond to the climate crisis and achieve carbon neutrality, it is necessary to consider 'Environmental Sustainability' in establishing energy security. Countries that are not rich in energy resources, such as Germany and Japan, are already seeking measures to establish energy security, such as stockpiling fossil fuels, diversification of supply chains, and expansion of renewable energy. In this process, it is worth noting that the relevant countries are systematically approaching the short-term and mid- to long-term perspectives in connection with their energy policies and are arranging applicable laws and regulations necessary to establish energy security. Korea's energy security- related legislation, centered on individual laws, makes it difficult to respond effectively to the uncertain energy resource market due to its disconnected approach, such that it has fundamental limitations not being able to view the overall supplementation among energy sources. In addition, the current energy security legislation is focused on the means of post-counteraction rather than prevention of energy crises. In order to solve these problems, in addition to the arrangement of individual laws, a system for overall energy-related laws and integrated legislation to establish energy resource security, and distributed energy activation legislation should be enacted simultaneously considering the expansion of renewable energy.

This OTC manuscript is intended to introduce a panel discussion, " Challenges to Delivering Tomorrow's Energy - Achieving a Balance between Energy Security and Climate Security,?? scheduled for Tuesday morning, May 6th, 2008. At the time of publication of this manuscript, the planned participants of this discussion panel are:The Moderators:Bob Fryklund, Vice President, IHS EnergyAnn Oglesby, Manager of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, ConocoPhillipsThe Panelists:Fatih Birol, Chief Economist, International Energy AgencyJaleel Al Khalifa, SPE President and Saudi Aramco ManagerDavid Hobbs, Vice President and Managing Director of Global Research, CERAAmy Jaffe, Fellow, Baker InstituteKevin Leahy, Managing Director, Climate Policy, Duke EnergyRandall B. Luthi, Director of Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the InteriorKate Hampton, Head of Policy, Climate Change Capital The Organizers of this panel include Bob Fryklund, Ann Oglesby, and Shawn Huang (who is serving as AIChE/OTC Subcommittee Vice-Chair and a member of OTC Programs Committee.) Introduction The current energy security can be characterized by expanding global connections, growing role of non-traditional fuels, and new paths to regulatory reform. Amid a matured global oil market, a global gas market is emerging through trading of liquefied natural gas cargos and through trans-national natural gas pipelines. Energy security and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets are driving the use of non-traditional fuels around the globe: biofuels, solar, wind, hydro, nuclear, and unconventional gas. The regulatory reform focuses not only on energy security and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in energy consuming countries, but also on easing the tension surrounding sharing the wealth generated by oil and gas production in energy producing countries. 1 The U.S. Congress is currently considering further energy policy legislation. As debate around energy policy continues, solutions for reducing the risk of climate change are commanding increasing attention in Congress and in many states. At the federal level, lawmakers have said that they will pass an energy policy act and then a climate change bill. This sequential approach presents an obvious concern since energy policy and climate change response are difficult to consider separately. 2 Given the current landscape of energy security and climate change issues, what are the challenges to delivering tomorrow's energy? Will the prices of oil and gas continue to rise till unconventional energy sources can play a significant role in the market?