Crowd Planning and Preparation

Companies currently tend to create, maintain and manage relationships. Formal and informal relationships are vital to the survival of any private or public organization. Economics and business management literature provides several definitions of relationship, the evolution of the ICT (Information Communication Technology) has expanded and at the same time, simplified the procedures for creating and maintaining the network of relationships, defined by the main authors on the subject of the e-relationship (electronically-mediated relationship). The Internet is in fact a strategic and innovative virtual network and its spread into communication and business activities has changed consumers, companies and (both public and private) organizations’ behaviour. Relationship theories certainly need to consider communication’s processes as they realize through communication flows, specific means and tools. Considering that relationship is an essential part of business strategies and that communication is a vital component in developing successful business relationship, this work starts from the assumption that, both private and public organizations are increasingly adopting a communication-oriented approach, though continuing to focus on traditional factors, such as product, total quality, distribution, human resources, price, brand and all other business system’s components. Communication becomes, however, the strength of strategic and operational planning. This paper attempts to build a theoretical framework to study the role of the e-communication (Internet-mediatedcommunication) into the stakeholders’ system of relationships within the reference environmental context. A particular focus is on contemporary consumer and his buying behaviour. Consumer is increasingly viewed as a sensation seeker who asks for experiences, values, passions in his purchasing and consumption processes as well as for more sharing services. The need of markets for a closer and direct link with product and/or with its brand requires advanced actions and strategies. The Information technology allows connection and a greater consumer sharing. This work aims at introducing new models underlying some important aspects of the communication-oriented approach.

Offshore activity is developing and resulting in new demanding high-risk operations. Operation complexity increases with factors like heavier loads, subsea installations, and arctic waters; operational planning requirements increase as well. Demanding offshore operations are usually planned in detail, where plans may fill several binders, leading to information overload for the ship crews. Extracting critical information becomes a challenge. In some cases, only a basic plan exists, and aborted operations are quite frequent, also where a contingency plan could have enabled recovery. This results in substantial extra costs for the operating company. The industry is facing two key challenges concerning operational planning. One is to develop good planning frameworks, to enable plans with robust risk management and control. This calls for modelling techniques for operational plans. Another is optimal presentation of the plan for each individual crew member, both in the briefing and in the execution phase of the operation. It is important that every individual has easy access to the most relevant and safety critical information for his given role and the current situation, in an easily accessible and comprehensible format. This calls for operational software to support situation-awareness. A fundamental necessity to achieve this is modelling techniques which support a joint understanding of the operation between operational planners, ship crew, software engineers, and ultimately the support software. In this paper we show how to translate hierarchical task analysis (HTA) models into software models and then into situation-aware software prototypes.

Purpose: Particular attention of this article will be given to a selected instrument of operational urban planning which has a French origin - Zone d'Amenagement Concerte_ZAC. The study of this instrument will be preceded by an introduction about the principles of operational urban planning and the system of tools among which the ZAC operates. Design/methodology/approach: The author based the article on the institutional and legal method - the analysis of the French legal regulations, literature and existing studies in the area of French operational urban planning, and in particular the selected planning tool-Zone d'Amenagement Concerte. Findings: The study reveals that France has an extensive set of tools, designed to support the development of the urbanized territory and protect spatial order. The research shows that there is no reason why similar operational tools could not be introduced in Poland. Originality/value: The operational planning instrument-Zone d'Amenagement Concerte - may have a wider positive impact in Polish urban planning reality and could become a catalyst of positive changes helping to counteract dangerous and expensive processes that destroy Polish space, such as urban sprawl. Keywords: operational urban planning, urban design. Category of the paper: Research paper.

The destructive processes that are observed in the modern world, the crisis of the world order determine a new round of power confrontation both in the line of global and regional actors of world politics. There is an increase in armed confrontation, the desire to solve old, including territorial, problems by force. The study of the historical experience of the armed confrontation between India and Pakistan actualizes the problem of this paper. The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize the experience of the use of naval forces during military operations at sea in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, to identify the main factors that influenced the planning of naval operations, the course and results of combat operations at sea. The author used a narrative approach and a historical-comparative method to identify the evolution of ideas about the use of naval forces in the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971. The article highlights and examines the main factors and their impact on the training and use of naval forces during military operations at sea in the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971. Special attention is paid to the assessment of the impact of the political nature of the war, its goals and scale, the views of the military-political and military leadership of India and Pakistan on the training and use of naval forces; the tasks that were solved by the fleets of the parties; the role and place of individual types of forces in solving certain tasks in the theater of operations. To determine factors that directly affect the use of the naval forces of India and Pakistan in the 1971 conflict, the author analyzes the conditions in the Maritime theaters of war, the factors that have characterized the theater, and the impact of conditions in the theater on the planning and implementation of operations. The main sources are archival and analytical materials of the Ministry of Defense of India and the Ministry of Defense of Pakistan, memoirs of war participants.

How sleep can help maximize human potential: The role of leaders

: Today s Army aviation forces have the potential to provide a Joint Force Commander (JFC) or a War Fighting Commander in Chief (CINC) tremendous lethality and flexibility throughout the spectrum of conflict and operational functions. However, current doctrine for deploying and employing Army aviation forces prevents their inclusion in many Operational and Contingency plans. Therefore, new doctrine must be created to make aviation forces easier to deploy and employ. Innovative ways of overcoming strategic mobility limitations such as creating aviation prepositioned stocks, which only include the truck, tents, and other easy to maintain items to support an aviation task force, would cut the strategic air required to move an aviation task force in half. The creation of doctrine to allow Army aviation to be employed under the joint force air component commander (JFACC) would allow for the most effective and efficient use of Army aviation by an operational commander. Aviation doctrine has not changed significantly in over 25 years. Task Force Hawk s inability to rapidly assimilate into the joint air operation over Serbia and Kosovo during Operation Allied Force clearly demonstrates the need for change. Lessons learned during Operation Allied Force, which were written nearly three years ago, have yet to be incorporated into Army doctrine. The capabilities of the modern aviation fleet have out-grown the Air Land Battle doctrine of the 70s and 80s. The time for change is now.

The primary objective of the article is to reflect the practical necessity and possibilities of using GIS software for planning of military operations in the contemporary information environment. The results analysed by the GIS platforms can be used by the specialists in all fields of operational planning by providing the requested data that can improve the performance of operational planning. The obvious need for the development process of the operational planning system in the context of the adoption of planning procedures appears as an opportunity, especially in the current stage of the reformation of the National Army. The geographical characteristics of the area of operation are thoroughly analysed from all available geographical sources. Until now, the most effective method of determining the geographical features of the terrain in the area of operation was considered to be reading from printed topographic maps, which included a series of additional determinations and analyses that were carried out through complex and long-lasting procedures. Accordingly, this fact was not allowing quick decision-making, and often, erroneous analysis of the terrain could lead to incorrect deductions that required commanders of all levels to make wrong conclusions, accordingly to expose them by orders.

A military air operations plan contains a number of sequential and/or parallel tasks. Given information about the battlefield situation (including a task status estimate) during the plan's execution, it is necessary to assess the situation impact on the plan, especially whether the entire plan would be delayed. Plan performance assessment fuses the task status estimate into the status estimate of the entire plan. The plan performance assessment assists the air operations commander in deciding the need for plan modification to assure the air operations goal. The performance assessment of the plan must deal with uncertainty in the task status estimate. This paper presents a comparative study of two information fusion techniques that infer the entire plan's status estimate from the task status estimate under uncertainty: a decomposition technique with low computational cost and a composition technique with high computational cost. The test results of these two techniques indicate their similar estimation accuracies. Due to its low computational cost, the decomposition technique is recommended. Guidelines for applying the decomposition technique to a large-scale complex task plan are also provided.

The article is devoted to research of the application of artificial intelligence in the military sphere. Due to the rapid development of information technologies and the growth of data volumes, the use of artificial intelligence is becoming more and more relevant for the effective application of the latest technologies for solving military tasks. The purpose of the research is to determine how the use of artificial intelligence can help improve the performance of the military. The research hypothesis is that the use of artificial intelligence in military operations can lead to improved efficiency and accuracy of decision-making. The paper discusses the main possibilities of using artificial intelligence in the military sphere and the specifics and advantages of its use. Research indicates that the implementation of artificial intelligence can help identify risks and improve the planning and forecasting of military operations, as well as enable the automation of logistics accounting and analysis. To achieve this goal, a research methodology was used, which included the analysis of literary sources and conducting research based on information about the application of artificial intelligence in the military industry. During the analysis of the specifics of the use of AI in improving the activities of the military, the areas of its successful implementation were researched: video surveillance, national security and the fight against terrorism, military logistics, autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles, cyber security, simulators for military training, AI operations on the battlefield, medical assistance on the battlefield. It has been found that AI has great potential for effective implementation in the military sphere because the implementation of AI algorithms helps in solving military tasks potentially dangerous to human health and improves the effectiveness of weapons. The implementation of AI technologies in various components of military activity mostly shows significantly higher efficiency when compared to other technologies. In general, technological innovation in combination with AI is currently becoming a decisive factor in determining a successful outcome on the battlefield, but it requires careful preparation and consideration of risks in the process of its implementation.

This paper reviews the Planning and execution of the Marine Operations for the Hutton TLP including:Well Template InstallationSite PreparationFoundation InstallationTemporary AnchoragesMatingMajor TowsTLP Installation Planning the work to meet project objectives resulted in the utilisation of a number of new techniques and advanced equipment applications. These included underwater pile hammers and special acoustic equipment to provide positioning information during underwater operations. However, the detailed planning which preceded each operation significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the equipment employed. Further, it contributed materially to the attainment of First Oil only twenty two days after TLP installation. INTRODUCTION The 'towing, mating and installation of the Hutton Tension Leg Platform (TLP) involved extensive marine operations ranging from conventional sea tows to the first-ever installation of a TLP. To ensure the success of some of the more complex marine operations, special methods and unique equipment applications were required. A number of these are addressed in papers presented at other OTC sessions. This paper provides an overview of all of the principal marine operations associated with the TLP, highlighting those which required something more than a conventional approach. Figure 1 shows the relative locations of the operations covered, including:Hutton Field, Offshore OperationsInshore OperationsInverness Firth AnchorageMoray Firth AnchorageHull T?OWDeck TowMating The paper stresses the importance of effective management in the success of marine operations including the specific areas of advanced planning, contingency planning, co-ordination with regulatory agencies and the supervision of contractors. The overall marine operations schedule is included as Figure 2. Marine Operations on the project critical path were the Hull Tow, Mating, TLP Tow and Installation. WELL TEMPLATE INSTALLATION A 32 slot template for pre-drilling wells (Figure 3) was the first structure to be placed at Hutton. The template, measuring 33.2m long by 11.6m wide by 6.6m high and weighing 400T in air, was installed in two phases: Phase 1 In April 7981 the template was transported to the field and within 24 hours of arrival at Hutton was placed on the sea bed. The template?s final position was within 5.Om of the geographic target. This accuracy was achieved by using a newly developed subsurface acoustic positioning system integrated with surface electronic navigation equipment. The subsurface equipment was developed from an existing transponder which operated in a short base line mode and transmitted data on position, orientation and levelness. This system became an integral part of the systems developed for foundation and TLP tether leg installation. Phase 2 A semi-submersible drill rig was used to complete the template installation.

: This study began in August 1979 as a series of notes for a lecture on the employment of contingency forces at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. The lecture was intended to serve as a historical introduction to the subject, using the 1958 American intervention in Lebanon as a case in point. It was thought that by analyzing the Lebanon intervention one could demonstrate several important lessons: how political and diplomatic objectives directly affect the character of modern military operations; how an operational military plan is conceived and what evolutions it endures before it is executed; how such plans, though they appear to anticipate every operational problem, are usually unequal to the realities of operational practice; and, finally, how valuable a quality mental agility can be when put to use by a military commander and his subordinates. Interestingly, most of the literature dealt with the Marines if of it took notice of military operations at all.

Purpose: This research aims at investigating the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the supply chain processes in the Egyptian market. In addition to developing contingency plans that could guide the Egyptian stakeholders in achieving efficient and resilient supply during crises. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: Published reports and statistical records concerning the Russian-Ukrainian war and its impact on the supply chain disruption in Egypt are reviewed. Upon this, a focus group is conducted with the Egyptian stakeholders, including high-level participants from the government, and industrial representatives from the Egyptian Chamber of Commerce to investigate the current situation in Egypt. In addition, three semi-structured interviews with Egyptian market representatives, including representatives from the food sector, oil and gas sector, and the Egyptian tourism sector, help the Egyptian market stakeholders overcome those supply chain complexities. Findings: They showed that the most affected markets are the food market, the tourism sector, and the oil and gas sector. Which, a SWOT analysis technique is used to show the major strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities in the Egyptian market. In addition, a concluded road map is presented to producers and service managers to guide and upgrade their strategic plans to face any unexpected situations in the upcoming years and to show the gap to future researchers. Research Implications/ Limitations : The Egyptian market stakeholders in food, oil, and gas, and tourism must implement new strategies for adapting to and dealing with crisis management, renovating production operations plans, and satisfying their market needs. Originality: The paper is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the impact of the crisis and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Egyptian market, as well as new alternative and contingency plans to assist Egyptian stakeholders in mitigating its negative consequences. Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian conflict, supply chain, Egyptian market.

The impact of the news technologies development on the newsgatheringbusiness played significant role in setting new standards in the news coverageand the ethics of media outlets. The deadlines, the channels of communicationand feedback changed so fast in terms of the media scope, focus, and newscycle.Accordingly, this process posed certain challenges for the militaryleadership regarding operational planning. Now they have to consider theadequate media coverage while thinking about personal and operational securityof their units on the field. The information is considered to be the fifthdomain of warfare along with earth, sky, sea and space.Due to that necessity we concluded survey of the attitudes for theethical and technical standards of media and military in armed conflicts inIraq and Afghanistan, so we can define the scope of cooperation between the twoprofessional communities. We explored the stereotypes of 60 professionals fromdifferent back ground as media outlets, military expertise and job description,professionals with experience in missions abroad in conflict zones. The surveyhelped us to define the interactions between military and media in conflict zones;to determine the framework of their cooperation and the expectations they have,while trying to fulfil their obligations in the field.Our main task-to target and enlarge the mutual understanding aboutthe other professional community's standards and operational procedures and to makemedia and military working together in a less confrontational manner withoutaltering the real picture in the battle field. The media operations areconsidered to be essential part of the military operations with respect to themedia influence in shaping public opinion. Because the public opinion back homeis crucial to the operational success of the actions undertaken by the government.The journalists and the military officers consider the need for mutual trainingwhile working in hostile environment and building a standard procedure to benecessary and periodical in terms of avoiding shortcomings from previousoperations. This is very positive trend for learning the good examples andunlearning the contra productive ones.This practice could be very useful in setting standards when ajournalist willingly or unwillingly violates the ground rules while embedded ina military unit. 80 percent out of the all responders in the survey pointed outthat media and military should have friendly and cooperative attitude towardseach other in the field. Building ground rules procedures that could enable theworking process both in media and military communities is crucial. So is themilitary leadership readiness to navigate the media expectations to buildstrong and fair reporting of facts and tell realistic, objective and compellingstories from the battle field.

This study provides an examination of approaches to United States Government (USG) resourcing interventions on a national scale that enhance psychology support capabilities in the Special Operations Forces (SOF) community. A review of Congressional legislation and resourcing trends in the form of authorizations and appropriations since 2006 demonstrates how Congress supported enhanced psychology support capabilities throughout the Armed Forces and in SOF supporting innovative command interests that address adverse affects of operations tempo behavioral effects (OTBE). The formulation of meaningful metrics to address SOF specific command interests led to a personnel tempo (PERSTEMPO) analysis in response to findings compiled by the Preservation of the Force and Families (POTFF) Task Force. The review of PERSTEMPO data at subordinate command and unit levels enhances the capability of SOF leaders to develop policy and guidance on training and operational planning that mitigates OTBE and maximizes resourcing authorizations. A major challenge faced by the DoD is in providing behavioral healthcare that meets public and legislative demands while proving suitable and sustainable at all levels of military operations: strategic, operational, and tactical. Current legislative authorizations offer a mechanism of command advocacy for resourced multi-functional program development that enhances psychology support capabilities while reinforcing SOF readiness and performance.

: Training Iraqi security forces is of immediate importance for U.S. success in OIF. While the importance to the U.S. strategy in OIF is clear, it is less clear if it also holds significance for future joint operational commanders. Future commanders must determine if the current focus on indigenous security force training and development (ISFTD) is unique to OIF or if it foreshadows a requirement that must be addressed in future military operations. If ISFTD is a future operational need, is the joint force adequately postured to address it? Given the increasing likelihood for this operational requirement, the U.S. military's history of abandoning this capability after each conflict, and the undeveloped plans to permanently address the joint capability shortfall, the future joint force commander must be prepared to address this critical mission in his operational plans using ad hoc capabilities. This research paper seeks to demonstrate that the U.S. military has an increased need to train indigenous security forces in the future, to analyze how it is conducting this mission in Iraq in the context of historical examples of comparable missions and finally, to identify how the joint force is postured to meet the future requirements for post-conflict indigenous security force development and training.