Das ÖBB‐Kraftwerk Tauernmoos – Energiespeicher für die Bahn

An algorithm for creating the electrical part of an energy complex consisting of power units of a low-power nuclear power plant and a hydroelectric power plant (HPP) has been developed. As an example, the results of various options for the development of an energy complex, suiting Kenya conditions, are presented: a low power nuclear plant having two power units with modular SVBR-100 reactors and a liquid-metal coolant-lead-bismuth alloy-of 100 MW, the creation of which is completed by the Russian State Nuclear Energy Corporation Rosatom, and a hydro power plant having two hydro-generators each with a capacity of 30 MW. As a result of the project implementation, the parameters and types of the main equipment of the energy complex (generators, transformers, hydro turbines) have been determined, the options for the power output scheme of the energy complex and schemes of the auxiliaries have also been proposed. The calculation of short-circuit currents has been performed and the types and parameters of the necessary modern electro-technical equipment for the energy blocks have been determined. The possibility of creating promising energy complexes with hydro and nuclear power plants with low-power nuclear reactors has been justified.

Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plant is a small-scale power plant under 100 kW. Generally, MHP is built in a place that the electricity network has not touched. Many waterfalls in Taji Village are only used as tourist attractions. One of them is Coban Jahe waterfall which has a water discharge of 0.60567 m3/s in the dry season. Waterfall in Coban Jahe was used and planned as Micro Hydro Power Plant, it was called as MHP. Potential electric power generated from the MHP Coban Jahe Waterfall is 14.0368 kW with an effective head of 3.4742 m. The results show from the financial analysis, the construction of MHP is quite feasible with NPV of Rp. 45,676,769, BCR of 1.0852, which means it is feasible to be continued, the Payback Period is 9 years which does not exceed the project life, and the IRR obtained is 10,0087% which the projects are feasible and profitable to build.

The sources of danger attending the use of electricity in mines are shocks, fires and explosions. Shocks are the electrical accidents that happen most frequently underground, the conditions there being especially favorable to the occurrence of such mishaps. Fires may be caused by leaks to ground, short circuits and blowing fuses. Injuries to electrical equipment, due to falls of roof often add to the fire hazard. Explosions may be result of the ignition of explosives, mine gas or coal dust. The paper discusses the underground conditions that are unfavorable to the proper installation and maintenance of electrical equipment and suggests, in general terms, some methods of making safer the use of electrical equipment in mines. These suggesions are finally summarized briefly under five heads. The closing paragraphs of the paper discuss electrical equipment as a means of promoting safety and mentions the telephone, the portable electric lamp, electric shot firing devices and storage battery locomotives as equipment that may be regarded as lessening the risks surrounding the underground worker.

The sources of danger attending the use of electricity in mines are shocks, fires and explosions. Shocks are the electrical accidents that happen most frequently underground, the conditions there being especially favorable to the occurrence of such mishaps. Fires may be caused by leaks to ground, short circuits and blowing fuses. Injuries to electrical equipment, due to falls of roof often add to the fire hazard. Explosions may be result of the ignition of explosives, mine gas or coal dust. The paper discusses the underground conditions that are unfavorable to the proper installation and maintenance of electrical equipment and suggests, in general terms, some methods of making safer the use of electrical equipment in mines. These suggesions are finally summarized briefly under five heads. The closing paragraphs of the paper discuss electrical equipment as a means of promoting safety and mentions the telephone, the portable electric lamp, electric shot firing devices and storage battery locomotives as equipment that may be regarded as lessening the risks surrounding the underground worker.

Corrosive environments have long presented problems in application, installation, and maintenance of electrical equipment. The causes of corrosion and the means taken to date to combat corrosive environments are briefly reviewed. The application of new technology in the glass-reinforced polyester plastics field is described as a solution to the problem of long-term protection of electrical equipment installed in aggressive environments. This new technology involves the use of chemical thickening of special polyester resins suitably formulated to provide high levels of structural strength and corrosion resistance both indoors and outdoors. Data are presented on the environmental resistance of the chemically thickened glass-reinforced polyester systems, and these are interpreted in terms of the diffusion of the environment into and out of the plastic. Examples are given of the application of chemically thickened glass-reinforced plastics in heavy duty industrial plugs and receptacles, industrial type light reflectors, and enclosures for electrical equipment. The degree of protection afforded by the chemically thickened glass-reinforced plastic is important in electrical installations in the petroleum, petrochemical, food, drug, fertilizer, and other process industries.

This paper demonstrates application of two optimization methods on the electric power system consisting of one large wind farm, two hydro power plants and two thermal power plants. First optimization algorithm deals only with cascaded hydro power plants in the system. The objective of the optimization is to find optimal dispatch (production) plan of two cascaded hydro power plants maximizing the profit from day ahead electricity market. Obtained dispatch plan together with the wind forecast are used as an input data for the second optimization problem — optimal power flow applied to the whole power system. Objective of the second optimization is to find optimal dispatch of the thermal power plants regarding to the hydro power plants dispatch plan and wind forecast. In order to take into account stochastic character of wind power plant production, optimal power flow for two additional scenarios is simulated. First, it is assumed that actual wind power plant production is 30% less than forecasted and in the second scenario it is assumed that actual wind power plant production is 30% higher than forecasted. In order to balance wind power output variation, one hydro power plant and two thermal power plants are used.

Cogeneration of green hydrogen in a cascade hydropower plant

Under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the new electricity system is developing rapidly. High-proportion grid connection of new energy imposes higher requirements on the installation of electrical main equipment. This study innovatively proposes an integrated solution featuring quantitative modeling, standard management, data-driven and intelligent empowerment. It constructs a human-machine-environment-management coupled risk model and a full-process quantitative management list. By integrating digital twin and blockchain traceability technologies, the solution achieves precise prevention of installation accidents and improvement of operation stability. Engineering verification shows that the coincidence rate of cause analysis of this system is generally higher than 85%, the installation accident rate is reduced by 68%, and the adaptability to new energy is significantly improved. It provides solid support for the green and safe development of power grids.

The introduction of lasers into the medical environment poses several unique problems, as with electrical or electronic equipment. Potential hazards of electrical shock exist requiring appropriate grounding, and other electrical safety procedures are essential. However, there are no particular unique electrical safety problems associated with laser use and biomedical engineers and bioelectronic technicians familiar with safe installation of electrical and electron equipment in hospital and health care environments should have no difficulty in providing guidance for the safe electrical use of laser equipment. As already said in the first chapter, the use of proper radiometric terminology and interaction mechanisms is recommended. Unfortunately, the misuse of radiometric terms such as fluence (for radiant exposure) and fluence rate (for irradiance) continue in the literature. These two terms should only be used for flux densities in tissue. The principal radiometric concepts used to describe laser-tissue interactions and the laser interaction mechanisms used in laser surgery are represented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively the dosimetric terms and the laser tissue interactions; approximate thresholds for laser interactions as a function of pulse duration are shown in Figure 3. Since thresholds actually depend also somewhat upon focal image size, the above values are only approximate and represent values developed from extensive research on laser retinal injury.

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeGravelines power station is situated on the coast just beyond the western end of the new outer harbour. Gravelines itself lies on the North Sea between Dunkirk and Calais. The power station will eventually consist of four 900 MW pressurized-water and four 1,350 MW generating plants. The total once-through cooling-water requirement will be 400 m3/s. Water inlet and reject structure layout was dictated in large measure by the presence of the new outer harbour. The structureses were designed by the Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique in collaboration with the Dunkirk Harbour Authority. The intake structure was sited at the edge of the outer harbour so that deep water not exposed to large waves would be available close by. Design was based on model tests, the principal objective being to minimize currents in the immediate vicinity of the oil tanker jetties. The outlet structure backs up against the breakwater of the outer harbour and discharges off the beach by the generating plant. Reject at this point minimizes recycle from outlet to inlet but exposes the structure to waves. The outlet structure was also studied on a scale model. The design of the bank protection is similar to that chosen by the Dunkirk Harbour Authority for the new outer harbour, viz. (a) rockfill laid on fascines and polypropylene fabric and (b) superstructures faced with bituminous concrete. The floor protection will be reinforced or repaired as required by erosion and the commissioning of new plant. Inlet and outlet structures are linked to the power station by canals. The canal floors consist of rockfill. Walls are constituted by rockfill embankment, sheet-piling or concrete. The second part of the article deals with intakes and outlets located on beaches not comprising any kind of harbour installation. Theoretical studies were undertaken to identify valid designs for the cooling water structures required by power stations near beaches similar to the one at Gravelines, i.e. without breakwaters, etc. Two schemes appeared feasible. The first, based on Gravelines, consists of two "artificial harbours", one each for the intake and outlet. This keeps the structures separate and enables water to be pumped from calm, offshore water. Cooling water in the second scheme is withdrawn via one or more towers a considerable distance out to sea. It is then fed to the power station through an underwater tunnel system. The reject structure is similar to the Gravelines outlet.

The subject of safety continues to be at the forefront of all forest products industry segments. However, a high frequency of serious electrical injuries and fatalities are still occurring around electrical equipment. Some of these events are attributed to the lack of proper regular routine maintenance practices. These events also result in high monetary losses associated with damaged property and production losses. This paper will outline some of the areas of concern and offer some perspective on how to plan better and schedule appropriate preventive maintenance.

The description of the state of power engineering in Russia in the pre-revolutionary period, data on the production of electricity per capita are presented. A brief history of the creation of a commission for the development of the State Electrification Plan of Russia (GOELRO plan) and some results of its implementation are provided. The construction of the first large power plant in the South Urals, built according to the GOELRO plan, - Chelyabinsk State District Power Plant, which at that time was of great importance for the development of the region's industry and remains one of the most powerful power plants at the present time, is described. The possibilities of using renewable energy sources, in particular local hydropower resources for energy production, are disclosed. The problems of the Porozhskaya Hydropower Plant - the oldest and unique hydroelectric power plant in the Urals are designated, the characteristics of small hydropower plants in the Southern Urals are given, the prospects for using the hydropower potential of the Chelyabinsk region are revealed. The potential of solar and wind energy is discussed, the characteristics and features of solar power plants in the Urals and wind power plants with a vertical axis of rotation, developed at the South Ural State University, are specified. It is established that biomass as a resource for energy production has good prospects for use, but due to climatic conditions, this direction has not yet been developed. It is shown that small and distributed energy is still an important component in the general energy of the region and the country.

Land degradation on the upstream of watershed will affect hydrology condition in a way that it will disrupt the sustainability of its existing micro hydro. The purpose of this study is to evaluate micro hydro power plant in central Java toward sustainability against hydrology condition of watershed. This study is using River Regime Coefficient (RRC) approach where hydrology of watershed with coefficient value less than 50 is classified as non-critical, between 50 and 120 is moderate and more than 120 is critical. Result of the study that was done on 33 micro hydro power plants scattered on 9 watersheds is showing that there are 2 power plants on 2 watersheds have hydrology condition in non-critical status (9.09%), 1 power plant on 1 watershed is in between critical and non-critical status (3.03%), 21 power plants on 3 watersheds are in between critical and moderate status (63.64%), 8 power plants on 6 watersheds are in critical status (21.21%) and 1 power plant on 1 watershed is in between moderate and critical status (3.03%).

Every country takes care of energy independence and security by using different energy sources and remarkably increasing electricity production by renewable energy sources. Ukraine is not an exception, especially when the energy infrastructure is significantly damaged during the war and there is a lack of capacities in the energy system. Because of this, the Government of Ukraine is planning a number of measures to launch systems of domestic mini-power plants.Ukraine has favourable conditions for developing the network of small-scale hydropower plants. While the hydropower potential of the largest Ukrainian rivers is used, the potential of small rivers is used only partially. The small-scale hydropower plants were built during the last century very actively. In 1912 the first small-scale hydropower plant was built. From 1923 to 1960, there were 956 hydropower plants with different capacities from a few kW to a few MW. However, at the end of the 1980s, the interest in small hydro decreased because of the construction of the large hydropower plants in the river Dniester and Dnipro, heat and nuclear power plants. Only 49 plants were in operation. Since 1995 the interest in small hydro has increased again. Nowadays, there are about 150 hydropower plants in operation.The paper examines the past and present state of small hydropower plants and perspectives on their development in the future, both by building new or reconstructing existing power plants. The list of hydropower plants with a short description of possible reconstruction is given. Moreover, the way of reducing the negative influence of hydropower plants on the environment is studied. Taking into account the energy issues in Ukraine, the possibilities of off-grid operation of hydropower plants are considered.The importance of energy security was evident from the issues that Ukraine is recently facing. Building new and reconstructing old small-scale hydropower plants will help to ensure the energy security of other types of electricity generation.

Pico Hydro Power Plant (PLTPH) is the smallest scale power plant among other power plants with power generated with a capacity of less than 5 kW.Pico Hydro is one of the renewable energy sources that is environmentally friendly and also considered safe.In this study aims to; Making energy-efficient and environmentally friendly Pico Hydro hydropower plants ; The application of Pico Hydro power plants on rivers in Indramayu; Help illuminate the roads around the river flow.In the process of making this Pico Hydro power plant tool is made by using galvanized hollows as tool frames, sheet plates and pipes as turbine materials and alternators as the main source of electrical energy.This research was conducted on the Sindupraja River precisely at the Sondol sluice gate, where the current at this sluice gate is fairly strong.The load in this study used a variety of lamps, namely 10 watts, 18 watts, 24 watts, 34 watts, 42 watts and 52 watts.