Greater Environmental Protection for Electrical Equipment Through New Technology

The sources of danger attending the use of electricity in mines are shocks, fires and explosions. Shocks are the electrical accidents that happen most frequently underground, the conditions there being especially favorable to the occurrence of such mishaps. Fires may be caused by leaks to ground, short circuits and blowing fuses. Injuries to electrical equipment, due to falls of roof often add to the fire hazard. Explosions may be result of the ignition of explosives, mine gas or coal dust. The paper discusses the underground conditions that are unfavorable to the proper installation and maintenance of electrical equipment and suggests, in general terms, some methods of making safer the use of electrical equipment in mines. These suggesions are finally summarized briefly under five heads. The closing paragraphs of the paper discuss electrical equipment as a means of promoting safety and mentions the telephone, the portable electric lamp, electric shot firing devices and storage battery locomotives as equipment that may be regarded as lessening the risks surrounding the underground worker.

The sources of danger attending the use of electricity in mines are shocks, fires and explosions. Shocks are the electrical accidents that happen most frequently underground, the conditions there being especially favorable to the occurrence of such mishaps. Fires may be caused by leaks to ground, short circuits and blowing fuses. Injuries to electrical equipment, due to falls of roof often add to the fire hazard. Explosions may be result of the ignition of explosives, mine gas or coal dust. The paper discusses the underground conditions that are unfavorable to the proper installation and maintenance of electrical equipment and suggests, in general terms, some methods of making safer the use of electrical equipment in mines. These suggesions are finally summarized briefly under five heads. The closing paragraphs of the paper discuss electrical equipment as a means of promoting safety and mentions the telephone, the portable electric lamp, electric shot firing devices and storage battery locomotives as equipment that may be regarded as lessening the risks surrounding the underground worker.

The subject of safety continues to be at the forefront of all forest products industry segments. However, a high frequency of serious electrical injuries and fatalities are still occurring around electrical equipment. Some of these events are attributed to the lack of proper regular routine maintenance practices. These events also result in high monetary losses associated with damaged property and production losses. This paper will outline some of the areas of concern and offer some perspective on how to plan better and schedule appropriate preventive maintenance.

Accidents occurring in high-voltage electrical equipment cause human injury, so the demand for accident prevention and maintenance of electrical equipment is increasing. ICT technology has been introduced to safety management services, which have been mainly managed based on human, and an electrical safety management system is developing to prevent electrical disasters and electrical equipment failures. The personal electric equipment is defined as a power distribution system that receives the electricity with a voltage of 1000 V or more or a receiving capacity of 75kW or more from a utility and uses the electricity at the receiving location such as a building or a factory. This paper describes the implementation of a system to provide safety management services of electrical equipment based on the life cycle, including the installation, inspection, safety management, and disposal of high voltage electrical installations. And it shows the demonstration site to which the development system is applied.

Under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the new electricity system is developing rapidly. High-proportion grid connection of new energy imposes higher requirements on the installation of electrical main equipment. This study innovatively proposes an integrated solution featuring quantitative modeling, standard management, data-driven and intelligent empowerment. It constructs a human-machine-environment-management coupled risk model and a full-process quantitative management list. By integrating digital twin and blockchain traceability technologies, the solution achieves precise prevention of installation accidents and improvement of operation stability. Engineering verification shows that the coincidence rate of cause analysis of this system is generally higher than 85%, the installation accident rate is reduced by 68%, and the adaptability to new energy is significantly improved. It provides solid support for the green and safe development of power grids.

Reports on effective design, installation, maintenance, and operation of electrical equipment in the workplace.

The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the field of status monitoring for electrical equipment such as hydropower station equipment, offering enhanced efficiency and reliability in maintenance and operations. In this paper, we investigate the utilization of IoT transmission technology enhanced by multiple relays, denoted as $M$ relays, to augment the monitoring of hydropower station equipment. To further optimize the performance of the system, we employ partial relay selection, commonly referred to as selection combining. This study delves into the analysis of the system performance by deriving analytical data rates, with a focus on quantifying the benefits of employing partial relay selection in IoT transmission for electrical equipment status monitoring. Our analytical approach enables a comprehensive evaluation of system efficiency, considering factors such as data rate, reliability, and power consumption. Through our analysis, we aim to provide valuable insights into the trade-offs and advantages of incorporating partial relay selection into IoT systems, ultimately assisting in the development of more effective and efficient solutions for status monitoring on electrical equipment. By examining the impact of $M$ relays and partial relay selection on IoT transmission technology, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance the reliability and robustness of status monitoring for electrical equipment, ultimately advancing the capabilities of IoT-based solutions in the context of electrical systems and equipment maintenance.

NFPA 70E and NFPA 70B are companion Standards, and similarly CSA Z462 and CSA Z463 are companion Standards, both part of the Electrical Safety Trifecta of Standards when you include the NEC and the CE Code Part I. Fig. 1 Electrical safety trifecta NFPA 70B was updated in 2023 and renamed as “Standard for Electrical Equipment Maintenance.” The updated revision includes content and structural changes and specific prescriptive requirements such as an Electrical Maintenance Program (EMP) shall be implemented and documented by the electrical equipment owner. It identifies that the EMP be designed to function with the equipment owner's Electrical Safety Program (ESP). CSA Z463 also recognizes that it can be used to optimize the integration of other programs and systems such as an organization's ESP. Explicit to electrical hazard identification and risk assessment, and specific to likelihood of occurrence of an abnormal arcing fault and the resulting arc flash incident energy and arc flash boundary distance is the need to determine appropriate electrical equipment maintenance as identified in NFPA 70E 110.3(C)/NFPA Chapter 2, Article 200.1(1), (2) and (3) and CSA Z462 Clause 4.1.7.3 and more specifically Clause 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3. What are the synergies between an Electrical Safety Program (ESP) and Electrical Maintenance Program (EMP)? Could both programs address electrical equipment assets and work tasks performed on them? Could both programs include a similar qualitative risk assessment procedure and matrix? Can these two programs be best written in a common framework/table of contents to streamline the understanding and implementation by the employer with employees?

Aircraft mechanical and electrical equipment maintenance is mainly for civil aviation maintenance front-line positions, aiming to train students to master the theoretical knowledge of aircraft structure and systems, basic mainte- nance skills, and become qualified personnel with high-level technical skills for civil aviation mechanical and electrical equipment maintenance. According to the characteristics of aircraft mechanical and electrical equipment maintenance, and some problems in traditional teaching. Combining the advantages of the “1 + X” system, this article proposes a reform plan for the “1” and “X” credit exchange, the evaluation system of practical training courses, the promotion of reforms by competition, and the teaching model of “practical reality and virtual reality”. In order to improve the teaching quality of this major, and give the current difficulties in the implementation of the “1 + X” certificate system, and provide a reference for the teaching reform of aircraft maintenance.

This paper discusses the importance of management of developed electrical preventive maintenance (EPM) programs, challenges resulting from an underdeveloped EPM program, and methods for implementing and managing these programs. Electrical equipment that has not been properly maintained can impact worker safety due to undocumented or unknown conditions. With aging infrastructure and modifications to electrical systems over time, the previously calculated short circuit capacity, arc flash hazards, and device coordination may not reflect the installed electrical system. Performing preventive maintenance on electrical systems at industrial facilities, especially the low voltage systems, can be more difficult during economic downtimes. Justifying the costs associated with maintaining and/or upgrading systems can be challenging. However, development and execution of electrical preventive maintenance (EPM) programs can greatly assist in outlining the requirements of electrical equipment and prevent unnecessary damage and/or replacement due to neglect. Further, regular maintenance can address underlying or hidden nature of issues that may have happened during daily operation of the equipment. EPM programs can also help to plan future expansions, improve reliability of equipment in the field, and decrease risk posed to workers and the overall operation.

The results of a survey of oil company experiences with Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) products indicate good experiences both onshore and offshore for numerous facility applications. This report reviews the current state of FRP technology and highlights the experiences reported in the survey. The lower cost, corrosion resistance and lighter weight of FRP components make them very attractive for expanded application, especially in the North Sea where FRP use is currently very limited. INTRODUCTION Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP) had their beginning with a commercial venture in 1938 by Owens Corning to make glass fibers for use as insulation and acoustical isolation material. The development of plastic resins subsequently led to the development of structural uses for FRP. Over the past two decades FRP composites have been used throughout the world for a wide variety of oil industry applications. The lighter weight, fatigue and corrosion resistance and associated low life cycle costs (Figure 1) make FRP components very attractive for expanded oil industry application both onshore and offshore. Glass fibers are resistant to most chemicals and resin materials are available which are compatible with most environments experienced in the oil industry. FRP composites are approximately 66 percent lighter weight (weigh one-third as much) than equivalent steel components. FRP's lighter weight often permits FRP pipe to be installed by work crews unassisted by mechanical hoists. This convenience is especially helpful for installing pipe in tight locations. Complex spool assemblies can be made in the factory and assembled in the field saving valuable on-site installation time. FRP joints require no welding and the experience level required to make quality joints can be learned very quickly. Facility modifications are also easier and less expensive with FRP. FRP composites can offer significant cost savings relative to metal by providing lower initial installed cost, reduced maintenance and longer life. A survey was conducted recently to determine the experiences of the oil industry concerning FRP components. The survey was by no means comprehensive; however, it is believed to be representative of current experience. Overall, the results show strong approval for existing FRP pipe and tank components and include recommendations for expanded utilization. Many oil companies are very aggressive in their utilization of FRP. Operators off the coast of Africa, for example, use FRP extensively for water management systems including fire water lines. Conoco has used FRP tanks and pipe for approximately 20 years and currently uses considerable amounts offshore for low pressure waterflood systems. Limited amounts of FRP are used in the North Sea where operators and regulatory agencies have been much more conservative. In the last few years, however, this region has begun to give serious consideration to utilizing FRP products. This paper highlights the response of oil operations personnel concerning their experiences with FRP components. Discussions are presented on the current status of FRP technology and on issues which concern potential users of FRP products. In addition, cost comparisons between FRP and metal components are discussed as well as cost effective opportunities for expanded applications of FRP components.

The introduction of lasers into the medical environment poses several unique problems, as with electrical or electronic equipment. Potential hazards of electrical shock exist requiring appropriate grounding, and other electrical safety procedures are essential. However, there are no particular unique electrical safety problems associated with laser use and biomedical engineers and bioelectronic technicians familiar with safe installation of electrical and electron equipment in hospital and health care environments should have no difficulty in providing guidance for the safe electrical use of laser equipment. As already said in the first chapter, the use of proper radiometric terminology and interaction mechanisms is recommended. Unfortunately, the misuse of radiometric terms such as fluence (for radiant exposure) and fluence rate (for irradiance) continue in the literature. These two terms should only be used for flux densities in tissue. The principal radiometric concepts used to describe laser-tissue interactions and the laser interaction mechanisms used in laser surgery are represented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively the dosimetric terms and the laser tissue interactions; approximate thresholds for laser interactions as a function of pulse duration are shown in Figure 3. Since thresholds actually depend also somewhat upon focal image size, the above values are only approximate and represent values developed from extensive research on laser retinal injury.

Improved medium voltage (MV) control equipment designs, including enhanced structural protection systems, have continued to evolve in support of improved personnel protection. Recent changes to some standards, such as the NFPA-70E; have emphasized the need to look for improved safety compliance to mitigating the risks associated with the operation and maintenance of electrical equipment. The requirements for employee safe work practices have all targeted reducing the risks of electrical arc hazards. However, arcs accompanied by explosions continue to occur in electrical systems. Factors such as inappropriate human interaction with the equipment, equipment malfunctions because of misuse or lack of regular maintenance or unforeseen events continue to contribute to the unexpected release of explosive electrical energy in the workplace. New arc resistant MV control equipment designs provide an additional level of protection if properly installed and applied. This paper will outline the added benefits of arc resistant equipment along with the details surrounding the appropriate installation and site application considerations when arc resistant MV control products are being considered. Also included is a case history where arc resistant medium voltage motor control equipment was installed at a production facility of a large North American chemical company.

In 2004, ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG started the first studies for the construction of a pumped‐storage hydro power plant between the two largest reservoirs of the existing Stubach Valley power plant group in Salzburg's Pinzgau region. Two reversible pump‐turbine units including a full converter with a total capacity of 170 MW and a maximum flow of 80 m3/s are planned. The construction of the 335 million. euro project started in 2020 and will be completed by autumn 2025. In addition to a 50,000 m3 cavern, an 11.5 km tunnel system including the access tunnels and the power water ways have been built. Most of the 11.5 km tunnel system is situated in stable gneiss. A greater challenge is the construction of the two inlet and outlet structures in the high mountain region during the winter season, when the lakes can be held on the lowest reservoir level. Since the remaining construction work is also carried out at an altitude of 1500 to 2250 m above sea level in alpine terrain, the construction company has been facing recurring problems such as snow, cold, wind, mudslides and the associated logistical difficulties. Despite these challenges, the excavation work was completed in summer 2022. The main focus is currently placed on the concrete works in the cavern, which is scheduled to be completed in autumn 2023. This will be followed by the installation of mechanical and electrical equipment as well as the control systems.

Recently, Fiber Reinforced Polymers(FRP) has been emerged as an alternative material to solve the corrosion of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures. FRP exhibits higher specific strength and lower weight compared to steel reinforcement. Moreover, good resistance to corrosion of the FRP may be useful in aggressive environments causing deterioration such as chloride environment. However, causes for higher initial cost of FRP than that of steel, little information on the long-term behavior of FRP, and brittle failure make the efforts to apply FRP in civil structures slow. Glass fiber among the fibers used to manufacture FRP can be seen as the most beneficial material with regard to initial costs. But its low elastic modulus, which attains barely a quarter of steel, nay thus lead to excessive deflections when used as reinforcement for flexural members. This research was carried out on the tensile properties of hybrid rods made with glass and carbon fibers to improve those of FRP rod made with glass fiber. Parameters were resin type and the arrangement of glass and carbon fibers. The tensile properties of hybrid rods were compared with those of rods manufactured with only glass or carbon fibers. The results indicated that the tensile properties of hybrid rod were good when the carbon fiber was arranged in the core.