Decentralized location registration information storage method for multimedia services in mobile communication networks

The scarcity and large fluctuations of link bandwidth in wireless networks have motivated the development of adaptive multimedia services in mobile communication networks, where it is possible to increase or decrease the bandwidth of individual ongoing flows. This paper studies the issues of quality of service (QoS) provisioning in such systems. In particular, call admission control and bandwidth adaptation are formulated as a constrained Markov decision problem. The rapid growth in the number of states and the difficulty in estimating state transition probabilities in practical systems make it very difficult to employ classical methods to find the optimal policy. We present a novel approach that uses a form of reinforcement learning known as Q-learning to solve QoS provisioning for wireless adaptive multimedia. Q-learning does not require the explicit state transition model to solve the Markov decision problem; therefore more general and realistic assumptions can be applied to the underlying system model for this approach than in previous schemes. Moreover, the proposed scheme can efficiently handle the large state space and action set of the wireless adaptive multimedia QoS provisioning problem. Handoff dropping probability and average allocated bandwidth are considered as QoS constraints in our model and can be guaranteed simultaneously. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in adaptive multimedia mobile communication networks.

The mobile phone industry has experienced an explosive growth in recent years. The emerging markets such as China, India, and Brazil contribute this growth. In China, the number of mobile subscribers has already surpassed the number of fixed landline phone subscribers. In Korea and Japan, there is an explosion of mobile and wireless services. The United States are joining too and there were 207.9 million subscribers in 2005 (CTIA, 2006). Mobile e-commerce (m-commerce) makes business mobility a reality; mobile users could access the Internet at any time, from anywhere with handheld devices or laptop. A 3G enabled smart phone enables you to access a wide range of services anywhere and anytime. For example, you can send and receive e-mail, make cinema and restaurant reservations and pay for them, check real train time, look at digital maps, download music and games, and also browse the Internet. Mobile and wireless services are ranging from mobile communication networks to wireless local area networks. The service provided by mobile communication systems has achieved huge success as mobile and wireless communication technologies are converging at fast speed. We will study mobile and wireless communication in relation to mobile phones. Hence, m-commerce is defined as electronic commerce carried out in handheld devices such as smart phone through mobile and wireless communication network.

Combine federated learning with the mobile network a good opportunity for the introduction of AI technology research and application in the mobile communication network.This article proposes a kind of the mobile network architecture based on FL to promote the integration of FL technologies with mobile communication network and to meet the joint modelling needs of users, operators, and industries. And points out some key technologies of the mobile network to illustrate how the mobile network to support FL working. Meanwhile, proposes some use cases to illustrate what possible application scenarios and values, if the FL technology is introduced into the mobile communication network.

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), as a promising technology in 5G, can effectively improve the spectrum efficiency and user speed. The performance of multicast services in mobile communication networks is limited by the rate of the worst user, while NOMA can improve the quality of services for optimal channel users while guaranteeing the rate of the worst user of multicast group through power domain reuse. We focus on power allocation algorithms for NOMA based layered multicast transmission in this paper, with the purpose of maximizing sum rate in multicast system while giving attention to user fairness under the constraint of minimum rate and total transmit power. Based on layered multicast scene, a corresponding joint optimization algorithm for user group formation and power allocation is proposed. The effects of noise, user channel gain and power ratio on system performance were analyzed by means of theoretical analysis and simulation. Simulation results show that this algorithm further improves the sum rate of the system.

The microcellular mobile radio systems are widely utilized in the third generation of digital mobile communication networks, and will certainly be applied in the forthcoming personal communication networks as well. However, we still have no strict definition so far for the so-called in the urban wireless communication environment. Roughly speaking, the microcell implies such a region in which the radiated signal power is relatively small (typically around 10 mW), the height of the transmitting antenna is low (usually suspended at a lamp-pole in a street). Therefore the covering area of a base-station in a microcell system is much smaller than that of a base-station in a macrocell system. It is naturally understandable that the surrounding buildings will definitely affect the radiation wave coverage of a microcellular base-station to a great extent. We discuss the problem of using microcell systems from a new point of view. The point is that the cellular areas must be miniaturized in order to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility both in the internal and the external communication network. To support this point, we discuss a number of technical and economical problems concerning the miniaturization of the mobile communication cells.

A highly innovative global broadband mobile communication system concept

In the mobile communication system, site selection and network deployment methods affect the coverage quality of wireless networks, and traditional network construction methods cannot meet the requirements of fully connected communication in extremely complex terrain environments. In order to solve the problem of high-quality network coverage in mountainous areas with complex terrain and rich vegetation, this paper focuses on an extreme terrain tourist area which is located in Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan, China, explores the use of tethered balloons to deploy wireless networks and evaluates its system parameters to meet specific communication requirements. Using the Longley-Rice model and combining the finely divided three-dimensional digital elevation model (DEM) data, we obtained the coverage and network system parameters for applying the tethered balloon (TB) communication scheme to the area through simulation. For such extremely complex terrain environments, the use of tethered balloons to achieve network coverage has the advantages of lower cost, more flexible network construction, and wider coverage, which provides a scientific basis for network planning and network optimization in this environment in the future.

Nowadays mobile communication technology develops rapidly, the demand for mobile communication network is getting higher and higher. In recent years, China's communication networks have become more and more complex, with more and more broadband, but the coverage of base stations has become smaller and smaller. Thus, the process of China's mobile communication network is affected. The location of communication base station is the first and important step of base station construction. Because it can not only ensure the smooth progress of the construction process, but also ensure the safety of the construction. Considering the coverage of the base station and the actual capital situation, in order to make the coverage as large as possible, how should the base station location be chosen becomes very important. Because there are so many different types of base stations and antennas, the choice of site becomes more complicated. This paper mainly uses the 0-1 knapsack dynamic programming model and simulated annealing algorithm to analyze the best location problem of the base station and summarize.

IntroductionThe popularity of mobile communication systems has increased remarkably during the last decade and the market demand still continues to increase.As a fundamental part of these systems, antenna is one of the most important design issues in modern mobile communication units.Although there are several similar definitions, an antenna can be mainly described as a device, which transforms the electromagnetic waves in an antenna to radiating waves in an unbounded medium such as air in transmitting mode and vice versa in receiving mode.Because antennas are dependent on frequency, they are designed to operate for certain frequency bands.The rapid growth of mobile communication systems has forced to the use of novel antennas for base and mobile station applications (mobile phone, notebook computer, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.).Earlier, mobile systems were designed to operate for one of the frequency bands of 2G (second generation) systems, which are Digital Cellular System (DCS), Personal Communications Service (PCS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks.Currently, many mobile communication systems use several frequency bands such as GSM 900/1800/1900 bands (890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz); Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and UMTS 3G expansion bands (1900-2200 MHz and 2500-2700 MHz); and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)/Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) bands (2400-2500 MHz and 5100-5800 MHz) where the list of frequently used frequency bands is given in Table 1 ( Best, 2008).Conventionally, because a single antenna can not operate at all of these frequency bands of mobile communication, multiple different antennas covering these bands separately should be used.However, usage of many antennas is usually limited by the volume and cost constraints of the applications.Therefore, multiband and wideband antennas are essential to provide multifunctional operations for mobile communication.A multiband antenna in a mobile communication system can be defined as the antenna operating at distinct frequency bands, but not at the intermediate frequencies between bands.For example, a triple band antenna for GSM 900/1800/1900 bands can cover the frequency bands 890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz (Ali et al., 2003); however, it does not operate properly at the frequencies such as 1200 MHz or 2500 MHz.On the other hand, a wideband antenna operates at every frequency points within a given frequency band.For example, a wideband antenna covering UMTS, extended UMTS and WLAN 2400 bands functions at every frequency points www.intechopen.com

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that effectively collects data from billions of connected things using sensors and devices, derives intelligence, builds context and helps transform the way businesses are run, as well as our society. IoT enables new use cases due to real time information from things. IoT uses various Communication Networks to send information from sensors and devices to the server in the cloud for analysis. One of the popular networks is mobile communication network. Mobile communication is ideal for connecting things on the move and things outside premises. For example, it is used heavily in transport and logistics industries for real time location of vehicles on the move using GPS technology. This paper discusses various issues that arise in using mobile communication networks for IoT device-server connectivity and suggests possible solutions as well.

During the system providers of mobile communication investing much money to deploy 3G mobile communication networks, computer industry proposes another wireless communication technology: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technique, which is also called as IEEE 802.16 communication technology. It is a strong wireless communication technology to provide users being able to quickly and arbitrarily use wireless data communication services, and this technique also has the potential to be a last mile solution of broadband home network connecting to Internet in future. In the example of 802.16a using instead of DSL technique, the theoretical value of transmission range is about 50km and the transmission rate can be up to 75Mbps. In the example of 802.16e using for mobile equipments, the theoretical value of transmission range is about 2-5km and the transmission rate can be up to 15Mbps. Owing to the cost of wireless network infrastructure is lower than that of wire network infrastructure, WiMAX can be regarded as a cheap substitutive scheme of DSL and other broadband wire networks. On the other hand, although the data transmission rate of 3G mobile communication network is faster than the currently mobile telecom network, it is still slower 30 times than that of WiMAX network, and its radio range is also smaller 10 times than that of WiMAX. Therefore, the required number of base station of WiMAX network is fewer than that of 3G mobile communication network, moreover, some parts of frequency bands defined in WiMAX are license-exempt. Present there are 67 member companies of WiMAX Forum in the world using the name of WiMAX to push the standard. The semiconductor giant-Intel corp. fully supports the technique, and the mobile phone and network provider-Nokia corp. also supports this technique standard. Intel corp. begins to include WiMAX technique in its chip platform, and plans to sell the WiMAX chip in the next half year. The analysts of MIC predict that there will be 25% notebooks installed this sort of wireless technique till 2008. Nemcek believes that consumers will get the convenience brought from WiMAX in 3 or 4 years, and the market of WiMAX will grow in 2007 or 2008. In this thesis” Analysis and Implementation of IEEE 802.16 WiMAX System Software Architecture on Linux Operating System” is to analyze and implement WiMAX wireless system on Linux operating system. For system analyzing, study the standard speciation of IEEE 802.16 series at first, then start to design software architecture for Linux system. For system implementation, use standard PC for software implementation, and then for others to follow the system architecture to implement Linux Device Driver for WiMAX. The system architecture will also consider the efficiency of porting and development of the embedded system. Also implement Software Emulate Physical Layer to verity the Linux Device Driver for WiMAX.

In this study, based on the concept of a mobile network computer, the author points out that a modern mobile communication network should be referred to as a mobile computer network and a modern mobile communication terminal should be referred to as a "mobile network computer", rather than a "mobile phone" or a "mobile computer" etc. Also, an introduction to the integration approach of mobile communication and computer networks is provided, including technology integration, business integration, network integration, and IMS technology in terms of several aspects, for the purpose of providing people with opportunity to learn more about mobile computer networks, and thereby better understand the concept of a mobile network computer, in order to popularize the concept of mobile network computers throughout the world. In the computer and internet age, network and mobile network computers may be the main terminals of fixed and mobile networks. Therefore, the author of this study not only illuminates the development of mobile network computers, but also draws the outline of a complete picture of the information society in terms of network and mobile network computers. Doing so enables people to have a clearer understanding of information society. It should be noted that in this study both the "mobile network computer" and "mobile computer network" are discussed. These are two distinct types of concepts, so please pay careful attention to avoid confusion.

The demands for standardized evaluation of user experience with multimedia services in mobile networks are constantly growing. Therefore, most of the standardization bodies are active in this domain. As a result, several standards for QoE prediction in video streaming systems have been introduced recently. One of them is ITU-T P.1201 with its Amendment n. 2, which has been developed for TCP-based video streaming QoE assesment. The QoE modeling is known as highly complex discipline influenced by many factors, therefore any new standard should be carefully evaluated for its usability for specific applications. Following this, the performance evaluation of ITU-T P.1201 standard as potential QoE assessment tool for online video-streaming services is provided in this paper. The analysis was done based on the subjective experiments performed in laboratory conditions. Moreover, a set of packet-based features appropriate for long-term QoE models independent of future video streaming applications changes are studied to understand their impact on QoE prediction performance. The Pearson correlation and Root Mean Square Error criteria are used to perform a numerical comparison. The most appropriate features' combinations are introduced together with practical conclusions at the end of this paper.

We present a technique for very low bit rate encoding of faces for videoconferencing applications over the Internet or mobile communication networks. The proposed scheme represents each new face view as a linear combination of three basis face views of the same person. The background area of the target face view is also encoded by the same method using the same basis views as used for the face area. Changes in the eyes and mouth regions are encoded using principal components analysis with three training sets of eyes and mouth images of the same person. The scheme results in a very compact representation of the face video data, and good quality images are reconstructed with an estimated bit rate from 1422 to 1620 bits/frame.

The research of heterogeneous data collection devices and methods for mobile networks is an important research topic in the field of mobile communication nowadays. After the development of 3G, 4G and 5G, mobile communication networks are becoming more and more complex, the number of network elements is increasing, and the types of services are becoming more and more diversified. Traditional mobile networks encounter problems such as poor filtering flexibility and lack of good load balancing mechanism in the process of data collection. This paper optimizes the design of heterogeneous data collection devices and methods for mobile networks based on DPDK technology, which can greatly simplify the signaling collection scheme, increase the utilization, make the network more flexible, and improve the versatility of data collection equipment.