Designing Privacy-Aware Intelligent Transport Systems

Great progress of technologies makes intelligent transportation system (ITS) services increasingly desirable. It becomes essential to seamlessly connecting to the Internet for accessing high quality Internet-enabled ITS services. In this context, gateway is recognized as the logical portal to the Internet. The efficiency of gateway regulation hence significantly sways the quality of ITS services. To seamlessly access the Internet in ITSs, a cloud-supported gateway model is proposed in this paper. Accordingly, the weighty load of gateway government, including gateway registration, discovery, selection, dispatching, and handoff, is offloaded from the clients to the appointed cloud servers. Numerical analyses and simulation results suggest that the gateway model proposed in this paper effectively improves the system performance in terms of the packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, signaling overhead, and gateway connectivity; and, correspondingly enhances the usage experience of Internet-enabled ITS services.

<p>Due to the significant adverse impact of transportation systems on the environment, topics related to alleviating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are gaining more attention. As potential solutions to mitigate GHG emissions, several approaches have been proposed to better control traffic and manage transportation systems. The employment of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), which adopts the advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has been proposed as the most favourable approach to alleviate the undesirable impact of transportation systems on the environment. ITS can control several aspects of a network, such as speed, traffic signals, and route guidance. For the purpose of routing, this research aims to exploit the advancements in ICT by including connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) and sensing technology in an urban congested network.</p> <p>Anticipatory multi-objective eco-routing in a distributed routing framework was proposed and compared to myopic routing with a large case study on a congested network. The End-to-End Connected Autonomous Vehicles (E2ECAV) dynamic distributed routing framework was examined, and encouraging results were found based on the traffic and environmental perspectives. The impact of different market penetration rates (MPRs) of CAVs was examined for various traffic conditions. E2ECAV was adopted for both the myopic and anticipatory routing strategies in this dissertation. The best GHG costing approach was defined and was among the elements tackled in this research. For a robust anticipatory routing application, predictive models were developed based on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), a deep learning approach, while considering a high level of spatial (link level) and temporal (one minute) resolution. With regards to the LSTM predictive models, the impact was illustrated of using a deeper LSTM network and systematically tuning its hyper-parameters. The anticipatory routing strategy significantly outperformed the myopic routing strategy based on the [..] traffic and environmental perspectives. This research shows that ITS can help significantly reduce GHG emissions produced by transportation systems. The developed predictive models can be used while real-time data are collected from sensors within an urban network. Furthermore, the proposed anticipatory routing framework can be applied in a real-time situation.</p>

Recent years have seen a more intensified deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in Polish cities. Work is also underway on the implementation of ITS on the national roads within the National Traffic Management System (KSZR). The research project RID-4D (part of Road Innovations), is designed to fill the gap, which is the lack of systematics of ITS services in Poland. The paper presents a proposal of ITS services systematics, which was developed based on an analysis of key international standards. FRAME architecture and American standards were the basis for the preparation of a standard scheme of ITS services. The results of the work on the KSZR architecture as well as local and regional architectures of urban systems were also taken into account.

The development of a mobile network to provide intelligent transport system (ITS) services is underway as a national project in Japan called the Smart Gateway, responding to nationwide needs for such a network. System issues for implementation include the necessity of measures for phased system expansion and efficient system maintenance. In addition, a data transmission method must be established to provide uninterrupted communication across microcells following radio signal environment changes to deliver information to fast-moving vehicles. To cope with these issues, this system uses an autonomous decentralized system architecture and supports online extendibility, online maintainability and fault tolerance that are critical to set up a system that operates non-stop. Thus, the authors developed microcell mobility management to enable uninterrupted communication across microcells. The authors developed a prototype incorporating the above methods and made an evaluation.

A Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is a generic conceptualisation that can be applied to the communications domain of an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It defines requirements that allow the exchange of information between applications and services running on equipment that form a VANET, mainly moving vehicles, fixed road infrastructure's systems and mobile personal devices. In this unique and demanding environment, interoperability is attained through the use of specific wireless communications technologies and protocols which have been addressed by several international standardisation organisations in an effort to boost the development of applications that could help users in very important application areas such as traffic safety and efficiency, infotainment and personal comfort. The great heterogeneity on the capabilities of the interconnected devices, the scale of the number of devices that could be involved, the various degrees of density and the complexity on the mobility patterns, makes interoperability at the application level a challenging problem. Apart from the technical restrictions imposed by those specific technologies, standard communications architectures for ITS present additional limitations due to the strategy used to access the communications technologies inside an ITS station, which is based on classic routing and switching mechanisms, signalling methodologies and facilities middle-ware layers. They also lack important implementation details for deployment of collaborative applications in real-world heterogeneous scenarios, favouring the development of these applications in a closed ecosystem, mainly dominated by the automotive industry leaders. This paper presents an agnostic VANET architecture, adapted from ETSI and ISO modern standards, to be deployed on ITS as a mean to overcome those limitations. This new approach permits the use of different communication technologies and network/transport protocol stacks in an open and modular framework, facilitating the creation of ITS cooperative applications and services, using traditional network programming paradigms where applications use the available medium transparently. The proposed architecture and its design principles have been used during the development, implementation and deployment of a Platooning application that the authors have developed on top of commercially available On Board Units.

Problem: Services that use ICT (Information and Communications Technologies) have been developed to improve the mobility in cities; however, especially in developing countries, these services are not often based on adequate reference architectures, such as ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) architectures, which prevent integration and interoperability. Objective: Propose a development process for the design of mobility services in an intermediate city of a developing country, based on an ITS architecture formulated particularly considering context. Methods: The reference ITS architectures and the particular context of a Colombian intermediate city are reviewed, in order to identify which is the best process to adapt an ITS architecture to these type of cities. With the process identified, the ITS architecture for Popayan (Colombian intermediate city) is designed and finally, the design of the services based on it, is carried out. Results: The methodology developed for the design of the ITS architecture and the architecture designed particularly for Popayan are summarized. Following, the design of two mobility services (“Public transport vehicle tracking” and “Traffic measurement”) for that city based on architecture is detailed. Conclusions: The particular environment of an intermediate city and its priorities allows to determine the services to select for its ITS architecture from a reference architecture. ITS architecture development of a city allows the incremental development of services that really improve their mobility in a sustainable manner.

Purpose of the paper : The paper wants to explore new technological frontiers applied to museum sector, starting from more established - in some ways already outdated - information and communication technologies (ICT) up to the foreshadowing of new possibilities of valorization for tangible and intangible museum heritage, thanks to the coming of the Internet of Things . Methodology : Beyond literary review and beyond direct knowledge, the method of the research is inductive-predictive type; in particular, the method crossed available information about the most advanced information and communication technologies (ICT) with valorization needs of museums sector, in order to outline possible applications. Findings : In this way, the paper gets to a possible application model of the Internet of Things in the museum field, with particular reference to the realization of an adaptive guidance system, which is able to harmoniously combine museum knowledges with visitors “experiential” knowledge. Research limits : Research limits are in its theoretical-deductive-predictive nature, well before the support of an empirical test, through a process of experimentation. Practical implications : As for managerial issues, the solutions outlined in the paper have important implications for museum lives in terms of strategies, product policies as well as several reflections on marketing actions and, last but not least, on financial aspects. Originality of the paper : The paper is one of the first attempts to foreshadow the possible impact of the Internet of Things on museum management and launches a debate that could be central in the next future, in this as well as in other fields.

When we consider the advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICT), it has appeared to be useful to know deeply about life by recent studies. In this chapter (and the latter half part of Chap. 5 ), several cases for ICT researchers and practitioners to develop the better ICT will be explained. Here, these cases include:

Electrical Distribution Systems (EDS) are facing ever-increased complexity due, in part, to fast growing consumer demands and the integration of large amounts of distributed energy resources. The conventional operation modes need to be adapted to the significant changes. With advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and sophisticated new functionalities for energy management, "Smart Grid" is becoming the most forward-looking solution to address these facing challenges. Having initiated a conceptual model, architecture, and implementation plan for the system in previous European research projects (CRISP [1] and MICROGRID [2]). A new integrated platform for ICT based distributed control and local management is currently being designed, with the goal of demonstrating the feasibility of these new concepts. The overarching design of coordination and control between the real automation devices and power system components will be carried out with an analogical micro network (μGrid) including real power operation components such as RTUs. Therefore, some high level functions relied on advanced ICT system such as fault management; voltage control and adaptive reconfiguration are developed and tested for this purpose.

Emerging technologies, like cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and internet of things (IOT), are advancing the evolution of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). For successful technology integration, researches on ITS engineering often apply theories and tools of system engineering, among which system readiness level (SRL) is a fitting tool for system development. This paper built a model based on SRL analysis for highway ITS engineering. Further, the author analyzed the spatiotemporal features of highway ITS, including distributed computing resources and network capabilities, unbalanced development of existing information and communication technologies (ICT), and inherited architectural limitations of existing ITS infrastructures. The analysis indicated the need for economic consideration on highway ITS engineering. Therefore, this paper improved the SRL-based engineering model with a value engineering process. The effectiveness of the model was verified by the deployment of 5.8GHZ ambiguity path recognition technology, from aspects of system development and economic efficiency.

Advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) allow the transportation community to foresee relevant improvements for the incoming years in terms of a more efficient, environmental friendly and safe traffic management and operations. In that context, new intelligent transportation systems (ITS) paradigms like Cooperative Systems (C-ITS) enable an efficient traffic state estimation and traffic control. C-ITS refers to three levels of cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure: (i) equipped vehicles with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) adjusting their motion to surrounding traffic conditions; (ii) information exchange with the infrastructure; (iii) vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Therefore, C-ITS make it possible to go a step further in providing real time information and tailored control strategies to specific drivers. As a response to an expected increasing penetration rate of these systems, traffic managers and researchers have to come up with new methodologies that override the classical methods of traffic modelling and traffic control. The authors focus in this paper on the potentialities of C-ITS for traffic management with the methodological issues following the expansion of such systems. The methods for introducing a cooperative modelling framework within existing traffic models are discussed. The paper also provides a building block for Cooperative Traffic Management (CTM). Finally, the potential applications of such blocks are presented from a technical as well as an operational standpoint.

Smart Healthcare is envisioned as the combination of traditional healthcare augmented by smart bio-sensors, wearable devices, and a plethora of on-body sensors that communicate with smart hospitals, smart emergency response systems, and ambulances, through advanced information and communication technologies. The vision of smart healthcare as part of a smart city relies on the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) as the underlying core technology that enables the design and operation of a city, whereby smart technology, energy grids, transportation, buildings, communication, and information technology, are all interconnected. This paper addresses some of the challenges faced in the IoT infrastructure, specifically secure communication and user authentication in the context of automated analysis of biomedical images and communication of the analysis results and related metadata in a smart healthcare framework. A hardware architecture for a secure digital camera integrated with the secure better portable graphics (SBPG) compression algorithm, suitable for applications in the IoT, is proposed in this paper. The focus of this paper is on patient data protection and authentication. The proposed SBPG architecture offers two layers of protection, concurrent encryption and watermarking, which address all issues related to security, privacy, and digital rights management. The experimental results demonstrate that the new compression technique BPG outperforms JPEG in terms of compression quality and compressed file size while providing increased image quality. High performance requirements of BPG have been met by employing two techniques: 1) insertion of an encrypted signature in the center portion of the image and 2) frequency-domain watermarking using blockwise DCT of size $8\times 8$ pixels. These approaches optimize the proposed architecture by decreasing computational complexity while maintaining strong protection, with concomitant increase of the speed of the watermarking and compression processes. A Simulink® prototype for the proposed architecture has been built and tested. To the best of our knowledge, the hardware architecture for BPG compression with built-in image authentication capability for integration with a secure digital camera is the first one ever proposed .

With the development of advanced information and communication technology, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been designed to associate with implementing the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Meanwhile, the traditional centralized architecture of the cloud services no longer meets the increasing demand for data exchange in IoV. Moreover, the traditional centralized architecture for ITS is vulnerable to the single point of failure, and lack of flexibility due to its dependence on a trusted third party (TTP). The emergence of blockchain technology provides a potential direction to address these problems. However, there are still some problems existing in the construction of an efficient blockchain system in IoV. In this paper, we propose a resource management scheme that improves the performance of blockchain systems by efficiently allocating computing resources. A resource control method and a resource monitoring system are developed to cooperate with the system. The superiority of the proposed method is fully demonstrated by comparing it with the existing baseline method.

Advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) have the capability to support strategic innovation within voluntary organizations as they seek to respond to shifts in their environments. Evidence from this study of two U.K. voluntary organizations demonstrates that they are using ICTs to reconfigure key information flows in support of enhanced campaigning and more effective user services. The study also reveals that adherence to embedded values and relationships tempers the extent to which the organizations are able to exploit opportunities for radical shifts in organizational arrangements that the transformational potential of the technologies makes possible. This article describes the way in which emergent tensions have been reconciled as both organizations seek to exploit the transformational capability of ICTs in ways that accommodate, and largely sustain, their organizational values.

The increasing integration of massive quantities of generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) constitutes a challenge for the pan-European system. Reserve provision for the balancing of the network is an important service that, in principle, should be provided by all the units connected to the network, including RES generators themselves as well as flexible loads and storage systems. However, these resources have big peculiarities tied with their relevant technologies and could, beyond providing local services within the distribution grids (e.g. voltage regulation, congestion management), be available to provide reserve for the entire system, through the connection points to the transmission grid. This paper shows a more advanced dispatching management of distribution systems by resorting to more advanced Information and Communications Technology(ICT) systems able to transform distribution from a "passive" into an "active" system and market architectures able to incorporate scattered bids coming from distributed generation and active load. A delicate point is the interface between transmission and distribution that has to be managed in a coordinated manner between Transmission System Operators (TSO) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs) in order to achieve an overall efficiency target. ICT should also be key to allow a strict real-time coordination of the different subjects that are in charge to actuate the provision of ancillary services. Further, the paper shows as new actors could appear in the system like the "aggregators" who interface with the Market Operator to submit the bids for the provision of the services, with the local TSO to receive the consequent dispatching orders, with to the aggregated distributed resources (generation, flexible demand, storage) and with to the involved DSOs, in order to communicate how each dispatching order will in turn be dispatched among the distributed resources it aggregates.