Development of universal model for optimizing parking spaces in complex geometric configurations

The access time of using the portal in certain blocks in a residential area can be a problem for some residents. Another problem that arises is if the officer holding the portal key is not in place. The purpose of this study is to create a system to regulate access rights to a particular block within a residential area so that the opening and closing of the portal can be done at any time by residents in the intended area. There are several blocks of this system, namely the NodeMCU controller block, ESP32CAM, Android applications, and web applications that are built using the PHP and MySQL programming languages. NodeMCU is used as the main controller to manage servo motors, send and receive data to and from the server, receive input related to open and close portals from the android application. The web application is used to register users, view the portal usage log, and verify the login process of the application. This system has been running well based on the results of tests that have been carried out, where the registration process, login, opening and closing portals, log usage is in accordance with the objectives to be achieved. Index Terms”Portal; NodeMCU; ESP32CAM; Android; Web Application

Spatiotemporal changes are very important information to reveal the characteristics of the urbanization process. Sharing the information is beneficial for public awareness which then improves their participation in adaptive management for spatial planning process. Open-source software and web application are freely available tools that can be the best medium used by any individual or agencies to share this important information. The objective of the paper is to discuss on the spatiotemporal land use change in Iskandar Malaysia by using open-source GIS (Quantum GIS) and publish them through web application (Mash-up). Land use in 1994 to 2011 were developed and analyzed to show the landscape change of the region. Subsequently, web application was setup to distribute the findings of the study. The result show there is significant changes of land use in the study area especially on the decline of agricultural and natural land which were converted to urban land uses. Residential and industrial areas largely replaced the agriculture and natural areas particularly along the coastal zone of the region. This information is published through interactive GIS web in order to share it with the public and stakeholders. There are some limitations of web application but still not hindering the advantages of using it. The integration of open-source GIS and web application is very helpful in sharing planning information particularly in the study area that experiences rapid land use and land cover change. Basic information from this study is vital for conducting further study such as projecting future land use change and other related studies in the area.

In this paper, we introduce an efficient and user-friendly Smart Restaurant Management System. This system will solve key problems faced by restaurants today through the use of technologies such as Mobile and Web applications, Internet of Things (IoT), Near-Field Communications (NFC) sensors, and cloud computing. Restaurants have many inefficiencies due to human limitations that can be resolved through automation and device-to-device communication. This Smart Restaurant Management System accomplishes this by providing two interfaces for the two types of users in restaurants; an Android mobile application for customers and a web application for restaurant staff members. The Android mobile application allows customers to have a seamless dining experience with features such as finding available parking spaces easier through internet-connected infrared proximity sensors in the parking lot, finding available tables at the restaurant easier through NFC sensors, ordering dishes through an interactive menu, and being able to pay the bill from their NFC equipped phones. The web application provides staff members benefits such as collecting data and statistics on the restaurant's performance in real time and automating the order placement system for waiters and cooks via IoT technology.

There exists abundant literature on vehicle theft, but only a few studies focused on bicycle theft and motorcycle theft. This study aims to reveal and explain differences in spatial distributions of bicycle theft and motorcycle theft in ZG city, China. The key findings are as follows: (1) There are spatial disparities in the hotspots of bicycle theft and motorcycle theft. Bicycle theft hotspots predominantly cluster in the urban core of ZG city, while motorcycle theft hotspots are primarily concentrated in the suburban regions. (2) At the community level, car parks, Internet cafes, and subway stations have a significant positive impact on bicycle theft, while bus stops and shops have a significant positive impact on motorcycle theft. The residential area has significant positive impacts on both bicycle and motorcycle thefts. (3) The proportion of the low-educated has a significant deterrent effect on bicycle theft but a positive impact on motorcycle theft, while the proportion of low-income residents significantly increases motorcycle theft. The proportion of migrant population and residential land area within communities have a significant positive impact on both bicycle theft and motorcycle theft. (4) Surveillance cameras have a significant positive impact on motorcycle theft, but ambient population density has a significant deterring effect on motorcycle thefts. Neither of these two guardianship variables have significant impacts on bicycle thefts. The main theoretical contribution of this study is that it provided a comprehensive assessment on the contrasting spatial distributions between bicycle thefts and motorcycle thefts and on the contrasting contributing factors for the two thefts. These findings provide a scientific basis for effective crime prevention and urban governance. A uniform strategy would not be able to prevent and reduce both bicycle thefts and motorcycle thefts. Effective strategy should target the high concentration areas and intervene the specific contributing factors for each of the two thefts.

Automobile theft is a worldwide immense problem. A vehicle of top-notch security features is usually higher in the cost, and it cannot be afforded by middle-class people. By considering all these parameters, we aimed to design a low-cost, real-time, robust security system for vehicles. The main purpose of this project is to notify the vehicle owner, when the vehicle is moved/theft from the parking area and to monitor the movement of the vehicle in real time. Raspberry Pi 3 board connected with SIM908 GPS module will be placed in the vehicle. GPS module receives the signal and provides the data in NMEA format. Out of several messages, GPRMC message will be sent from the board to the cloud. GPRMC message type has much information like latitude, longitude, speed, time, etc. Raspberry Pi 3 which is connected to mobile hotspot will communicate with the cloud using MQTT protocol. MQTT protocol is a lightweight protocol which comes on top of TCP/IP. The web application will be connected to the cloud by providing configuration details. Once the web application is subscribed to the GPS topic, it starts getting the GPS data which will be displayed on the web page.

The expectation of a huge number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the market creates multiple technical problems. The power system is at risk due to the unsecured and unreliable operation resulting from unplanned charging and discharging. The unplanned EV charging and discharging change the load profile of the electric grid. Hence, it is required to develop an effective scheduling scheme for charging and discharging EVs. This research focuses on the minimization of the charging cost of a large number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in a residential area and parking station. When a huge number of EVs are aggregated in the residential and parking stations, charging and discharging power should be a significant and viable contributor to the power grid. V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) technology offers additional potential benefits to improve power quality and also system reliability. EVs can also supply G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) power through the discharge of the battery, which benefits both EV owners and electric utilities. It is very difficult to schedule the configurations of EV charging and discharging in an optimized way so as to decrease the charging cost of EVs. The usage of renewable energy sources like solar Photovoltaic (PV) power, reduces the burden on the grid. The solar PV systems are likely to have significant surplus power during the daytime. In this research, optimal charging and discharging scheduling schemes for EVs are developed and the proposed work is carried out under the MATLAB environment with and without Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The realistic load data is collected from Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (APTRANSCO), India and the solar data is taken from the Indian Solar Resource Data website. The effectiveness of the scheduling scheme is rated according to its capability to reduce the total cost. Extensive simulation studies have been performed on the distribution system under consideration and the results have been presented. The results demonstrate that the charging cost of EVs can be reduced significantly with the use of solar PV power.

Parking problems are getting increasingly serious in the urban area. However, the parking spots in the urban area are underutilized rather than really scarce. There is a large number of private spots in the residential areas that have the potential of being shared. Due to its private nature, shared parking is usually operated by a profitable mode. To study the utilization of shared parking and its impact on the morning commute, this paper proposes an evolution model. The supply side is a profit-chasing manager who decides on the selling prices and the business scale, while the demand side refers to travellers who respond to costs and choose the trip mode. By analysing the behaviour (strategy) of both sides, the study covers: 1 - the attraction and competition between parking lots and trip modes, 2 - the utilization and user composition of the parking lots. By inducing two numerical examples, the conclusions are that 1 - managers can achieve maximum profit and optimal allocation through price adjustment and quantity control; 2 - publicity (system cost minimization) and profitability (profit maximization) are consistent under certain threshold conditions; 3 - competition exists between parking lots as well as trip modes; some parking lots are even in short supply; profitable management does not create a market monopoly.

Paved surfaces are quite possibly the most ubiquitous structures created by humans. In the United States alone, pavements and other impervious surfaces cover more than 43,000 square miles—an area nearly the size of Ohio—according to research published in the 15 June 2004 issue of Eos, the newsletter of the American Geophysical Union. Bruce Ferguson, director of the University of Georgia School of Environmental Design and author of the 2005 book Porous Pavements, says that a quarter of a million U.S. acres are either paved or repaved every year. Impervious surfaces can be concrete or asphalt, they can be roofs or parking lots, but they all have at least one thing in common—water runs off of them, not through them. And with that runoff comes a host of problems.

Climate change and global warming or environmental damage and degradation have led to various natural disasters, social disasters and serious economic disasters. Global warming has increasingly affected not only our daily lives but also our business activities. Housing and settlements are one of the basic human needs that must be met to be able to live decently. However, human life and its business activities have not paid enough attention to environmental issues. Excessive exploitation of non-renewable energy beyond normal limits is also damaging to the environment. The application of the new green area concept is a consequence of the increase in the cost of green areas incurred by stakeholders so that residential areas become environmentally friendly, the concept of new green areas, Value Engineering (VE), Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) are the main factors that influence the improvement of cost performance of implementing the concept new green areas in residential areas in Indonesia, using structural equation model- partial least square (SEM-PLS) analysis. This research has an update related to the concept of applying new green areas to residential areas in Indonesia. The results of this study obtained "10 factors that affect the cost performance of new green areas in residential areas", namely Project Management, Infrastructure and Facilities Burdens, Infrastructure and Facilities Service Functions, Microclimate and Ecosystem Preservation, Environmentally Friendly Materials, Development, Cost Breakdown Structure, LCC Analysis, Evaluation, Value Engineering.

Accurate mechanical buckling analysis of couple stress-based skew thick microplates

Проанализированы нормативные требования к противопожарным разрывам от жилых зданий до границ открытых автостоянок. Рассмотрены особенности горения легковых автомобилей. На основе полевого моделирования изучены особенности распространения опасных факторов пожара (ОФП) и их воздействие на жилые здания при одновременном горении двух автомобилей. Моделирование проводилось при различных расстояниях до автостоянок и с учетом воздействия ветровой нагрузки. Показано, что на расстоянии от жилых зданий до автостоянок менее 10 м может потребоваться устройство огнестойких наружных стен здания с противопожарной защитой оконных проемов и применением негорючей облицовки фасада. The problem of parking lots and parking spaces is relevant in many large cities, which leads to the need to optimize parking space. The analysis of the regulatory framework in the field of fire safety of open parking lots has shown that the values of quenching distances from residential buildings to the boundaries of parking lots are associated with the fire hazard of the building, its number of storeys, fire resistance limits and characteristics of load-bearing and enclosing structures. In accordance with the new regulatory requirements, quenching distances from open storage areas, car parking to buildings and structures are not normalized. At the same time, when developing fire-fighting measures, it is necessary to take into account that the intensity of the fire impact on the building can significantly increase, for example, with the simultaneous ignition of two or more cars in the event of fuel spills, as well as arson. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiarities of fire hazards spread during simultaneous ignition of two or more cars on the basis of field modeling and to assess the possibility of fire-safe placement of an open parking lot in residential areas. To achieve the purpose of the study, field (CFD) modeling of fire dynamics using the FDS computer program was used. When modeling, calculations of fire hazards spread from an open parking lot and their impact on a residential building were carried out. As a result of modeling the fire development, temperature distributions, smoke and heat flows were obtained at different points in time at the window openings of a residential building at different points in time. The simulation was carried out at different distances and taking into account the impact of wind load. The results of the study showed that with the simultaneous ignition of two cars, the value of quenching distance of 10 m to open parking lots provides a condition for non-proliferation of fire on a residential building. With a decrease in the distance of less than 10 m, the values of the heat flux density and temperature at the window openings of apartments in the lower floors of the building under the influence of wind load may exceed critical values. In the residential areas of the lower floors, there may also be an excess of the values of fire hazards. To exclude this effect it is necessary to install fire-resistant exterior walls of the building with fire protection of window openings, as well as the use of finishes, facade cladding made of non-combustible materials. The simulation also showed that for residential buildings with a stylobate with a width of at least 5 m, quenching distances may not be observed when applying appropriate fire protection to the exterior walls and openings of the stylobate.

Finding an empty parking space in a crowded area is very stressful due to congestion. The absence of empty space leads to fatigue before the main activity, increased fuel consumption, which leads to increased pollution, and increased traffic due to the search for empty space. Therefore, it was necessary to have a system that would help drivers know the condition of each parking space. Empty or occupied with a vehicle. Where empty and occupied spaces are calculated and determined. The system displays on the screen at a convenient location in the parking lot a map to guide the driver to vacant positions and a warning if all positions are occupied. All this is done through images taken from the surveillance cameras in the parking lot. We find that the advantages of using vision-based systems over other existing systems are threefold. First There is no need to update the infrastructure of the parking lot, provided that the place is equipped with CCTV cameras that monitor the parking spaces covering the entire place. Secondly, camera-based systems give the exact location i.e. a detailed map of the vacant car parks which are good and necessary vacant lots. Third, camera-based methods are highly applicable in street parking spaces and residential areas.

This work proposes to develop and implement a prototype model of an efficient unmanned car parking system using microcontroller. Model developed for underground car parking with multiple floors, prevents the usage of the parking space at ground level. Entire process was automated so that it reduces the time wasted by a person to park a car. This model uses two circular floors, with six car-parking slots in each floor. This mechanism has centre primary shaft holding a lift to transport the vehicle to its appropriate parking slot. Various sensors, motors and software were used to detect and transport the car to its allocated parking slot. Hence, this system provides a closed loop control, making it an efficient, accurate, secure and a convenient method proposed for parking cars in both commercial and residential areas.

Although a substantial body of research concurs that most urban areas have a challenge in providing adequate car parking space, there is a scarcity in the literature on how conformity to planning standards that regulates the provision of car parking spaces may be analyzed. This study, therefore, examines the extent to which the planning standards that regulate compliance with the provision of car parking spaces in the residential areas are enforced in Kenya, a case study of Kisii Town. It is anchored in the theory of regulatory compliance with a sample size of 364 residential developments proportionately drawn from the seven neighborhoods. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using means, standard deviation, paired sample t-test and Pearson’s bivariate correlation. Research findings showed that although the recommended standard for car parking in Kenya is a ratio of one parking space for every two dwelling units, most developers disregarded the requirement. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant difference between the recommended planning standards on the minimum number of parking spaces and the extent of conformity by developers, t (289) = 20.261, p=.000), thus, compliance declined by a mean of four. The study concludes that developers rarely comply with planning standard owing to insufficient development control. It is recommended that when approving building plans, it should be mandatory to make provision for adequate parking space followed by monitoring to ensure compliance. The study benefits the international readers by validating how conformity to the standards that regulate car parking space may be statistically analyzed.

PARKAGENT: An agent-based model of parking in the city