Education as Psychiatric Intervention The Cognitive-Behavioral Context

This article proposes that academic achievement boosts self-esteem and the sense of personal control, but that only the latter influences subsequent academic achievement. Most previous research on adolescent self-concept has included self-esteem or, less commonly, the sense of personal control, but not both. Using three waves of panel data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study, the authors examined the effects of academic achievement in the 8th grade on the sense of personal control and self-esteem in the 10th grade and the subsequent effects of control and esteem in the 10th grade on academic achievement in the 12th grade. They present evidence that the sense of personal control affects subsequent academic achievement, but that self-esteem does not. Earlier academic achievement and parental support increase self-esteem and the sense of personal control. Although the authors expected that achievement would have a larger effect on personal control and that parental support would have a larger effect on self-esteem, they found evidence for the former but not for the latter

Families of mentally ill persons often report feeling burdened, helpless, and ignored by mental health professionals. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among professional support, caregivers' personal sense of control, and burden. Ninety-four caregivers rated support received in 11 areas, perceptions of control, and objective and subjective burdens. General well-being measures included a depression scale (CES-D) and self-reported physical health. Controlling for the relative's disruptive behaviors and selected caregiver characteristics, hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that professional support selectively reduced burden. Practical advice on managing disruptive behaviors reduced objective burden (adjusted R2 = .16, p < .001; R2 increment = .04, p < .05), in part by enhancing personal control.

mefital frg&lth facilities close to wheffe p'66: ple live and work, and the increased emphasis on viewing mental illness in terms of social mal- functiori, have heightened professional aware¬ ness of the importance of community attitudes about mental illness, the mentally ill person, and those who treat him.Favorable attitudes alone may not produce desired behavior nor al¬ ways indicate that the facts are properly under¬ stood.They do provide a receptive climate for the newer treatment techniques and a base on which to build better understanding and con¬ crete support of modern mental health pro¬ grams.Publicly declared or civic attitudes toward mental illness have changed considerably in the past 50 years; especially in the past 15.The average person nowadays is more apt to con- ceptualize psychosis in terms of an illness or at least to say that he does.He is also more apt to say that mental illness may be treated with some success, even if he does not really believe it.Few people today reject the mentally ill outright, and many express favorable attitudes toward psychiatry and the other mental health professions although a large percentage of the population still do not seek needed psychiatric help for themselves or their relatives except as a "last ditch" measure.Despite these shortcomings, the culture is now in a state of transition with regard to mental

Despite the ubiquity of numerical information in consumers’ lives, prior research has provided limited insights to marketers about when numerical information exerts greater impact on decisions. This study offers evidence that judgments involving numerical information can be affected by consumers’ sense of personal control over the environment. A numerical attribute’s format communicates the extent to which the magnitude of a benefit is predictable (Study 1a), such that people who experience a control threat and want to see their external environment as predictable (Study 1b) rely on point value (vs. range) information as a general signal that the environment is predictable (Study 2). A personal control threat changes consumers’ preferences as a function of whether the numerical information appears as a point value or a range (Studies 3–4). This heightened focus on format may lessen the impact of a product benefit’s predicted magnitude, if a lower magnitude is specified in a more precise format (Study 5). Study 6 provides first evidence that the interactive effect of personal control levels and numerical formats can affect consequential choices.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Collaborative Lung Cancer Screening Educational Intervention Tailored for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness.

BackgroundThere is a shortage of trained mental health workers in spite of the significant contribution of psychiatric disorders to the global disease burden. Task shifting, through the delegation of health care tasks to less specialised health workers such as community health workers (CHWs), is a promising approach to address the human resource shortage. CHWs in the Western Cape province of South Africa provide comprehensive chronic support which includes that for mental illness, but have thus far not received standardized mental health training. It is unknown whether a structured mental health training programme would be acceptable and feasible, and result improved knowledge, confidence and attitudes amongst CHWs.MethodsWe developed and piloted a mental health training programme for CHWs, in line with the UNESCO guidelines; the WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme and the South African National framework for CHW training. In our quasi-experimental (before-after) cohort intervention study we measured outcomes at the start and end of training included: 1) Mental health knowledge, measured through the use of case vignettes and the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule; 2) confidence, measured with the Mental Health Nurse Clinical Confidence Scale; and 3) attitudes, measured with the Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill Scale. Knowledge measures were repeated 3 months later. Acceptability data were obtained from daily evaluation questionnaires and a training evaluation questionnaire, while feasibility was measured by participant attendance at training sessions.ResultsFifty-eight CHWs received the training, with most (n = 56, 97.0%) attending at least 7 of the 8 sessions. Most participants (n = 29, 63.04%) demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge, which was sustained at 3-months. There was significant improvement in confidence, along with changes in attitude, indicating improved benevolence, reduced social restrictiveness, and increased tolerance to rehabilitation of the mentally ill in the community but there was no change in authoritarian attitudes. The training was acceptable and feasible.ConclusionsMental health training was successful in improving knowledge, confidence and attitudes amongst trained CHWs. The training was acceptable and feasible. Further controlled studies are required to evaluate the impact of such training on patient health outcomes.Trial registrationPACTR PACTR201610001834198, Registered 26 October 2016.

The Covid-19 pandemic caused the tourism industry to a drastic degression, in 2022 the tourism industry will bounce back because foreign tourists will return to Indonesia. To accelerate the economic growth of the tourism industry, it is necessary to improve services from employees working in the tourism sector. This can be done with support from the company and also work autonomy, so that Gen Z employees can adapt services to conditions in the field. This research aims to identify the Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Autonomy of Work with the mediation of Self-efficacy (SE) and Sense of Personal Control can influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). This research sample consists of generation Z frontline employees in the Tourism Industry. This research using quantitative methods with 411 respondents. This research using Structural Equation Model, LISREL tools to analyze mediating effects. The results of this research identify that Perceived Organizational Support, Autonomy of Work, Self-efficacy and Sense of Personal Control have a significant positive influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior.

Labour market integration is a social process suggesting that personality traits are relevant. This paper explores whether immigrants with a higher belief in their ability to control outcomes tend to be more likely to be employed. This trait is known in psychology as the locus of control (LOC). I employ a model framework that allows LOC to depend on a set of observable determining variables. Results indicate that sense of personal control is correlated with employment probability and that there is a risk that immigrants and their children tend to have a more externalized LOC. Mother’s education is a key factor correlated with the sense of personal control.

Positive life orientation and recovery from myocardial infarction

Background: Teachers in the field of psychiatry has the responsibility to impart changes in students' attitude towards important areas of the subject. Suicide is the psychiatric emergency that a primary care practitioner is most likely to encounter in day to day practice. In this cross-sectional study, we looked into the change in the attitude of an undergraduate student towards suicide with his/her training in psychiatry with the present undergraduate curriculum. Materials and Methods: We recruited undergraduate medical students doing their MBBS course from a medical college of South India. Their responses to Eskin's Attitudes towards Suicide Scale (E-ATSS) and Eskin's Social Reactions to Suicidal Persons Scale (E-SRSPS) were collected. The students were divided into groups of students completed undergraduate training in Psychiatry and those who are yet to get exposed to it. Responses in E-ATSS and E-SRSPS from both groups were compared. Results: The overall attitude of students towards suicide and suicidal person were favourable compared to many previous studies. There was a significant difference in the factor ' suicide as a sign of mental illness' when responses from both groups were compared. 2.72±1.11 in the exposed group compared to 3.16±1.11 of unexposed group. p-value<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in responses to the disapproval of suicidal disclosure. 2.83±0.65 in the exposed group and 2.67±0.67 in the unexposed group. (p-value - 0.01). Conclusion: The current undergraduate medical curriculum by Medical Council of India is successful in bringing attitude change in some important domains of the subject of suicide. Domains remain under-covered by the curriculum should be looked into in the future curriculum revisions.

Background: Attitude of medical students and intern doctors toward mental illness is of great importance. They are likely to encounter and care for these patients as doctors. Previous studies observed that 68% of the students felt persons with mental illness (PMI) should not be treated with other patients. Seventy percent of students agreed on the disrespectful attitude of other staff toward PMI. Studies also noticed a significant change in attitude toward mental illness after undergoing psychiatry training programs. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of this study were to assess the attitude of intern doctors toward mental illness and to study the impact of the psychiatry clinical rotation program on their attitude. Materials and Methods: This prospective and interventional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital for 10–12 months. Institutional ethics committee approval was taken, a total of 132 doctors were selected, and attitude toward mental illness scale was applied on baseline and after completion of clinical rotation. Results: Attitude toward mental illness score on baseline was 111.32 ± 5.15 and after completion of rotation program was 104.61 ± 4.44. Significant improvement was noted post completion of the clinical rotation program (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Thus, complete holistic training increased their awareness about mental illness. It also helped in building empathy toward PMI. Innovative learning and teaching methods played a key role in enhancing their scientific knowledge about psychiatric illness and its treatment. Hence, this program was beneficial in changing their attitude and perception toward psychiatric illness.

Seven cognitive concepts for successful eco-design

To evaluate the effects of a nurse-led, person-centred outpatient clinic on patient-reported outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In this open-label, parallel randomised controlled trial, 140 patients with AF were randomly assigned. The intervention group met experienced cardiac nurses, trained in person-centred care and AF. The control group met a physician in accordance with usual care. At baseline, and after 6 months, patients completed questionnaires: The EuroQol five-dimension three-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L), the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale, the Arrhythmia-Specific questionnaire in Tachycardia and Arrhythmia (ASTA), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Over time, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as measured by the EQ-5D index and the ASTA mental subscale, improved in the intervention group (P = 0.035 and P = 0.014, respectively) and the control group (P = 0.031 and P = 0.026, respectively). Illness coherence (B-IPQ) also improved in both groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively). In the nurse-led group, HRQoL as measured by the ASTA total scale (P = 0.035) and personal control (B-IPQ) (P = 0.005) improved, while illness-related concerns (P = 0.008) and emotional representations (B-IPQ) (P = 0.001) decreased. There were no significant between-group differences on any of the analysed measurement instruments. No significant differences were observed between groups. However, improvements in HRQoL and illness coherence in both groups suggest that receiving support from nurses and physicians may improve these outcomes. Furthermore, the results suggest that a nurse-led, person-centred outpatient clinic may reduce patients' emotional responses and concerns related to the illness, while strengthening their sense of personal control. ClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT04609202.

The Germanwings plane crash on March 24, 2015 and its wide international media coverage have prompted concerns about a possible setback in fighting mental illness stigma 1. The influence of media coverage on mental health related attitudes has been repeatedly demonstrated 2, 3. There is reason to expect that the presumed murder-suicide of the co-pilot, killing 150 persons and being linked to a diagnosis of depression, has increased perceptions of dangerousness, unpredictability, fear, anger and desire for social distance from persons with serious mental illness. In fact, a series of population surveys conducted in Germany in 1990 and 1991 before and after violent attacks on two politicians by persons with psychotic disorders demonstrated a considerable increase of stigma after the attacks. The proportion of the population being unwilling to sublet a room to a person with schizophrenia, for example, increased by 24% 4. Using data from two consecutive representative online surveys in Germany before and after the plane crash, we examined whether and to what extent attitudes towards persons with mental illness did worsen after the incident in March 2015. Two surveys were conducted among persons >15 years old from an established market research panel in Germany. The first survey in November 2014 was part of a survey experiment, from which we use a "no intervention" control group for the present analysis (N=598); the second survey in May 2015 was an identical replication of that condition (N=806). Quota sampling yielded two independent samples representative for the general population with respect to age, gender and region. Respondents were randomly presented a case history of a woman, Anne, suffering from either depression or schizophrenia, without mentioning of the diagnosis 5. Afterwards, they answered questions on perceived dangerousness, blame, continuity beliefs, emotional reactions, support for structural discrimination, and desire for social distance. Responses were recorded on five-point Likert scales, which we combined into three categories: agree or likely, undecided, disagree or unlikely. We then calculated multinomial logit regression models for all items, comparing the predicted probability for choosing each category between surveys. Analyses controlled for type of vignette, respondents' gender, age, and years of education. To establish significance, we computed 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the predicted difference between surveys with the delta method. We multiplied probabilities by 100, so they can be read as percentages endorsing each category. All analyses were conducted using STATA, version 13. Two items showed significant differences between surveys. After the plane crash, 24% of respondents regarded Anne as unpredictable, compared to 17% before the incident (change in predicted probability: 7%, CI: 3 to 11). On the other hand, 22% compared to 27% endorsed the statement "To some extent, most people will experience problems that are similar to those of Anne" (−5%, CI: −10 to 0). Agreement to other items related to dangerousness increased by smaller and not significant amounts: "Anne is a danger to other people" by 3% (CI: 0 to 6); "Anne is a danger to herself" by 5% (CI: −1 to 11). Emotional reactions like fear, anger or sympathy, support for restrictions like compulsory treatment or withdrawal of the driving license, and desire for social distance (move next door, spend an evening socializing, make friends, work closely on a job, marry into family) did not differ significantly between surveys (changes in predicted probability: −2% to 3%). An analysis of interaction effects for type of disorder did not show significant interactions, suggesting that the observed changes were not illness specific. These results suggest that the plane crash did have a measurable impact on public attitudes towards persons with mental disorder. Increased perceptions of unpredictability and reduced notions of similarity between a person with mental illness and most other persons seem to be related to the flight incident and the suspected murder-suicide of the co-pilot. However, considering the horrible facts that have been made public about the incident, its broad media coverage and its frequent explicit linking to a mental disorder of the co-pilot, the observed changes were surprisingly small. In particular, emotional reactions towards a person with mental illness did not change, and the desire for social distance did not increase. It seems as if the public has largely resisted the impulse of generalizing negative stereotypes and reactions to all persons suffering from mental illness. Probably, the intensity of attitude changes would have been stronger if elicited with regard to a person resembling more closely the co-pilot, for example depicting a young male person or even a pilot of a passenger airplane with mental illness. Still, our data suggest that it might be premature to complain about a general "resurgence" of mental illness stigma after the plane crash 6. A limitation of our study is its restriction to an online sample. Online samples are usually better educated than the general population, and the online population was presumably exposed to even stronger media coverage of the plane crash. While we did control all analyses reported here for educational achievement, we did not record the amount and type of media consumption of our samples. Combating public stigma of mental illness has been proven a difficult task 7. In contrast to the early 1990s 4, media reporting of a single, extremely disturbing incident seems not to have caused a large scale shift in public attitudes, suggesting that the public may have become more resistant to negative generalizations about mental illness. Georg Schomerus1,2, Susanne Stolzenburg1,2, Matthias C. Angermeyer3,4 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; 2HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany; 3Department of Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; 4Center for Public Mental Health, Gösing am Wagram, Austria

Research on the consequences of perceiving disorder is largely sociological and concerns broken windows theory, which states that signs of social disorder cause further social disorder. The predominant psychological explanations for this phenomenon are primarily social. In contrast, I propose a parsimonious cognitive model (“world-is-random” model; WIR) that may partly account for these effects. Basically, WIR proposes that perceiving disorder primes randomness-related concepts, which results in a reduction to one’s sense of personal control, which has diverse affective, judgmental, and behavioral consequences. I review recent developments on the psychological consequences of perceiving disorder and argue that WIR can explain all of these findings. I also cover select correlational findings from the sociological literature and explain how WIR can at least partly explain them. In a general discussion, I consider possible alternative psychological models and argue that they do not adequately explain the most recent psychological research on disorder. I then propose future directions which include determining whether perceiving disorder causes a “unique psychology” and delimiting boundary conditions.