Efficient multimedia transmission in wireless sensor networks

Wireless multimedia sensor networks with sensing and processing abilities of multimedia data have recently emerged as one of the most important technologies for high quality monitoring. The routing scheme for multimedia data is an important research issue addressed in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a disjointed multipath routing scheme for real-time data transmission in wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses a hybrid routing protocol based on Bluetooth and Zigbee in order to overcome the limitation of low bandwidth in conventional sensor networks. The proposed scheme also performs disjointed multipath routing based on competition to alleviate the delay of routing path setup. To show the superiority of our proposed scheme, we compare it with the existing scheme through performance evaluation. Our experimental results show that our proposed scheme reduces the end-to-end delay by about 30% and the routing path setup costs by about 22% over the existing scheme. Our scheme also increases data reception rates by about 690% over the existing scheme on average.

Audio data processing and transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) require systems which satisfy the equilibrium between heavy data traffic and limited resources. In the lossy nature of the network, transmission techniques matter to sustain a certain content validity to be preserved. Besides, data handling is a worth-stressing issue to sustain a decreased computation and traffic overhead. An admissible quality of the voice signals being gathered at the sink node is to be directly maintained with network transmission assessments. To this respect, basic characteristics of a voice signal must be compromised with network properties. In this study, we investigate the quality of voice signals sent through the homogeneously constructed multi-hop network in which recorded signal segments in the source node are touched with the counterparts expected to be collected in each hop with a transmission rating factor. The basic characteristics of the voice samples used in the testbed are essayed with different in-network qualifications that can directly affect the quality; so that a reasonable trade-off between voice quality and sensor network capabilities is tried to be proposed.

One of the remarkable challenges in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is how to route the collected data and transfer them in the nodes. Due to the high rate of packet loss, guaranteeing reliable and efficient packet transfer and delivery is considered to be one of the hot issues in the area of WSNs. Indeed, due to energy limitation of nodes in WSNs, reliability and energy are regarded as critical parameters in these networks. In this paper, a method has been proposed for optimizing the parameters of reliability and energy consumption in multimedia WSNs. In the proposed protocol, Increasing the Delivery Ratio with Network Coding (IDRNC) a network coding mechanism has been used for transmitting data which enhances the reliability of the network. Furthermore, reducing the number of transmissions and receptions in network nodes results in the reduction of energy consumption. In the proposed protocol, the transmitted packets are first coded and transmitted to the sink through the shortest route. In the middle of the route, in case packets are lost, median nodes can detect and recover the lost packet through the coded packet. The simulation results indicated that the method proposed in this study operates better than the LIEMRO method with respect to the following features: system efficiency, average remaining energy of the network, the number of lost packets and reliability. Keywords: Multipath Routing, Network Coding, Reliability, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)

Classification of sensory data is a major research problem in wireless sensor networks and it can be widely used in reducing the data transmission in wireless sensor networks effectively and also in process monitoring. In order to examine the huge size of data set in stream model generated by sensor network, it will be analyzed different sensor's output signal, topology of sensors network, number of sensor parameters and number of acquisition data. In our wind energy monitoring, sensor node monitors six attributes: speed, direction, temperature, pressure, humidity, and battery voltage. Every attribute value is set as four measures: average, instantaneous, minimum, and maximum. This paper presents several data mining techniques applied on the wireless sensor network's data considered: Naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbor, decision trees, IF-THEN rules, and neural networks. Before classification, the data was clustered in order to be labeled. A similarity based algorithm, k-means, was selected in the clustering process for its simplicity and efficiency. A conclusion that decision trees are a suitable method to classify the large amount of data considered is made finally according to the mining result and its reasonable explanation.

Modern applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) demands stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Multipath routing is a promising solution to accomplish the required level of QoS. Typically, wireless links in WMSN are highly unreliable and unpredictable. The unreliable nature of these links substantially affects the performance of the network. Link quality estimation has been an active area of research in sensor networks for the last few years. This paper presents Energy and ETX aware Multipath Geographic Routing (EEMGR) scheme that reinforces routes with high-quality links. It incorporates adaptive cost function which selects the next hop based on ETX, remaining energy, and distance of the neighboring 1-hop node to the sink. Several node-disjoint routing paths are discovered by EEMGR connecting the source node and the sink node. NetTopo algorithm level simulation results reveal that proposed EEMGR scheme chooses good quality links and improves network lifetime as compared to state-of-the-art Two-phase geographical Greedy Forwarding (TPGF) routing scheme.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.

SOHCL-RDT: A self-organized hybrid cross-layer design for reliable data transmission in wireless network

This paper presents an approach of noise-immune data transmission in wireless sensor networks using Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum. Redundancy of Residue Number System codes is explored, and adaptive errors correction system is proposed without code algorithm changing by reduction of information modules number or increasing of reference modules number.

In recent years, there has been intense research and considerable progress in solving numerous wireless sensor networking challenges. However, the key problem of enabling real-time quality-aware multimedia transmission over wireless sensor networks is largely unexplored. The large amount of data generated by most multimedia applications (compared to traditional scalar sensor networks), along with the higher QoS requirements make it difficult to meet the low energy use requirements of practical sensor networks. We explore the use of compressed sensing (aka “compressive sampling”) to reduce the energy required to encode and transmit high quality video in a severely resource-constrained environment. In this chapter, we will examine some of the major challenges of wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) implementation. Specifically, we examine what it would take to develop a WMSN that has similar performance (and restrictions) as a traditional scalar wireless sensor network (WSN). We then examine how we can use the new paradigm of compressed sensing (CS) to solve many of these problems.KeywordsSensor NodeWireless Sensor NetworkDiscrete Cosine TransformVideo QualityCompress SenseThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Applying multimedia to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) adds more challenges due to WSN resource constraints and the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for multimedia transmission. Different multimedia applications may have different QoS requirements, so routing protocols designed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) should be conversant of these requirements and challenges in order to ensure the efficient use of resources to transfer multimedia packets in an utmost manner. The majority of solutions proposed for WMSN depends on traditional layered based mechanisms which are inefficient for multimedia transmission. In this paper we propose a cross-layer Ant based Routing Protocol for WMSN (CARPM) by using modified ant colony optimization (ACO) technique to enhance the routing efficiency. The proposed protocol uses an improved ACO to search for the best path that are satisfied with the multimedia traffic requirements. While making best decision the weightage is given to energy consumption, and queuing delay. The proposed cross layer scheme works between the routing, MAC, and physical layers. Since, the remaining power and timestamp metrics are exchanged from physical layer to network layer. Dynamics duty cycle assignment is proposed at MAC layer which changes according to traffic rate. The presented algorithm is simulated using NS2 and is proven to satisfy its goals through a series of simulations.

Clustering is an effective approach to hierarchically organizing network topology and to prolong the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. Current clustering protocols usually utilize two techniques: selecting cluster heads with more residual energy and rotating cluster heads periodically to distribute the energy consumption among nodes in each cluster. Most of the researches in this field has focused on energy-efficient solutions, but caring less about the communication between Cluster Head (CH) nodes and Base Station (BS). When the sensor field is far away from the base station, the cluster heads are burdened with heavier relay traffic and tend to die much faster. To mitigate the problem, we propose an Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Routing Protocol (EEHRP) for long range transmission in the wireless sensor networks. It uses a number of gateway nodes, which do not engage in clustering, to connect the CHs and base station. They are responsible for transmitting packets received from the CHs to the base station, thus the CHs can preserve some energy in data forwarding and the gateway nodes can ease their burden by not participating in clustering. Simulation results show that EEHRP obviously increases the network lifetime and well balances the energy consumption among the sensor nodes.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.

The wireless sensors which are used in IoT applications are battery powered, which imposes extreme energy constraints on their operations. Therefore, a fundamental challenge lies in designing a sensor network which can maximize its lifetime. To address this issue in WSNs, data aggregation techniques have come up as a novel approach that minimizes the number of transmissions in the network, which in turn can optimize the network and increase its lifetime. In this paper, we have discussed a simple hierarchical data aggregation method for energy optimized data transmission in wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) abiding a huge quantity of inexpensive, low consumption and intense sensor nodes and sole or additional decline or base stations. Those nodes are tiny in dimension and can carry out numerous significant affairs, as well as event sensing, in order processing, and data communication. Owed to different compensation such as simplicity of consumption, comprehensive transmission range, and identity association, WSNs have been interchanging the conventional networks. The promising and innovative network of wirelessly connected devices, which consist of video, audio streams, scalar sensor data and others, is Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). The multimedia data depends on superiority to overhaul (Qos) parameters, like await, channel utilization, network life time throughput and distortion etc is the main aim to optimized delivery of these networks. In multimedia network each packets are communicated with each other so not on time incoming packets and lots of packets are evenly. In WMSNs challenging task to guarantee resource constrained, high data rate, and soft delay limit beside with energy reduced. In this paper, we provide Survey on comparison of different protocol of Wireless sensor network and wirelesss multimedia sensor network like Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks (GPSR), Real-time and Energy Aware Qos routing protocol (REAR), Temporary ordered routing Algorithm (TORA) and Dynamic source routing (DSR). This different protocols with WMSN are compared in requisites of throughput, end-to-end delay, network life time.

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.