EFFORT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as the World Wide Web (WWW) has increasingly become embedded in everyday life and is progressively becoming indispensable for public, business, personal efficiency or even improvement of livelihoods [1]. Web users including People with Disabilities (PWDs) can conveniently undertake a number of tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. But many Web applications such as e-learning, e-commerce and e-government are not accessible to PWDs including the blind. Through Web accessibility guidelines, Web developers can develop Web applications that are accessible to PWDs. However, majority of the available accessibility guidelines are difficult to integrate into existing developer workflows and rarely offer specific suggestions that are developer oriented. In this paper, we propose a Web Design Framework for Improved Accessibility for People with Disabilities (WDFAD). The WDFAD provides precise guidelines on how to develop Web applications that are accessible to PWDs particularly the blind. These are packaged according to the three components of Web applications namely; content, navigation and user interface. Using constructs of the Non Functional Requirements (NFR) Framework, Web accessibility design objectives are represented as primary goals and sub goals. The primary goals represent the high level accessibility design objectives, while the sub goals represent the requirements that need to be met in the Web development process in order to meet each primary goal. WDFAD also illustrates the overlaps between the process of meeting each primary goal. This unveils the optimal ways of achieving Web accessibility during Web design. The precise nature of WDFAD and its packaging according to the main components of Web applications makes Web accessibility requirements potentially easier to understand and apply by Web developers. Web Developers prefer precise and familiar tools due to their busy work life and daily interface and expression in formal instructions. In addition, the global versus local classification of Web accessibility requirements in WDFAD modularizes the web accessibility guidelines hence making them easier to understand, apply and update.

Web Application Development has shown progressive and rapid growth using various techniques. Nonetheless, web application security is a major component in web development that is often overlooked or not properly focused on. Due to ad hoc existence and poor code written, most available web applications are vulnerable and desirable target for the attackers. To alleviate this issue, the use of defensive programming basic technique allows the developers to develop secure applications. Defensive programming includes validate output and correctly manages error messages. This avoids the misuse of snippets and builds the program in a consistent way despite unpredictable inputs. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, this paper discussed the development of a web application program using PHP as server-side scripting exploiting defensive programming techniques to overwhelm web application vulnerabilities. Secondly, this paper examined common vulnerabilities of web application risks refer to Open Web Application Security Project to validate the effectiveness of defensive programming technique. The work presented in this paper shall be a fundamental guideline for the development of secure web-based applications.

In the development and design of Web application, the choice of framework development is very important. A good framework development can speed up the development of Web application, reduce development costs and the workload of developers. Meanwhile, Web application has good expansibility and portability. The framework based on SpringMVC + Spring + Mybatis (SSM) has good performance and rapid development efficiency, gradually becoming a mainstream development framework of Web application.

Web application development from simple web pages to complex interactive platforms (including social networks, e-commerce systems, corporate portals) requires new approaches, tools and technologies. JavaScript libraries and frameworks play a special role in developing web applications, simplifying the creation of effective, scalable, and convenient interfaces. The purpose of the article is to research the problems and prospects of using React in combination with Redux when creating web applications with a complex structure, to assess the advantages of their joint use in comparison with similar tools and to develop the web application “FarmerProducts”. The research methodology consists of the main methodological approaches and technological tools for developing web applications. Such methods, in particular, are: system and comparative analysis – to identify the features of creating web applications; method of expert assessments, which involves the study of literary sources and information resources, conducting interviews and surveys of experts, as well as the processes of developing and testing scalable and high-performance web applications based on the use of React and Redux. The scientific novelty of the research is the analysis of modern tools (React, Angular, Vue. js) for developing web applications, identifying problems and prospects for their use, creating an author’s web application (using React and Redux), which includes an intuitive interface, a flexible database, simplifying the process of working with the application by using a stack of modern technologies. Conclusions. The paper analyses the problems and prospects of using modern web application development tools; focuses on React, which is suitable for different projects; conducts a comparative analysis of React with Angular, Vue. js and Svelte, identifies their main characteristics, advantages, disadvantages; demonstrates the dependence of the choice of tools on the project context (React in combination with Redux can provide an optimal balance between performance, flexibility and scalability); describes the author’s web application – the FarmerProducts online store; identifies further ways to improve this web application.

Integrating security in the software development life cycle has been a significant concern for researchers, security professionals and software developers. Security frameworks help to improve security in SDLC and mitigate threats by promoting the use of best practices. While in the presence of such best practices, security is somehow considered to be an afterthought and often leaves us with insecure software. Insecure web development makes web applications vulnerable to security threats like injection attacks, data breaches, privilege escalation, CSRF and other threats. This research based on mixed methods approach aims to provide valuable insights for security professionals and web application developers regarding the use of security frameworks to map threats for secure web development. Security frameworks including NIST SSDF, OWASP top 10, OWASP SAMM, SAFECode 3rd edition and BSIMM13 are involved for this purpose. The goal is to address the gap by leveraging these security frameworks to systematically map threats in web development environment. The research will aim to provide a comprehensive methodology for identifying potential security risks, analysing their impact and recommending security measures tailored to specifically web development environment. To achieve this, a comparative study of security frameworks, testing of web applications has been conducted to achieve the results.

The web projects that are completed on time and within budget ascertain a commendable position in the rapidly growing economic web development market.Web Effort Estimation (WEE) estimates the time t will take to develop a web application in person-hours or months Expert Opinion algorithmic models, e.g., Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), and machine learning are the primarily used effort estimating techniques.As current effort estimating techniques face many shortcomings, accurate effort prediction has become a challenging task.To improve prediction accuracy, this work proposes a hybrid approach based on Machine Learning.This approach is validated through an empirical evaluation of the International Software Benchmark Software Group, ISBSG Release 19 dataset.The ISBSG R19 dataset is first pre-processed using machine learning-based linear regression.Secondly, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR), Random Forest regression (RFR), and Ridge Regression (RR) techniques are employed to predict the web effort.The performance of the examined models is evaluated using two commonly used evaluation metrics, Mean Magnitude Relative Error (MMRE) and Prediction accuracy at level 25%, i.e., Pred(25).Then, the statistical significance of effort predicting model producing the highest accuracy and lowest error rates is verified using the Mann-Whitney U test.The performance of the proposed models is also compared with the existing effort estimation models.The results show that the Ridge regressionbased model produces exceptionally improved prediction accuracy for web projects in this work.

Comparison of development methodologies in web applications

Web application development cuts across the HTTP protocol, the client-side presentation language (HTML, XML), the server-side technology (Servlets, JSP, ASP, PHP), and the underlying resource (files, database, information system). Consequently, web development concerns including functionality, presentation, control, and structure cross-cut, leading to tangled and scattered code that is hard to develop, maintain, and reuse. In this paper we analyze the cause, consequence, and remedy for this crosscutting. We distinguish between intra-crosscutting that results in code tangling and inter-crosscutting that results in code scattering. To resolve inter-crosscutting, we present a new web application development model named XP that introduces extension points as place-holders for structure-dependent code. We present another model named DDD that incorporates XP into the Model-View-Controller (MVC) model to resolve both intra- and inter-crosscutting. WebJinn is a novel domain-driven web development framework that implements the DDD model. WebJinn has been used to develop web applications at several web sites. Domain driven web development with WebJinn benefits from a significant improvement in code reuse, adaptability, and maintainability.

Impedance mismatch of data flow is the major problem in the relational database when one is using the web based application development on the computer system. It effects the development of scalable and reusable web application. Due to this, the research cost of development and maintenance increases. Therefore the present work is an attempt towards an object-oriented database system by using Db4o to overcome the impedance mismatch problem. In the current work, the development of web application for Indian Postal Services by using Db4o is demonstrated on dot NET platform. Before developing the application, the authors used a Unified Modeling Language (UML) model in the form of UML class, sequence and use-case diagrams. The Db4o is used to store the object-oriented database and the performance of Db4o is observed through several object-oriented queries and corresponding results are demonstrated.

Accurate software effort estimation is one of the key factors to a successful project by making a better software project plan. To improve the estimation accuracy of software effort, many studies usually aimed at proposing novel effort estimation methods or combining several approaches of the existing effort estimation methods. However, those researches did not consider the distribution of historical software project data which is an important part impacting to the effort estimation accuracy. In this paper, to improve effort estimation accuracy by least squares regression, we propose a data partitioning method by the accuracy measures, MRE and MER which are usually used to measure the effort estimation accuracy. Furthermore, the empirical experimentations are performed by using two industry data sets (the ISBSG Release 9 and the Bank data set which consists of the project data performed in a bank in Korea).

End-users who are nonprogrammers create web applications by using advanced web development tools. However, these tools are not supported by any methodological process which produces that web applications are of low quality. This paper presents an approach to bring web engineering principles to the end-user community. We complement the web engineering method OOWS with tools that allow end-users to develop web applications by: (1) describing web applications in terms of the end-users’ knowledge about the application domain, (2) automatically obtaining a web application prototype by means of the OOWS code generation strategy, and (3) personalizing the web application look and feel by simply selecting a design template. To achieve this, an ontology-based strategy is introduced to support end-users throughout the web application development. We also introduce a strategy that allows us to define domain-independent presentation templates.

In the rapid world of technology, web development faces a complex but significant challenge, particularly in the development of quality web applications. In many cases, end users often assess the quality of web applications based on their error-free performance and user-friendliness as well as enable users to perform tasks quickly anywhere and anytime on any computer devices. Thus, each and every quality issue in the phases of web development process plays a crucial role in the success of a web application and determining the right quality attributes or dimensions can be a challenge. The web development process, carried out in stages based on priorities, presents multiple challenges in communication, management, and teamwork within web development team environments which may adversely impact the overall quality of web applications. This research focuses on the influence of the web development process emphasising quality at each stage of creating high-quality web applications. This will then bring into case studies and quantitative metrics to produce a framework for the web development team to comprehend and adhere to the key quality principles of web application development.

Parametric Web application cost estimation is referred to the usage of mathematical model to derive the estimated effort and duration of Web application development. Typically, majority of Web application developers are applying expert judgment and estimation by analogy in Web application development. This paper is focusing on feasibility study of WEBMO (Web model), a parametric Web application cost estimation model, in Web application development within Klang Valley in Malaysia. WEBCOMO, a parametric Web application tool is developed based on WEBMOpsilas methodology to fulfill the objective of the study.

In recent months the priority area of modern medicine has become on-line informatization and computerization. The most promising development has been the use of information and computer support in an integrated diagnostic system for patients with cleft lip and palate. In our research we aim to developed an autonomous web application that allows practitioners to determine the tactics of multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment based on data integrated into a specific web application in order to increase the efficiency of the treatment of children with cleft lip and palate of different age groups. Based on more than 45 years of clinical and scientific experience in diagnosis and treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate we developed a web application “ADI” (Application of Digital Imaging). The developed web application “ADI” is a system for processing, accumulating and analyzing information on the rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and palate by type of pathology and age, allowing doctors to obtain structured information about the stages of the necessary methods of interdisciplinary cleft lip and palate diagnosis and treatment. One of the main advantages of “ADI” web application is the ability to quickly exchange information between specialists in various fields of knowledge. Such complex information is the basis for combining scientific ideas, analysis and exchange of experience of various specialists, thereby making it possible to create a unified system of interdisciplinary rehabilitation of children with congenital pathology of the maxillofacial region #COMESYSO1120.

The article discusses technologies for developing the web application designed to accompany the process of conducting an intellectual game in the format of an interactive quiz. An analysis of similar applications was carried out, which showed that none of them satisfies all the criteria essential in this situation. Requirements for the web application have been determined: the ability to create a library of quizzes, various types of questions, edit ready-made quizzes, participants enter answers through their devices online, award points for the correctness and speed of answers, display questions on the presenter's screen and on team devices, view intermediate and final results in the form of a list, returning participants to the game if necessary, saving the points received. The process of developing an optimized user interface using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, which allows users to interact with the web application, is described, the structure of the web application, the main forms of the administrator and game participants are presented. The server side of the application was developed using Node.JS technologies, including the Socket.io library, and the MongoDB database, the resulting collection of non-relational database is shown. To implement the functionality of the application pages, JavaScript was used; examples of codes are presented that implement the mechanism for connecting the presenter to the game, retrieving information from the database, recording the team's response, and awarding points for the correctness and speed of the response. The web application allows you to reduce the time spent by event organizers and participants and makes it possible to improve the organization of work in general. The presented web application for accompanying intellectual games was successfully approbated during events at the Nizhny Tagil State Social-Pedagogical Institute (branch) of the Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University. The materials of the article can serve as practical recommendations for the development of such web applications to accompany intellectual games held in the format of interactive quizzes.