Electronic Health Records & Data Management using Hyperledger fabric in Blockchain

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to design and implement a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof attendance management system using blockchain technology, specifically leveraging Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 deployed on Ubuntu 24.04. The paper aims to demonstrate how blockchain can efficiently replace traditional attendance systems by providing enhanced reliability, integrity, and auditability. Through practical implementation, the study evaluates performance, ease of use, and scalability, offering insights into blockchain's applicability in educational institutions and workplaces to mitigate common issues associated with traditional attendance tracking methods, such as data tampering, inefficiency, and lack of trust. Methodology: The methodology involves deploying a blockchain-based attendance system using Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 on Ubuntu 24.04. It includes requirements analysis, blockchain network setup, smart contract (chain code) development, and frontend-backend integration using React.js and Node.js. This is followed by rigorous functional and performance testing to ensure transparency, security, scalability, and overall system robustness. Result/Analysis: The analysis of the blockchain-based attendance system demonstrated significant improvements in data security, transparency, and efficiency compared to traditional attendance methods. Transactions executed reliably, achieving an average throughput of approximately 200 transactions per second with minimal latency, validating the scalability of Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 on Ubuntu 24.04. The use of cryptographic certificates ensured robust security, preventing unauthorized access and data manipulation. Additionally, integration of a React.js frontend provided user-friendly interaction, enhancing usability. Performance tests confirmed efficient resource utilization, maintaining stable CPU and memory consumption under varying workloads. Overall, results indicate the system's feasibility for reliable, secure, and scalable attendance management. Originality/Values: This study uniquely integrates Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 with Ubuntu 24.04, creating a practical, secure, and transparent blockchain-based attendance solution. Its originality lies in demonstrating real-world applicability, comprehensive performance evaluation, and detailed system integration insights, contributing valuable knowledge for institutions seeking innovative, decentralized, and efficient alternatives to traditional attendance tracking systems. Type of Research: Experimental-based Research.

A smart contract is a program running on a blockchain platform. Smart devices send data to smart contracts or change their own status based on smart contracts. Businesses want to use smart devices and smart contracts to streamline workflow because smart contracts reduce the need in trusted intermediators and cut down enforcement costs. However, developing smart contract applications is challenging due to different memory models, different interaction models, and a dearth of supporting tools and libraries. When developers are asked to reimplement conventional applications to smart contracts, it is thus ideal to automatically transform them, avoiding manual labor, as well as ensuring reliability and security. This paper contributes a set of rules to transform conventional applications in the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern into smart contracts running on Hyperledger Fabric, a blockchain platform preferred by businesses. Major transformations are performed in the model, while in the controller, model calls are replaced by smart contract calls. The source application and the target smart contract are all written in Java. Our rules add read-your-writes consistency that Hyperledger Fabric does not natively support. Runtime pre- and post-condition checking in the original application is supported in the transformed smart contract. We evaluated our rules on CoCoME and other MVC applications, and all code ran correctly and passed unit tests.

The introduction of blockchain technology into Supply Chain management has opened the possibility of faster and more secure transactions of commodities and services. As for every blockchain, Smart Contracts are the tool for controlling the transactions in blockchain-based supply chains. In this paper, we introduce a method for automating the implementation of natural language contracts into Smart Contracts in the Supply Chain context. The basic idea here is to extract information from a natural language contract using two Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, the Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Relation Extraction (RE), and then use this extracted information to automatically create a corresponding Smart Contract. This is an ongoing project, and we implemented the first phase of NLP, i.e., NER. The main issue we are facing here is the limited availability of annotated contract datasets. To tackle this challenge, we created an annotated legal contract dataset dedicated to the NER task. The dataset is analyzed with the deep learning method (BiLSTM) and transformer-based method (BERT). As per the generation of smart contracts, our approach consists of identifying meaningful entities and the relations between them and then representing them as business logic that can be directly incorporated into computer code as blockchain smart contracts.KeywordsNLPNERREDatasetDeep learningLegal domain

Due to their decentralized and trustless nature, blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are increasingly used in several domains, including critical applications. The behavior of such blockchain-integrated systems is typically driven by smart contracts. However, smart contracts are application-specific software and may contain faults with severe system-level impacts. This is especially true in the case of the extensively used Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) platform, where smart contracts are written in general-purpose languages (Java, among others), and applications can go far beyond handling virtual-currency-like assets. In this work, we present a novel formal-verification-based approach to smart contract verification and a high-level empirical model of the HLF platform. Our Smart Contract in the Loop (SCIL) method uses a model checker (Java Pathfinder) to check whether specific error properties hold for a given smart contract, while a predefined combination of platform-level fault modes is active. We facilitate the checking of HLF smart contracts without modification and enable the propagation or non-propagation of platform faults through the smart contracts to the system failure level.

In the traditional approach to a digital asset management system, the data processing mechanism is not transparent or visible to the data owners since the data is managed solely by the service provider. With the rapid development of blockchain technology, the above issues can be resolved by leveraging the tamper-resistance and decentralization characteristics of blockchain. However, post the implementation of the EU General Data Protection Rules (GDPR) in 2018, the protection of data owners has taken center stage. This has led to several principles of personal data deletion, such as Storage Limit and the Right to Be Forgotten to conflict with the blockchain. It is also observed that, out of the various smart contracts deployed to manage digital assets, often only specific smart contracts are invoked, while the rest of the deployed smart contracts are rarely invoked, leading to smart contract designs exhibiting similar patterns with very little creativity. This current scenario has motivated us to propose SPChain, a smarter and private GDPR-compliant digital asset management framework enabled by blockchain. In this approach, a decentralized InterPlanetary File System has been adopted to solve the problem of SPOF. In addition, the combination of digital assets with artificial intelligence models has been proposed so as to make digital assets accessible to a larger number of applications and to enable better creativity. In this design, artificial intelligence models have been run in independent, virtualized containers and invoked through smart contracts. The proposed SPChain can be applied to the field of digital art management to provide a complete implementation based on the Hyperledger Fabric. Using this proposed framework, model developers, digital art creators, collectors, service providers, as well as third parties can not only benefit from securely managing digital assets and combining them with AI models, but also from simultaneously complying with the rights stipulated in the GDPR. During the course of the experiments conducted, the latency, throughput, and resource consumption of different functions in the smart contracts have been measured. After adjusting the batch timeout of the block and the maximum number of transactions in a block, the throughputs were observed to be about 500 TPS, with 10 to 15 TPS for reading and writing operations, respectively. The latency ranges were found to range from 0 to 7 seconds, with 2.5 to 5 seconds for reading and writing operations, respectively.

As a computer programmer, a smart contract encapsulates the contractual features of the parties’ transactions through code. Some blockchain technology platforms, such as Hyperledger Fabric, IBM Blockchain and Ethereum, currently allow smart contracts. Smart contracts on these platforms are kept on the blockchain and are not under the control of any party involved. They can’t be tampered with after they’ve been digitally signed and placed on the blockchain. The use of smart contracts in blockchains is critical. It is the authors’ primary goal with this research to provide an alternative to standard contracts by allowing users to modify data stored in the chain. Methodology for designing smart contracts is presented in this article, along with an example of how it has used modifications to the data stored in the chain. In this article, we present a methodology for the design of smart contracts and we also illustrate its application with a case study.

Блокчейн у системі охорони здоров’я: проблеми правового забезпечення

Blockchain technology is a forefront innovation that drives multi-user data accessibility with patient ownership, traceability, transparency, security, and privacy protection. However, optimizing blockchain latency and its relationship with security remains underexplored in health data management. This study aims to optimize security and latency in healthcare data management through a novel Blockchain-based framework. The objectives include: (1) developing an innovative EMR management architecture that integrates key stakeholders using Blockchain and smart contracts, (2)creating a multi-objective optimization model for Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain in medical health management, and (3)implementing and evaluating advanced optimization techniques using block Size and consensusLevels as key decision variables. This study bridges the gap by proposing a novel methodology that integrates the Hyperledger Fabric framework with smart contracts to optimize security and storage in health data systems. A key contribution of this research is the development of a multi-objective optimization model employing two advanced non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms, NSGA-II and NSGA-III, to configure system parameters such as blockSize and consensusLevels. Evaluation results show that NSGA-II outperforms NSGA-III, achieving 50% higher Hyper-volume and five distinct non-dominated solutions compared to two, demonstrating its superior ability to balance conflicting objectives and provide optimal configurations. The proposed framework tackles critical challenges in health data interoperability, privacy, and security while ensuring robust, patient-centric data management. By enabling multi-user access, enhanced security, and optimized storage, this work advances Blockchain’s role in healthcare and positions the industry for the Digital Health era. Future work will expand objectives and enable real-time deployment.

Reviews and reputation scores of sellers play an important role in decision-making process of potential buyers in an e-commerce system. A trustworthy and reliable reputation system is a crucial component in the e-commerce ecosystem, as buyers rely on it to make informed decisions. In this work, we propose a privacy-preserving decentralized reputation system designed to include countermeasures against some known attacks. Our model is built on two permissioned blockchains, namely Hyperledger Indy and Hyperledger Fabric. Hyperledger Indy provides an infrastructure for implementing verifiable credentials with Zero Knowledge Proof support, which is essential for privacy preservation, while Hyperledger Fabric is a robust platform for implementing smart contracts. One of the key advantages of the proposed approach is the use of verifiable credentials for digital identities of sellers, feedback tokens issued to buyers after performing an e-commerce transaction and discount tokens issued to buyers after feedback submission. This helps to ensure that the feedback and identity information is authentic and tamper-proof, reducing the likelihood of identity-related attacks. Additionally, the collection of feedbacks and application of business rules are implemented as smart contracts on Hyperledger Fabric blockchain. This provides a secure and transparent mechanism for processing feedback, reducing the likelihood of unfair feedbacks. Overall, the proposed approach presents a robust reputation system that can help reduce identity-related attacks and unfair feedbacks. The privacy-preserving nature of the system ensures that sensitive information is protected while still enabling the verification of digital identities. The use of feedback and discount tokens incentivizes buyers to provide accurate and honest feedback, which can help reduce unfair feedbacks and identity-related attacks. Finally, the use of smart contracts ensures transparency and immutability, which enhances the overall reliability of the system.

The cybersecurity of contemporary systems has drawn much more focus from both academic and industrial viewpoints. The blockchain-based approach has recently become more popular due to how straightforward it is, especially in the management of supply chains. This highlights how crucial the quality factors are from a supply chain management standpoint. Numerous sectors have come to realize how crucial it is to have reliable supply chain and logistics solutions. The introduction of blockchain technology has given rise to several possible breakthroughs in the management and monitoring of corporate operations, specifically supply chain procedures. The blockchain and, more precisely, a smart contract technology that was utilized to manage the process of creating, verifying, and inspecting data over the supply chain management process were both discussed in this study. Next, discuss blockchain cybersecurity in the context of supply chains. Security protection needs to be powerful sufficient to shield the assets and data from dangers, as the smart contract increasingly controls the movement of data over many places. The paper then examines the primary security breaches that have an impact on the data on the blockchain and offers a fix.

The object of this paper is blockchain technology in the tracking system of grain supply chains. The current study considers the task of determining the impact of blockchain technology introduction on the tracking system of grain supply chains. The key problems in the system of grain supply chains have been identified and the tasks to solve them have been proposed. The characteristics of key technologies in the implementation of blockchain in the system of grain supply chains have been defined, such as smart contracts, the Internet of Things (IoT), interplanetary file system (IPFS), contactless tags (RFID), Ethereum platform (identified as the best for supply chain tracking). The influence of factors on the introduction of blockchain technologies into the grain supply chain tracking system was determined using a SWOT analysis. Strengths include transparency, increased trust, automation of processes and protection against falsification. Weaknesses include high implementation costs, difficulty scaling, and the need for staff training. Opportunities that open up through the use of blockchain include attracting new partners, increasing competitiveness, and developing new markets. Threats include legal difficulties, technical failures, high energy costs, and resistance from market participants. An assessment of the investment attractiveness of introducing blockchain technology into the grain supply chain tracking system was carried out by calculating such indicators as economic effect; net present value (NPV) of implementing blockchain technologies; payback period of investments. According to the results of analysis, the following data were obtained: NPV (150439 a.u.)>0, the payback period of investments is 2.8 years, which is acceptable for large agricultural holdings. Prospects for development have been determined, in particular, the unification of agricultural holdings for the joint implementation of blockchain technologies in the tracking system of grain supply chains, which would be a strategically beneficial solution for all participants in the supply chain

The article examines the application of blockchain technology for decentralized and secure data exchange. The primary focus is on blockchain's advantages, such as high security, data immutability, and the potential for process automation through smart contracts. Key challenges in implementing the technology are also discussed, including scalability issues, high energy consumption, and legal restrictions. The article suggests solutions to these challenges through the development of efficient consensus algorithms and integration with advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence. The research findings highlight blockchain’s potential as a viable solution for secure data exchange across various industries.

Resilient design of distribution grid automation system against cyber-physical attacks using blockchain and smart contract

The importance and adoption of Blockchain to support secure and trusted collaborations between businesses continues to grow. In today’s practice, most Blockchain smart contracts (which capture the business processing logic) are written primarily by software developers. To enable widespread adoption of Blockchain, business analysts and subject matter experts will need to have direct access to the smart contract logic, including the abilities to understand, modify, and create substantial portions of that logic. This paper describes a fully functioning framework and system for specifying and executing smart contracts in which the core logic is specified by a controlled English, business-level rules language. The framework includes a browser-based smart editor for rules; a parser generator that enables substantial variation in the rules syntax; code generation that maps to a RETE based rules engine; and execution of the rules in either on-chain (using Hyperledger Fabric) or off-chain modes. The paper describes the rules framework and possible extensions, and identifies key aspects of Blockchain that impact the implementation.

Security accreditation is a vital process used by governmental, military, and international organizations to verify a proper security posture of communication and information systems. Currently, it is a largely manual, time consuming, and highly repetitive process. Smart contracts could offer an opportunity to automate some parts of the security review, increasing speed, transparency, and predictability of the security accreditation, as well as software approval. We analyze the feasibility of supporting security accreditation with smart contracts and present our proof-of-concept implementation based on Hyperledger Fabric.