Enabling Users to Self-manage Networks: Collaborative Anomaly Detection in Wireless Personal Area Networks

This paper introduces a new IEEE standard, IEEE 802.15.5,which provides mesh capability for wireless personal area network (WPAN) devices. The standard provides an architectural framework enabling WPAN devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable wireless mesh topologies. It is composed of two parts: low-rate WPAN mesh and high-rate WPAN mesh. In this paper, we present only low-rate WPAN mesh because it is designed to support wireless sensor networks. IEEE 802.15.5 low-rate part is a light-weight scalable mesh routing protocol that caters well to the requirements of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. By binding logical addresses to the network topology, IEEE 802.15.5 obviates the need for route discovery. This eliminates the initial route discovery latency, saves storage space and reduces the communication overhead and energy consumption. A distributed link state scheme is further built atop the block addressing scheme to improve the quality of routes, robustness, and load balancing. The routing scheme scales well with regard to various performance metrics. The standard also provides enhanced functions such as multicast, reliable broadcast, power saving, time synchronization, route tracing and portability. We also present the performance evaluation of major functions performed with a 50-nodes tested deployed over a whole floor (100 × 140 ft2) at CUNY Engineering building. The results testify that the IEEE 802.15.5 will serve well for wireless personal area networks and wireless sensor networks.

ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-sourced arrangement for a suite of high-level communication protocols employed to generate personal area networks. ZigBee is a less price, low-complex and low power consumption wireless personal area network (WPAN) norm that targets at the extensive developments of instruments and devices with prolonged battery life that are employed in wireless controls or applications that are used for monitoring purposes. It has an extensive utilization in industries and operations that are conducted physically. Hence, ZigBee is mostly correlated with IoT and M2M. Therefore, security in these WPANs becomes a major interest and has gained a good amount of notice currently. The security methods used in these networks over a period of time usually include practices that are cryptographic in nature. Then again these practices recommended till date can have good scopes of improvements, as a result, to turn up with additional assured and protected data communication. The chapter proposes a technique to enhance security in ZigBee using steganography over the secret data being communicated between communicating parties. However in cryptographic practices, the message even if it stands strongly resilient, can stimulate doubts and, therefore, could be adequate enough for a third party, spying the systems that something that are of significant use have been exposed. Hence, to keep the security features consistent in these networks this chapter proposes a technique to protect data by means of Steganography over the data to be communicated, this allows two communicating parties to transmit covert communication through a shared route in a way with the purpose, no adversary can even discover as in the covert communication is being transferred. Hence, making use of cryptographic practices helps protecting the insides of the messages only, on the other hand using steganographic practices can help in protecting the message contents and even the fact that a covert message has been transferred. The exclusive plan is to come up with a practice that is Steganographic in nature and ultimately has a resistance to any sort of steganalysis.

Optical wireless technology has been considered as a promising candidate to provide high-speed wireless connectivity in personal work/living spaces. Previously we proposed and demonstrated a high-speed indoor communication system by incorporating limited mobility with localization function. Furthermore, we showed that by using a novel single channel imaging receiver, better system performance can be achieved and the demonstration was based on single-mode fiber due to its low transmission loss feature. However, in most already installed inbuilding optical fiber distribution networks, multi-mode fiber was deployed since it is low-cost and easy to handle. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optical wireless personal area communication system with single channel imaging receiver based on multi-mode fiber. In addition, the wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technology is also incorporated to realize an ultra-broadband connectivity in wireless personal area networks. The results show that a simultaneous operation of a 4 × 10 Gbps down-link and a 400 Mbps up-link can be realized simultaneously and the beam footprint is larger than 1 m even when a channel selecting optical bandpass filter with ~77% transmission efficiency was used.

Summary form only given. Convergence of communication and computing technologies is rapidly changing the requirement of wireless devices. While wireless wide area network (WWAN) based on cellular radios was evolving, a new set of wireless LAN networks which are fundamentally different from cellular networks emerged. Devices for applications in the wireless LAN networks (WLAN), wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless metro area networks (WMAN) are being deployed in increasing numbers. Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB) technologies have been introduced for high-bandwidth wireless connectivity in personal area networks. Location identification technologies like GPS are getting integrated with wireless products as well. There is no doubt that tomorrowpsilas network environment will be extremely heterogeneous.

The present paper studies the performance of a high-speed third-generation (3.5G) networking technology (Enhanced Uplink), in collaboration with well known personal area networks (i.e. Zigbee and Bluetooth) and wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, for delivering pervasive healthcare applications. The association of personal and local area networks along with the 3.5G network is a critical factor for successful development of pervasive e-health services perceived by end-users. In this paper, we propose a methodology for performance assessment based on the joint uplink transmission of voice, real-time video and biomedical data, such us electrocardiogram, vital signals and heart sounds. Various scenarios were concerned for point of care applications in real-time and near-real-time modes and in random locations, where no other system but 3.5G is available. The accomplishment of quality of service (QoS) was explored through the delay and the jitter of the networks' parameters, attributing the joint network system for best performance in the context of the desired e-health services.

ZigBee is popular for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devices because of its low power consumption, built-in security method and ratified specifications. With these features, it is also suitable to be used with medical sensor devices. Medical sensors in a human body self organize a ZigBee Personal Area Network (PAN). These PANs are interconnected and form a HealthNet. For the interconnection, a ZigBee PAN detects existence of another PAN with beacon detection or active channel scan. Different ZigBee interconnection schemes are used after detection. PAN bridge method uses special bridge node that works for different PANs with time division method. PAN merge method temporarily changes PAN coordinator's role as bridge node and merges two PANs. Peer-to-peer network temporarily share all resources when two PANs are met, but all PANs have to use the same channel and operate as an ad-hoc network. In this paper, we perform extensive evaluations using NS-2 simulations to compare PAN interconnection methods. Results show that the PAN bridge is the most useful method because it is not affected by router/node ratio and is applicable to different channel usages.

The throughput of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) based on Bluetooth was decided by the interference of Bluetooth piconets in the network. The interference was decided by the hamming correlation of Bluetooth FH (Frequency Hopping) selected sequence. In order to improve the WPAN throughput, the WPAN model and data packet collision model were built and the relations about WPAN throughput, the maximum hamming correlation of FH selected sequence, the numbers of Bluetooth piconets and the SNR of channel were analyzed. The functions of WPAN throughput were deduced. After analyzing the performance of Bluetooth FH selected sequence, the original algorithm was replaced by the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm. The theoretical analysis proved that the AES FH sequences selected algorithm could improve the WPAN throughput. The simulation results proved the theoretical analysis. The test result with ARM926EJs SoC (System on Chip) + RF (Radio Frequency) chip nRF2401 and CSR's Bluecore4 Bluetooth module got the same conclusion. All of these could prove that the AES algorithm can improve the WPAN throughput efficiently.

In this paper, the results of an on-body, line-of-sight (LOS), multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) channel sounding investigation are reported. Transmission takes place between on-body antennas and a uniform linear array, positioned at close range and within line-of- sight of each other. Due to the on-body location of the antennas, the influence of actual radio channel can no longer be separated from the effects of user behaviour and body proximity. This paper therefore argues that the composite channel must be considered. Post-processing of the recorded channels shows that their capacities outperform those from equivalent Rayleigh channels. Taking into account the clear LOS in the experiment, this appears counter-intuitive to the well-known fact that uncorrelated scattering results in high capacity. An analysis of the results highlights some less familiar facts and leads to an overview of capacity generating mechanisms in MIMO systems. The paper adds an analysis of the sensitivity of the capacity to the properties of the channel matrix, which is used for a discussion of the practical use of MIMO in personal and body area networks.

In mobile wireless personal area networks (WPAN), the position of each node changes over time. A new network protocol that is able to dynamically update its links in order to maintain strong connectivity is said to be self-reconfiguring. In this paper, we propose mobile wireless personal area networks' (WPAN) design method with self-reconfiguring protocol for power efficiency. The WPAN is self-organized to clusters using an unsupervised clustering method, fuzzy c-means. A fuzzy logic system is applied to master/controller election for each cluster. A self-reconfiguring topology is proposed to manage the mobility and recursively update the network topology. We also modify the mobility management scheme with hysteresis to overcome the ping-pong effect.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which include a different devices of the network like sensor nodes, calculating, power consumed, and communication units to monitor specific phenomenon such as environmental information. Emerging operation for the wireless sensor networks applications are consist of resources and warehouse management, building automation, civil infrastructure monitoring, healthcare, and security. Modeling and simulation are a good tools test and examine the working and to specify the effective techniques that proposed for WSNs. Analytical modeling delivers quick vision for the techniques developed for WSNs but it is unsuccessful to give real calculations because (WSN) are very limited energy and have a variable number of sensor nodes as the network requirements. This paper aimed to study the behavior of a mobile device using zigbee protocol entire a limited of different personal area network (PAN), each one have different devices and distances. The configuration of this paper contains three PANs, (1, 2, and 3). This network includes a mobile node, originally located at PAN 1. The three PANs have a transmitted power organized to be (2 mW), to ensure that the covering areas do not interference with another one. The results shows that mobile node connected to (PAN 1) through the first (3.6 minutes) of the simulation period. After that the node disconnected from the PAN 1, then quickly links to PAN 2. After (10.6 minutes), the node leave PAN 2 and promptly connects to (PAN 3). The graphs that get from this research proves that the dropped data at its minimum value for the most simulation time, except some spikes around (4, 11 and 14) minutes. This scenario are modeled and simulated using (OPNET) software.

Scatternet formation is one of the most important issues of emerging wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Numerous papers pointed out that the performance of a WPAN highly depends on the scatternet structure; however, for next generation WPANs (IEEE 802.15.3 and 802.15.4) the issue of scatternet formation is not discussed in the literature so far. This paper presents the techniques, constraints and effects of scatternet formation. First, the theoretically based problem is formulated in integer linear programming (ILP) framework. Two heuristic methods are proposed for high-rate WPANs (802.15.3), which can be extended for low-rate WPANs (802.15.4) as well. The constructed networks are analyzed based on two metrics: (1) total network load, (2) amount of piconets. We show that network performance highly depends on the used algorithm: the network load can be reduced by up to 30% by using a proper scatternet formation algorithm. Furthermore, the scatternet can be optimized depending on the actual network traffic and individual objectives

This paper considers a channel estimation technique in a wireless personal area network (WPAN) system with complementary code keying (CCK) signaling over multipath fading channels. The performance of the proposed coherent detector is compared with that of a noncoherent detector, and a significant improvement of performance is observed in terms of the bit error probability.

Recently, interest of general public toward ubiquitous home network has immensely increased and wireless PAN (personal area network) has attracted strong attentions as short-distance networking solution. Convenience of wireless PAN technology has attracted more attentions over traditional wired home network devices such as Ethernet, PLC and HomePNA since it requires no cabling work. In the future, home server will be combined with robot to provide functionalities identical to current home service robot as well as to implement more effective and spontaneous server. In this paper, embedded board has proposed as a home server for an efficient control of internal information and conditions of house from remote location and virtual home robot server to be implemented with Zigbee sensor network

The wireless personal area network (WPAN) is an emerging wireless technology for future short range indoor and outdoor communication applications. The IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) is proposed to coordinate the access to the wireless medium among the competing devices, especially for short range and high data rate applications in home networks. In this paper we use analytical modeling to study the performance analysis of WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) MAC in terms of throughput, efficient bandwidth utilization, and delay with various ACK policies under error channel condition. This allows us to introduce a K-Dly-ACK-AGG policy, payload size adjustment mechanism, and Improved Backoff algorithm to improve the performance of the WPAN MAC. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the impact of our improvements on network capacity. Moreover, these results can be very useful to WPAN application designers and protocol architects to easily and correctly implement WPAN for home networking.

As the wireless personal area network (WPAN) gets utilized by more individuals, the interference that collocated WPANs cause to each other, termed self-interference, will be one of the major sources that degrade WPAN's communication performance. The conventional adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) strategies avoid frequency-static interference by reducing the hopset, but this deteriorates the performance if there is also self-interference. In this paper, we propose dynamic AFH (DAFH) mechanisms that are concurrently employed by collocated WPANs in order to avoid the self-interference. With DAFH, WPAN adaptively self-allocates a subset of frequency channels to be hopped, such as to minimize the experienced interference. The packet error rate is the only input to the proposed mechanisms, which enables DAFH to also avoid interference from frequency-static interferer. The optimization of the throughput should not be the sole target of the DAFH because WPAN operates in unlicensed spectrum and arbitrary adaptation of the FH pattern may be harmful to proximate non-WPAN devices. Therefore, we define and adopt an etiquette rule to characterize the behavior of the collocated WPANs with DAFH as a single collective entity that produces interference. The operation of DAFH is robust and adaptive to the dynamic changes in the environment and to the noise errors in the channel. Simulation results show that DAFH significantly increases the throughput of the WPANs in presence of both self-interference and frequency-static interference, while the WPANs employ best effort to minimize changes in the overall interference pattern