Evaluating The Performance of Nodes Mobility For Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network

ZigBee is popular for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devices because of its low power consumption, built-in security method and ratified specifications. With these features, it is also suitable to be used with medical sensor devices. Medical sensors in a human body self organize a ZigBee Personal Area Network (PAN). These PANs are interconnected and form a HealthNet. For the interconnection, a ZigBee PAN detects existence of another PAN with beacon detection or active channel scan. Different ZigBee interconnection schemes are used after detection. PAN bridge method uses special bridge node that works for different PANs with time division method. PAN merge method temporarily changes PAN coordinator's role as bridge node and merges two PANs. Peer-to-peer network temporarily share all resources when two PANs are met, but all PANs have to use the same channel and operate as an ad-hoc network. In this paper, we perform extensive evaluations using NS-2 simulations to compare PAN interconnection methods. Results show that the PAN bridge is the most useful method because it is not affected by router/node ratio and is applicable to different channel usages.

In mission critical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) accurate timestamping of the occurrence of events measured by the sensor nodes is often required together with a high degree of reliability. While precise timestamping requires synchronization of the sensor nodes, reliability is obtained by adding redundancy in all potential single point of failure nodes. In this paper, we focus on a ZigBee-based WSN using two personal area network (PAN) coordinators with different PAN identifiers (IDs) and, for this configuration, we propose a solution where if the primary PAN coordinator goes down, connections are transferred to the other by changing the PAN ID of the nodes. Our proposed solution provides significant gains in terms of recovery speed and timing synchronization accuracy in comparison to a solution that is proposed in the literature.

Heterogeneous network convergence and handover have become very hot in recent years. This paper proposed an efficient handover scheme in Multi-PAN Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A number of edge nodes are set at the edge of each Personal Area Networks (PANs). A user equipment (UE), which has WSN and cellular network interface, acts as sensor node or mobile cluster head in WSN area. Thus, edge early warning can be acquired from edge nodes and neighbor channel information can be acquired with BS-assistance. Simulation results show that low transmission interrupted delay and low energy consumption can be achieved compared with conventional scheme in WSN.

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), a binding is an association between a sensor and an actuator. The binding mechanism defined in the ZigBee specification is restricted within a personal area network (PAN). For a complex WSN application, it is desired to have an inter-PAN binding mechanism to combine sensors and actuators from different PANs, respectively. In this paper, we have proposed a gateway-based inter-PAN binding mechanism for global event detection and action invocation. By collecting device capabilities from each intra-PAN gateway, an inter-PAN gateway is used to create a binding specification. Once all events defined in the binding specification are received from related intra-PAN gateways, the inter-PAN gateway would initiate corresponding actions on all associated intra-PAN gateways. To demonstrate the practicality, an inter-PAN binding system for ZigBee sensors and actuators has been implemented based on the universal plug and play (UPnP) and representational state transfer (REST) Web services for intra-PAN gateway discovery and device capability collection. Also, a Web-based wizard has been provided to create binding specification. It is believed that the technique presented in this paper would enable the interaction between ZigBee PANs to perform wide-ranging WSN applications.

Data collection is a fundamental and important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Recent research has shown that using mobile nodes to collect and carry data in WSNs has many advantages over static multi-hop routing. In this paper, we focus on the problem of data collection in WSNs with the minimum mobile nodes. A mobile node can pick up the data cached in a sensor node via one-hop wireless communications when it passes by a point that R meters away from this stationary sensor node. Since the storage capability of sensor node is limited, each mobile node must visit the sensor nodes, that assigned to it, every t seconds to avoid the overflow of sensor data. In order to reduce the cost of mobile nodes, we try to minimize the number of mobile nodes. We formally prove that the problem of minimizing the number of mobile nodes required by periodical data collection in WSNs is NP hard. We propose a path planning algorithm to minimize the number of mobile nodes. Our simulation results show that our approach can notably reduce the number of required mobile nodes as much as 55.6%.

The present paper studies the performance of a high-speed third-generation (3.5G) networking technology (Enhanced Uplink), in collaboration with well known personal area networks (i.e. Zigbee and Bluetooth) and wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, for delivering pervasive healthcare applications. The association of personal and local area networks along with the 3.5G network is a critical factor for successful development of pervasive e-health services perceived by end-users. In this paper, we propose a methodology for performance assessment based on the joint uplink transmission of voice, real-time video and biomedical data, such us electrocardiogram, vital signals and heart sounds. Various scenarios were concerned for point of care applications in real-time and near-real-time modes and in random locations, where no other system but 3.5G is available. The accomplishment of quality of service (QoS) was explored through the delay and the jitter of the networks' parameters, attributing the joint network system for best performance in the context of the desired e-health services.

In this paper, the results of an on-body, line-of-sight (LOS), multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) channel sounding investigation are reported. Transmission takes place between on-body antennas and a uniform linear array, positioned at close range and within line-of- sight of each other. Due to the on-body location of the antennas, the influence of actual radio channel can no longer be separated from the effects of user behaviour and body proximity. This paper therefore argues that the composite channel must be considered. Post-processing of the recorded channels shows that their capacities outperform those from equivalent Rayleigh channels. Taking into account the clear LOS in the experiment, this appears counter-intuitive to the well-known fact that uncorrelated scattering results in high capacity. An analysis of the results highlights some less familiar facts and leads to an overview of capacity generating mechanisms in MIMO systems. The paper adds an analysis of the sensitivity of the capacity to the properties of the channel matrix, which is used for a discussion of the practical use of MIMO in personal and body area networks.

A scheme for WSNs (wireless sensor networks) security is given by dividing sensing tetrahedron into clusters and using the symmetric polynomials in this paper.The sensing tetrahedron is divided into a number of small grids.All those sensor nodes, both ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes are distributed in the sensing tetrahedron.In a grid, all ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.All the heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.At last, all sensor nodes establish their keys directly or indirectly in the whole sensing tetrahedron.Analysis and comparison demonstrate this scheme enhances the WSN security, has good network connectivity, saves node storage, reduces network computing load, and extends the network lifetime.

Data collection is a fundamental and important issue in wireless sensor networks. Recent research has shown that using mobile nodes to collect and carry data in WSNs has many advantages over static multi-hop routing. In this paper, we focus on the problem of reducing the number of mobile nodes require by data collection in WSNs. Each mobile node visits the sensor nodes, that assigned to it, every t seconds to pick up the cached data. The data gathered by mobile nodes far away from the base station are transferred to the base station through mobile nodes closer to the base station. We formally prove that the problem of data collection in WSNs with the minimum mobile nodes is NP hard. In order to reduce the number of mobile nodes, We propose two algorithms. One tries to reduce the number of mobile nodes and optimize their travel paths, and the other one carefully schedules the movement of all mobile nodes to make sure that they can cooperate with each other to transfer all gathered data to the base station. Our simulation results show that our approach can notably reduce the number of required mobile nodes as much as 46%.

This paper introduces a new IEEE standard, IEEE 802.15.5,which provides mesh capability for wireless personal area network (WPAN) devices. The standard provides an architectural framework enabling WPAN devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable wireless mesh topologies. It is composed of two parts: low-rate WPAN mesh and high-rate WPAN mesh. In this paper, we present only low-rate WPAN mesh because it is designed to support wireless sensor networks. IEEE 802.15.5 low-rate part is a light-weight scalable mesh routing protocol that caters well to the requirements of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. By binding logical addresses to the network topology, IEEE 802.15.5 obviates the need for route discovery. This eliminates the initial route discovery latency, saves storage space and reduces the communication overhead and energy consumption. A distributed link state scheme is further built atop the block addressing scheme to improve the quality of routes, robustness, and load balancing. The routing scheme scales well with regard to various performance metrics. The standard also provides enhanced functions such as multicast, reliable broadcast, power saving, time synchronization, route tracing and portability. We also present the performance evaluation of major functions performed with a 50-nodes tested deployed over a whole floor (100 × 140 ft2) at CUNY Engineering building. The results testify that the IEEE 802.15.5 will serve well for wireless personal area networks and wireless sensor networks.

Personal area networks such as home or small office LANs are usually more vulnerable to cyber-attacks than those with dedicated support staff and the ability to invest consistently in security defenses. In this paper I propose leveraging physical characteristics of these personal area networks in order to enable non-technical individuals to secure their networks or at least be aware that their devices have been compromised. This proposal leverages records of location for mobile devices, proximity authentication, and individual homophily. In this work, I summarize previous studies on securing personal networks, proximity authentication, and software attestation. I then present a preliminary design for the detection of and recovery from infection for personal area networks. Limitations and future work are also discussed.

An efficient reconstruction approach for improving Bluetree scatternet formation in personal area networks

Background & Objective: The Internet of things (IoT) refers to the connection of smart electronics devices to the Internet which enables these devices to collect and exchange data. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are effectively connected in an ad-hoc manner which consists of collaborative sensing devices that have limited resources capabilities. The sensor nodes can work together to organize real-time monitoring, sensing, and collecting information about the various environments within the event area. Method: Connecting WSNs to the internet will allow new generations of WSN applications to appear. One of the main standards of Internet of Things (IoT) over WSN is IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) which has been designed to enable low-power wireless personal area network devices to integrate with IPv6 networks. This paper presents a 6LoWPAN test bed which has been conducted using MICAZ and TELOSB platforms. It implements TCP/IPv6 layers using Berkeley IP (BLIP) in TELOSB and MICAZ platforms. Conclusion: The finding in this paper opens up new Internet applications over WSNs. Keywords: Internet of Things, 6LoWPAN, WSNs, BLIP, electronic devices, sensor nodes.

This paper proposes a low power Vehicular-to-Machine (V2M) communication system consisting of crowd servers, moving vehicles and low-power fixed roadside devices. In order to save energy of roadside devices, it employs an enhanced ZigBee protocol with fast network association and switching capability. The vehicles can collect information from various types of roadside devices and process them for their own, as well as uploading some of them to corresponding servers for public use. In the system, a roadside device, playing role of the ZigBee end device, detects a vehicular station (VS) by hearing its beacon signal that requests necessary types of information. The device then associates the personal area network (PAN) that is formed by the VS and repeats the association and disconnection for different PANs so that it can send information to all requesting VSs. With current ZigBee protocol, however, it is difficult for the devices to handover between PANs passing by at high speed. In order to enable smooth and fast network association, we propose a fast PAN association / handover algorithm that refers to PAN subscription history and receiving power of beacon. It is confirmed via computer simulations that the proposed method enables faster network association and remarkably improves information delivery rate compared with the original ZigBee protocol.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the most rapidly growing research domain.This is because of the development of sensor nodes with extremely low cost and the applications of such sensor nodes are ever growing.WSNs are group of sensor nodes with a set of processors and limited memory unit.Reliable routing of packets from sensor nodes to its base station is the most important task for these networks.Also mobility of the nodes is considered to be one major criterion for WSNs.In this paper, a dynamic routing algorithm called the Mobility Assisted Dynamic Routing (MADR) algorithm has been proposed for the mobile wireless sensor networking system, where both the base station and the sensor nodes are in moving condition.The cluster head selection is based on three parameters: the energy efficiency of the sensor nodes, the mobility of the sensor nodes and the accessibility to the neighboring sensor nodes.The concept of cluster head panel is applied additionally to minimize the re-clustering time.The proposed algorithm is compared with an existing algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH).The simulation results show an excellent prolongation in overall network lifetime.