Temporary Interconnection of ZigBee Personal Area Network (PAN)

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which include a different devices of the network like sensor nodes, calculating, power consumed, and communication units to monitor specific phenomenon such as environmental information. Emerging operation for the wireless sensor networks applications are consist of resources and warehouse management, building automation, civil infrastructure monitoring, healthcare, and security. Modeling and simulation are a good tools test and examine the working and to specify the effective techniques that proposed for WSNs. Analytical modeling delivers quick vision for the techniques developed for WSNs but it is unsuccessful to give real calculations because (WSN) are very limited energy and have a variable number of sensor nodes as the network requirements. This paper aimed to study the behavior of a mobile device using zigbee protocol entire a limited of different personal area network (PAN), each one have different devices and distances. The configuration of this paper contains three PANs, (1, 2, and 3). This network includes a mobile node, originally located at PAN 1. The three PANs have a transmitted power organized to be (2 mW), to ensure that the covering areas do not interference with another one. The results shows that mobile node connected to (PAN 1) through the first (3.6 minutes) of the simulation period. After that the node disconnected from the PAN 1, then quickly links to PAN 2. After (10.6 minutes), the node leave PAN 2 and promptly connects to (PAN 3). The graphs that get from this research proves that the dropped data at its minimum value for the most simulation time, except some spikes around (4, 11 and 14) minutes. This scenario are modeled and simulated using (OPNET) software.

In mission critical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) accurate timestamping of the occurrence of events measured by the sensor nodes is often required together with a high degree of reliability. While precise timestamping requires synchronization of the sensor nodes, reliability is obtained by adding redundancy in all potential single point of failure nodes. In this paper, we focus on a ZigBee-based WSN using two personal area network (PAN) coordinators with different PAN identifiers (IDs) and, for this configuration, we propose a solution where if the primary PAN coordinator goes down, connections are transferred to the other by changing the PAN ID of the nodes. Our proposed solution provides significant gains in terms of recovery speed and timing synchronization accuracy in comparison to a solution that is proposed in the literature.

The year 2005 witnesses the third occasion that the Wireless Personal Area and Ad-hoc Networks minitrack is part of the annual HICSS conference. This year there was a substantial increase in submissions (thus a substantial decrease in the acceptance rate), indicating the growing importance of research in this area. The minitrack is also focused on fundamental challenges and issues arising in wireless sensor networks and their applications. Wireless sensor networks differ from other wireless networks in the need for unattended and very low-energy operation, in the possibility of collaboration and distributed sensor calibration, and in the mission oriented nature of most sensor networks. Thus our mini track looks at two very important streams of research. After a strict review process nine papers were selected to be included in the program of the minitrack. The first paper is titled “BT-Crowds: Crowds-style Anonymity with Bluetooth and Java,” presenting an interesting idea on how anonymity can be achieved when sending messages in WPAN environments. Our second paper revisits scatternet formation issues of Bluetooth based ad hoc networks thus the title: “A Dynamic and Distributed Scatternet Formation Protocol for Real-life Bluetooth Scatternets.” The third paper is titled “Secure Dynamic Source Routing” and presents a new variant of the DSR routing protocol with special emphasis on security. In the fourth paper, the discussion concerns “Routing Based Feedback towards Applications in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” where routing notifications are relayed via event channels. “A Location Service Mechanism for Position-Based Multicasting in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks” is the title of the fifth paper in the minitrack. It presents some innovative ideas on how location information can be managed for multicast communications in ad-hoc networks. In the sixth paper, “Sliding Window Protocol for Secure Group Communication in Ad Hoc Networks,” the authors propose a sliding window protocol for determining multiple routes in a multi-communications environment. In the seventh paper titled “Ad Hoc Routing Protocol Avoiding Route Breaks Based on AODV,” the authors propose improvements to the well-known AODV ad hoc routing protocol The eight paper, “Joint Scheduling and Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Wireless,” presents an innovative and interesting idea wrapped around an iterative algorithm on power control. In the final paper of the minitrack, “Performance Issues of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols in a Network Scenario used for VideoPhone Applications,” the authors present a simulation based performance analysis of different ad hoc routing protocols using the application pointed to in the title. These papers highlight some of the issues and work towards solutions in Personal Area and ad hoc networks which are among the most active research fields in wireless networking. We believe that the papers will provide opportunities for researchers to come together and discuss and debate the results of the interesting experiments that are described in the papers. We are confident that the minitrack will achieve its goal of bringing together leading researchers, to present new results and discuss synergies between the two areas. We also take this opportunity to thank all the reviewers for their valuable and professional work as well as all the authors who submitted papers and thus helped us to create such a strong minitrack. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to the conference organizers for their hard work and help.

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), a binding is an association between a sensor and an actuator. The binding mechanism defined in the ZigBee specification is restricted within a personal area network (PAN). For a complex WSN application, it is desired to have an inter-PAN binding mechanism to combine sensors and actuators from different PANs, respectively. In this paper, we have proposed a gateway-based inter-PAN binding mechanism for global event detection and action invocation. By collecting device capabilities from each intra-PAN gateway, an inter-PAN gateway is used to create a binding specification. Once all events defined in the binding specification are received from related intra-PAN gateways, the inter-PAN gateway would initiate corresponding actions on all associated intra-PAN gateways. To demonstrate the practicality, an inter-PAN binding system for ZigBee sensors and actuators has been implemented based on the universal plug and play (UPnP) and representational state transfer (REST) Web services for intra-PAN gateway discovery and device capability collection. Also, a Web-based wizard has been provided to create binding specification. It is believed that the technique presented in this paper would enable the interaction between ZigBee PANs to perform wide-ranging WSN applications.

The proliferation of mobile computing devices including laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wearable computers has created a demand for wireless personal area networks (PANs). PANs allow proximal devices to share information and resources. The mobile nature of these devices places unique requirements on PANs, such as low power consumption, frequent make-and-break connections, resource discovery and utilization, and international regulations. This paper examines wireless technologies appropriate for PANs and reviews promising research in resource discovery and service utilization.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.

Continuous improvement in hardware design and advances in wireless communication have enabled the deployment of various wireless sensor applications. Though, sensor nodes are highly resource constrained in terms of limited processing speed, runtime memory, persistent storage, communication bandwidth and finite energy. Flash memory has become a more widespread storage medium for modern wireless devices because of its effective features like nonvolatility, small size, light weight, fast access speed, shock resistance, high reliability and low power consumption. Even though flash memory offers many advantages, its special hardware read, write and erase characteristics impose design challenges on storage systems. This survey analysis the flash based storage management techniques proposed for resource constraint sensor devices, in terms of data life, device life, energy, and storage efficiency. Comprehensive simulation results show gradually improved performance in area of wireless sensor networks.

Heterogeneous network convergence and handover have become very hot in recent years. This paper proposed an efficient handover scheme in Multi-PAN Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A number of edge nodes are set at the edge of each Personal Area Networks (PANs). A user equipment (UE), which has WSN and cellular network interface, acts as sensor node or mobile cluster head in WSN area. Thus, edge early warning can be acquired from edge nodes and neighbor channel information can be acquired with BS-assistance. Simulation results show that low transmission interrupted delay and low energy consumption can be achieved compared with conventional scheme in WSN.

This paper introduces a new IEEE standard, IEEE 802.15.5,which provides mesh capability for wireless personal area network (WPAN) devices. The standard provides an architectural framework enabling WPAN devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable wireless mesh topologies. It is composed of two parts: low-rate WPAN mesh and high-rate WPAN mesh. In this paper, we present only low-rate WPAN mesh because it is designed to support wireless sensor networks. IEEE 802.15.5 low-rate part is a light-weight scalable mesh routing protocol that caters well to the requirements of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. By binding logical addresses to the network topology, IEEE 802.15.5 obviates the need for route discovery. This eliminates the initial route discovery latency, saves storage space and reduces the communication overhead and energy consumption. A distributed link state scheme is further built atop the block addressing scheme to improve the quality of routes, robustness, and load balancing. The routing scheme scales well with regard to various performance metrics. The standard also provides enhanced functions such as multicast, reliable broadcast, power saving, time synchronization, route tracing and portability. We also present the performance evaluation of major functions performed with a 50-nodes tested deployed over a whole floor (100 × 140 ft2) at CUNY Engineering building. The results testify that the IEEE 802.15.5 will serve well for wireless personal area networks and wireless sensor networks.

Over the past few years, the devices in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are growing exponentially due to the emergence of many sophisticated applications. This tremendous growth leads to serious security challenges, and the devices of WSN should be protected from various attacks. WSN can be configured dynamically without fixed infrastructure and the devices can be talked with one another in an ad-hoc manner. Due to the dynamic nature of WSN, routing is considered as the challenging task that should be performed efficiently with robust routing mechanism. Even though many routing schemes have been emerged for WSN, they are not well scalable in very large-scale environment. This work introduces multi path routing strategy, and the routing will be selected based on trusted nodes. First, the trusted nodes are identified using trusted metrics of each node in the network. These metrics are calculated based on the threshold value of nodes. Then, secure routing is established by isolating node capturing attacks from the path. The performance of the work is analyzed in terms of packet loss, computational time and throughput. The paper compares the performance with the state-of-the-art routing schemes such as EMBTR (Enhanced Multi Attribute Based Attack Resistance), TSRM (Trust based secure routing model), and TARF (Trust-aware routing framework for WSNs). The outcome of the simulation shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the other state-of-the-work in terms of computational cost, throughput, and delay.

This invention system involves hardware, firmware and software to develop an intelligent control system of automatic window motor with diverse wireless sensor network (WSN) devices for health and environmental monitoring. The parts of this invention are improved by implementing the WSN mote into environmental sensors that may detect temperature, humility, toxic gas, smog or aerosol, etc. With embedded system design, these sensors are capable of delivering WSN signal packets based on ZigBee protocol that follows the IEEE 802.14.4 standards. The primary hardware of the system is the window motor with circuit design by integrating micro control unit (MCU), radio frequency (RF) and WSN antenna to receive command. The firmware developed under embedded system can bridge hardware and software to control the window at the specified position. At the back end, the control system software can manage diverse sensor data and provide the interface for remote monitoring.

SummaryWith the rapid increase in energy utilization and the tremendously growing number of connected devices in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), alternate power transfer methods have not only become significant for scholastic purposes but also the growth of WSNs and the reduction of operational costs. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is an emerging technology that has the potential to boost the lifespan of WSNs. This work presents an innovative approach to improving the energy efficiency of WSNs. Here, a WSN is considered, and energy‐aware communication is established in six phases, such as setup, steady state, energy prediction, SWIPT‐based power transfer, communication/route discovery, and route maintenance. Further, a hybrid approach named tangent sine search optimization (TSSO) is created to identify the ideal node as cluster head (CH). Later, the age of the neighboring nodes is forecasted utilizing the deep long short‐term memory (DLSTM), whose trainable parameters are selected using the proposed TSSO algorithm. A SWIPT‐based power transfer is also performed for harvesting the energy to avoid node failures. The proposed TSSO‐DLSTM+SWIPT is investigated given various metrics, like delay, residual energy, throughput, and trust, and the values attained are 0.784 s, 0.790 J, 0.970 Mbps, and 0.997, respectively without any attacks. The proposed TSSO‐DLSTM+SWIPT obtained performance improvement of 11.08%, 10.07%, 7.99%, and 5.83% than the Iterative algorithm in terms of delay, residual energy, throughput, and trust.

Amalgamation of low power IoT devices in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has enhanced the usage of WSNs as it lessens the requirements of total power consumption. Most such IoT devices comparatively employ short-range radio access technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to transfer sensor data. When a WSN is situated in a remote region such that neither regular human monitoring is plausible nor Internet coverage is readily available, it requires an alternative method to gather data from sensor nodes. Hence, in this research, an attempt was made to improve the data collection process and monitor the parametric performance of a low power IoT WSN aided by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The impact of physical parameters related to different sensor node arrangements was investigated to effectively utilize the total flying time of the drone. Subsequently, adjustments were proposed for improvements by referring to previous literature. The Hamiltonian path defined in Graph Theory was applied to reduce the traverse distance of the drone further by tracing the sensor nodes within the grid area systematically. A prototype was implemented using commercially available devices to demonstrate the feasibility and the functionality of the proposed solution. Our results show that the proposed system increases the data collection performance by 23% compared to referenced architecture.

This paper focuses on applications and electrical valorisation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), a promising energy harvesting technique, suitable as clean power source to supply low power devices in wireless sensor networks (WSN) for environmental and agricultural monitoring. An MFC is a bioreactor that converts energy stored in chemical bonds of organic matter into electrical energy, through a series of reactions catalysed by microorganisms. An MFC can operate as bioreactor, as bioremediator and as biosensor. In the past decade, the evolution of low power electronics has made MFCs technology more attractive, because it has become suitable for low-power devices forming complete systems, such as the nodes of a WSN. Moreover, MFCs gained more interest because they can generate electric power while treating wastes. Unlike other fuel cells, MFCs can continuously generate clean energy at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure without any supplementary maintenance. Additionally, MFC may be used directly as a biosensor to analyse parameters like pH and temperature or arranged in the form of a cluster of devices to be use as a small power plant. A series of test was performed for the electrical valorisation of reactors as well as biosensor issues.

The maturing of reliable wireless communication technologies for local and personal area networks, the broad availability of miniaturized sensor and actuator hardware technologies, and the tremendous growth of global networks like the Internet over the past years have accelerated the emergence of “networked embedded systems”. So called “smart appliances”, i.e. ad-hoc networked, mobile, autonomous, special purpose computing appliances have appeared, usually interacting with their environment implicitly via a variety of sensors on the input side, and actuators on the output side. With the embedding of invisible technology into everyday things and architectural spaces, things and spaces also become the interface to “hidden” or “invisible” computational services. Embedded interactive systems allow to mediate between the physical and digital (or virtual) world via natural interaction — away from the desktop displays and keyboards. The embedding of sophisticated sensor, actuator and wireless communication technologies, together with novel interface concepts for situated interaction (tangible interfaces, attentive interfaces) give rise for bringing the interaction with computers “back to the real world”.