Wireless networked digital devices: A new paradigm for computing and communication

ZigBee is popular for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devices because of its low power consumption, built-in security method and ratified specifications. With these features, it is also suitable to be used with medical sensor devices. Medical sensors in a human body self organize a ZigBee Personal Area Network (PAN). These PANs are interconnected and form a HealthNet. For the interconnection, a ZigBee PAN detects existence of another PAN with beacon detection or active channel scan. Different ZigBee interconnection schemes are used after detection. PAN bridge method uses special bridge node that works for different PANs with time division method. PAN merge method temporarily changes PAN coordinator's role as bridge node and merges two PANs. Peer-to-peer network temporarily share all resources when two PANs are met, but all PANs have to use the same channel and operate as an ad-hoc network. In this paper, we perform extensive evaluations using NS-2 simulations to compare PAN interconnection methods. Results show that the PAN bridge is the most useful method because it is not affected by router/node ratio and is applicable to different channel usages.

The availability and adoption of a wide range of mobile computing devices (e.g., laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable computers) of varying sizes and processing capabilities, along with the emergence of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) such as IEEE 802.11 and Personal Area Networks (PANs) such as Bluetooth and HomeRF, are catalysts enabling the ubiquitous access of information anywhere, anytime. These networks are frequently being used as extensions to the Internet and end-users are exploiting them to access wireless Internet services from different types of handheld devices. In this paper, we focus on the Bluetooth PAN technology and we explore the different approaches available to Bluetooth devices that provide these devices seamless IP connectivity to the Internet. In addition, we also investigate and report experimental results on voice delivery to IPv6-enabled Bluetooth handheld devices such as pocket PCs connected to the Internet.

This paper introduces a new IEEE standard, IEEE 802.15.5,which provides mesh capability for wireless personal area network (WPAN) devices. The standard provides an architectural framework enabling WPAN devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable wireless mesh topologies. It is composed of two parts: low-rate WPAN mesh and high-rate WPAN mesh. In this paper, we present only low-rate WPAN mesh because it is designed to support wireless sensor networks. IEEE 802.15.5 low-rate part is a light-weight scalable mesh routing protocol that caters well to the requirements of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. By binding logical addresses to the network topology, IEEE 802.15.5 obviates the need for route discovery. This eliminates the initial route discovery latency, saves storage space and reduces the communication overhead and energy consumption. A distributed link state scheme is further built atop the block addressing scheme to improve the quality of routes, robustness, and load balancing. The routing scheme scales well with regard to various performance metrics. The standard also provides enhanced functions such as multicast, reliable broadcast, power saving, time synchronization, route tracing and portability. We also present the performance evaluation of major functions performed with a 50-nodes tested deployed over a whole floor (100 × 140 ft2) at CUNY Engineering building. The results testify that the IEEE 802.15.5 will serve well for wireless personal area networks and wireless sensor networks.

The present paper studies the performance of a high-speed third-generation (3.5G) networking technology (Enhanced Uplink), in collaboration with well known personal area networks (i.e. Zigbee and Bluetooth) and wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, for delivering pervasive healthcare applications. The association of personal and local area networks along with the 3.5G network is a critical factor for successful development of pervasive e-health services perceived by end-users. In this paper, we propose a methodology for performance assessment based on the joint uplink transmission of voice, real-time video and biomedical data, such us electrocardiogram, vital signals and heart sounds. Various scenarios were concerned for point of care applications in real-time and near-real-time modes and in random locations, where no other system but 3.5G is available. The accomplishment of quality of service (QoS) was explored through the delay and the jitter of the networks' parameters, attributing the joint network system for best performance in the context of the desired e-health services.

In this paper we propose a new efficient authentication protocol that reduces a burden of computation for digital signature generation/verification on mobile devices in the personal area network. In particular, we focus on eliminating the traditional public key operations on mobile devices without any assistance of a signature server. Moreover, the proposed protocol provides a simplified procedure for certificate status management to alleviate communication and computational costs on mobile devices in the personal area network.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which include a different devices of the network like sensor nodes, calculating, power consumed, and communication units to monitor specific phenomenon such as environmental information. Emerging operation for the wireless sensor networks applications are consist of resources and warehouse management, building automation, civil infrastructure monitoring, healthcare, and security. Modeling and simulation are a good tools test and examine the working and to specify the effective techniques that proposed for WSNs. Analytical modeling delivers quick vision for the techniques developed for WSNs but it is unsuccessful to give real calculations because (WSN) are very limited energy and have a variable number of sensor nodes as the network requirements. This paper aimed to study the behavior of a mobile device using zigbee protocol entire a limited of different personal area network (PAN), each one have different devices and distances. The configuration of this paper contains three PANs, (1, 2, and 3). This network includes a mobile node, originally located at PAN 1. The three PANs have a transmitted power organized to be (2 mW), to ensure that the covering areas do not interference with another one. The results shows that mobile node connected to (PAN 1) through the first (3.6 minutes) of the simulation period. After that the node disconnected from the PAN 1, then quickly links to PAN 2. After (10.6 minutes), the node leave PAN 2 and promptly connects to (PAN 3). The graphs that get from this research proves that the dropped data at its minimum value for the most simulation time, except some spikes around (4, 11 and 14) minutes. This scenario are modeled and simulated using (OPNET) software.

In recent years, Wireless device networks have achieved associate degree attention on a world level. This comprises small sensors with restricted power and restricted resources. The applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields such as medical research and civilian applications is proliferating enormously. Every routing protocol designed for WSNs should be energy-efficient, reliable and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the resources and energy constraints in WSNs, routing can be considered as a matter of contention in networks. This research proposes a beacon-enabled least-time and energy-efficient routing protocol with single-level data-aggregation using an IEEE 802.15.4. Considering the low complexness and low power consumption it is appropriate for low-rate wireless personal area networks as WSNs. On comparison of the proposed protocol with the popular ad hoc and other WSN routing protocols, the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the routing protocols in the literature in terms of latency, throughput, and average energy consumption.

In this paper, the results of an on-body, line-of-sight (LOS), multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) channel sounding investigation are reported. Transmission takes place between on-body antennas and a uniform linear array, positioned at close range and within line-of- sight of each other. Due to the on-body location of the antennas, the influence of actual radio channel can no longer be separated from the effects of user behaviour and body proximity. This paper therefore argues that the composite channel must be considered. Post-processing of the recorded channels shows that their capacities outperform those from equivalent Rayleigh channels. Taking into account the clear LOS in the experiment, this appears counter-intuitive to the well-known fact that uncorrelated scattering results in high capacity. An analysis of the results highlights some less familiar facts and leads to an overview of capacity generating mechanisms in MIMO systems. The paper adds an analysis of the sensitivity of the capacity to the properties of the channel matrix, which is used for a discussion of the practical use of MIMO in personal and body area networks.

Personal area networks such as home or small office LANs are usually more vulnerable to cyber-attacks than those with dedicated support staff and the ability to invest consistently in security defenses. In this paper I propose leveraging physical characteristics of these personal area networks in order to enable non-technical individuals to secure their networks or at least be aware that their devices have been compromised. This proposal leverages records of location for mobile devices, proximity authentication, and individual homophily. In this work, I summarize previous studies on securing personal networks, proximity authentication, and software attestation. I then present a preliminary design for the detection of and recovery from infection for personal area networks. Limitations and future work are also discussed.

Over the last few years, we have witnessed the emergence of many wireless systems and devices such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants, pagers, and other portable devices. However, they are often used separately, and their applications do not interact. One of the goals of personal area networks (PANs) (Bluetooth SIG, 2002a; Gavrilovska & Prasad, 2001) is to enable such a diverse set of devices to exchange information in a seamless, friendly, and efficient way. The emergence of Bluetooth (Bluetooth SIG, 2001b; Roberts, 2003) wireless technology promises such seamless networking. Bluetooth is an open industry standard that can provide short-range radio communications among small form factor mobile devices. Bluetooth is based on a high-performance, low-cost integrated radio transceiver and has been designed to provide a cable replacement technology with emphasis on robustness and low cost. Bluetooth supports two types of links: the synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link and the asynchronous connectionless link (ACL). Figure 1 illustrates the Bluetooth protocol stack. The link manager protocol (LMP) performs link setup and configuration functions. The logical link and control adaptation (L2CAP) layer supports protocol multiplexing and connection-oriented/connectionless data services. The host controller interface (HCI) layer provides an interface to access the hardware capabilities of Bluetooth. In this article, we focus on the design and implementation of an architecture that (a) provides interoperability and connectivity of Bluetooth networks with other networks using Internet protocol (IP) technology and (b) enables Bluetooth mobile devices to wirelessly stream high-quality audio (greater bandwidth than toll quality voice) content from other Internet devices. We also investigate the efficiency of different design approaches that can be used by Bluetooth-enabled devices for high-quality audio streaming.

Summary form only given. Convergence of communication and computing technologies is rapidly changing the requirement of wireless devices. While wireless wide area network (WWAN) based on cellular radios was evolving, a new set of wireless LAN networks which are fundamentally different from cellular networks emerged. Devices for applications in the wireless LAN networks (WLAN), wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless metro area networks (WMAN) are being deployed in increasing numbers. Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB) technologies have been introduced for high-bandwidth wireless connectivity in personal area networks. Location identification technologies like GPS are getting integrated with wireless products as well. There is no doubt that tomorrowpsilas network environment will be extremely heterogeneous.

Living as we do in the Information Age, an immense amount of information is readily available through high-powered workstations, laptop computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and other smart devices, connected through high-bandwidth data communication networks, including the Internet, Wide Area Networks (WANs), Local Area Networks (LANs), and upcoming Personal Area Networks (PANs). Evolving technologies are directly changing the speed and shape of competition and how business is done, rewriting the rules of the game in industry after industry. The rate of change in today’s business environment has pushed the need for technologies and acceptance of them to a continuously accelerating pace. The new technologies are enabling organizations to be flatter, networked, and more flexible, redefining our notions about everything from R&D to distribution, and in the processes making possible smarter, more customized products and services. As a result of these forces, organizations spend enormous sums of money on computer hardware, software, communication networks, databases, and specialized personnel, collectively known as Information Technology (IT). Leading-edge companies all over the world in all industries have increased their overall IT expenditures by double-figure percentages annually. Many organizations currently observe that up to 50 percent of their total capital expenditure is for IT.

Problem statement: Healthcare is recognized various leading edge technologies and new scientific discoveries to enable better cures for diseases and better means to enable early detection of most life threatening diseases. The modern health care focused for optimally reducing the healthcare costs. Approach: The modern healthcare system enables medical professionals to remotely perform real-time monitoring, early diagnosis and treatment for potential risky disease. A mobile patient monitoring system, which integrates current Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) technology and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology are proposed in the recent year. In addition to this, the medical diagnosis and patient consultations can be delivered via wire/wireless communication networks. Results: This study reviews on the recent research in the field of wireless body area networks and modern health-care systems. Conclusion: This study analyses the design, architecture and implementation of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) based health care system.

In mission critical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) accurate timestamping of the occurrence of events measured by the sensor nodes is often required together with a high degree of reliability. While precise timestamping requires synchronization of the sensor nodes, reliability is obtained by adding redundancy in all potential single point of failure nodes. In this paper, we focus on a ZigBee-based WSN using two personal area network (PAN) coordinators with different PAN identifiers (IDs) and, for this configuration, we propose a solution where if the primary PAN coordinator goes down, connections are transferred to the other by changing the PAN ID of the nodes. Our proposed solution provides significant gains in terms of recovery speed and timing synchronization accuracy in comparison to a solution that is proposed in the literature.

This paper proposes a low power Vehicular-to-Machine (V2M) communication system consisting of crowd servers, moving vehicles and low-power fixed roadside devices. In order to save energy of roadside devices, it employs an enhanced ZigBee protocol with fast network association and switching capability. The vehicles can collect information from various types of roadside devices and process them for their own, as well as uploading some of them to corresponding servers for public use. In the system, a roadside device, playing role of the ZigBee end device, detects a vehicular station (VS) by hearing its beacon signal that requests necessary types of information. The device then associates the personal area network (PAN) that is formed by the VS and repeats the association and disconnection for different PANs so that it can send information to all requesting VSs. With current ZigBee protocol, however, it is difficult for the devices to handover between PANs passing by at high speed. In order to enable smooth and fast network association, we propose a fast PAN association / handover algorithm that refers to PAN subscription history and receiving power of beacon. It is confirmed via computer simulations that the proposed method enables faster network association and remarkably improves information delivery rate compared with the original ZigBee protocol.