A New Efficient Protocol for Authentication and Certificate Status Management in Personal Area Networks

ZigBee is popular for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devices because of its low power consumption, built-in security method and ratified specifications. With these features, it is also suitable to be used with medical sensor devices. Medical sensors in a human body self organize a ZigBee Personal Area Network (PAN). These PANs are interconnected and form a HealthNet. For the interconnection, a ZigBee PAN detects existence of another PAN with beacon detection or active channel scan. Different ZigBee interconnection schemes are used after detection. PAN bridge method uses special bridge node that works for different PANs with time division method. PAN merge method temporarily changes PAN coordinator's role as bridge node and merges two PANs. Peer-to-peer network temporarily share all resources when two PANs are met, but all PANs have to use the same channel and operate as an ad-hoc network. In this paper, we perform extensive evaluations using NS-2 simulations to compare PAN interconnection methods. Results show that the PAN bridge is the most useful method because it is not affected by router/node ratio and is applicable to different channel usages.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which include a different devices of the network like sensor nodes, calculating, power consumed, and communication units to monitor specific phenomenon such as environmental information. Emerging operation for the wireless sensor networks applications are consist of resources and warehouse management, building automation, civil infrastructure monitoring, healthcare, and security. Modeling and simulation are a good tools test and examine the working and to specify the effective techniques that proposed for WSNs. Analytical modeling delivers quick vision for the techniques developed for WSNs but it is unsuccessful to give real calculations because (WSN) are very limited energy and have a variable number of sensor nodes as the network requirements. This paper aimed to study the behavior of a mobile device using zigbee protocol entire a limited of different personal area network (PAN), each one have different devices and distances. The configuration of this paper contains three PANs, (1, 2, and 3). This network includes a mobile node, originally located at PAN 1. The three PANs have a transmitted power organized to be (2 mW), to ensure that the covering areas do not interference with another one. The results shows that mobile node connected to (PAN 1) through the first (3.6 minutes) of the simulation period. After that the node disconnected from the PAN 1, then quickly links to PAN 2. After (10.6 minutes), the node leave PAN 2 and promptly connects to (PAN 3). The graphs that get from this research proves that the dropped data at its minimum value for the most simulation time, except some spikes around (4, 11 and 14) minutes. This scenario are modeled and simulated using (OPNET) software.

Personal area networks such as home or small office LANs are usually more vulnerable to cyber-attacks than those with dedicated support staff and the ability to invest consistently in security defenses. In this paper I propose leveraging physical characteristics of these personal area networks in order to enable non-technical individuals to secure their networks or at least be aware that their devices have been compromised. This proposal leverages records of location for mobile devices, proximity authentication, and individual homophily. In this work, I summarize previous studies on securing personal networks, proximity authentication, and software attestation. I then present a preliminary design for the detection of and recovery from infection for personal area networks. Limitations and future work are also discussed.

The present paper studies the performance of a high-speed third-generation (3.5G) networking technology (Enhanced Uplink), in collaboration with well known personal area networks (i.e. Zigbee and Bluetooth) and wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, for delivering pervasive healthcare applications. The association of personal and local area networks along with the 3.5G network is a critical factor for successful development of pervasive e-health services perceived by end-users. In this paper, we propose a methodology for performance assessment based on the joint uplink transmission of voice, real-time video and biomedical data, such us electrocardiogram, vital signals and heart sounds. Various scenarios were concerned for point of care applications in real-time and near-real-time modes and in random locations, where no other system but 3.5G is available. The accomplishment of quality of service (QoS) was explored through the delay and the jitter of the networks' parameters, attributing the joint network system for best performance in the context of the desired e-health services.

In this paper, the results of an on-body, line-of-sight (LOS), multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) channel sounding investigation are reported. Transmission takes place between on-body antennas and a uniform linear array, positioned at close range and within line-of- sight of each other. Due to the on-body location of the antennas, the influence of actual radio channel can no longer be separated from the effects of user behaviour and body proximity. This paper therefore argues that the composite channel must be considered. Post-processing of the recorded channels shows that their capacities outperform those from equivalent Rayleigh channels. Taking into account the clear LOS in the experiment, this appears counter-intuitive to the well-known fact that uncorrelated scattering results in high capacity. An analysis of the results highlights some less familiar facts and leads to an overview of capacity generating mechanisms in MIMO systems. The paper adds an analysis of the sensitivity of the capacity to the properties of the channel matrix, which is used for a discussion of the practical use of MIMO in personal and body area networks.

The proliferation of mobile computing devices including laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wearable computers has created a demand for wireless personal area networks (PANs). PANs allow proximal devices to share information and resources. The mobile nature of these devices places unique requirements on PANs, such as low power consumption, frequent make-and-break connections, resource discovery and utilization, and international regulations. This paper examines wireless technologies appropriate for PANs and reviews promising research in resource discovery and service utilization.

An efficient reconstruction approach for improving Bluetree scatternet formation in personal area networks

Access to general purpose information and communication technology (ICT) is not equally distributed on our planet: developed countries represent about 70% of all Internet users, while its percentage of Internet hosts has raised from 90% in 2000 to about 99% in 2002. Things change dramatically if we look at mobile and wireless technology: developing countries already represent about 40% of mobile connections in 2000, with a foreseen growth rate that is faster in developing countries than in developed ones in the period 2000-2005 (mainly due to India and the People’s Republic of China). This trend is driven by the new perspectives offered by mobile electronic technology applications that provide an alternative to poor telecommunication infrastructures still common in many developing countries. The technological evolution in wireless data communications is introducing a rich landscape of new services relying on three main technologies: • proximity (or personal) area networks (PANs), composed of personal and wearable devices capable of automatically setting up transient communication environments (also known as ad hoc networks); • wireless local area network technologies (WLANs); and • a third generation of mobile telecommunications (3G), gradually replacing General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and the related set of technologies collectively called “2.5 Generation” (2.5G). PAN is a new technology bringing the “always connected” principle to the personal space. On the other hand, 3G systems and WLANs have coexisted for a while; what is new is their interconnection, aimed at decoupling terminals and applications from the access method. 3G mobile networks already provide video-capable bandwidth, global roaming for voice and data, and access to Internet-rich online content. Thanks to their increasing integration, PANs, WLANs, and 3G networks will extend the user’s connectivity in a complementary and hierarchical manner; in the fullness of time, they will provide all the functionalities of an Integrated Services Multimedia Network (ISMN), enabling a whole set of new business models and applications. The fusion of these technologies will eventually result in an ultimate ubiquitous wireless system that will be operated from anywhere, including homes, business locations, vehicles, and even commercial aircrafts. However, although wireless communications provide great flexibility and mobility, they often come at the expense of security. Indeed, wireless communications rely on open and public transmission media that expose new vulnerabilities in addition to the security threats found in wired networks. A number of specific open issues and even inherent dangers, some of which had been already identified and described in the early stages of wireless technology adoption, are yet to be solved (Howard, 2000). For instance, with wireless communications, important and vital information is often placed on a mobile device that is vulnerable to theft and loss. In addition, information is transmitted over the unprotected airwaves, and finally, 3G networks are getting smaller and more numerous, causing opportunities for hackers and other abusers to increase.

In order to empower an individual through personal area network applications a new development perspective is to be introduced.For a long time the developers have been bound to a specific programming language paradigm dictated by the target platform.This is no longer the limitation.In this paper we will introduce and discuss a new way to think about programming a multi device application, part of which runs on a mobile or wearable device, part of which will be accessible over the network in a web browser.The paper will describe the development and user experience of future GPU accelerated web applications delivered by an ad-hoc network notification from a personal area network application.

Over the last few years, we have witnessed the emergence of many wireless systems and devices such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants, pagers, and other portable devices. However, they are often used separately, and their applications do not interact. One of the goals of personal area networks (PANs) (Bluetooth SIG, 2002a; Gavrilovska & Prasad, 2001) is to enable such a diverse set of devices to exchange information in a seamless, friendly, and efficient way. The emergence of Bluetooth (Bluetooth SIG, 2001b; Roberts, 2003) wireless technology promises such seamless networking. Bluetooth is an open industry standard that can provide short-range radio communications among small form factor mobile devices. Bluetooth is based on a high-performance, low-cost integrated radio transceiver and has been designed to provide a cable replacement technology with emphasis on robustness and low cost. Bluetooth supports two types of links: the synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link and the asynchronous connectionless link (ACL). Figure 1 illustrates the Bluetooth protocol stack. The link manager protocol (LMP) performs link setup and configuration functions. The logical link and control adaptation (L2CAP) layer supports protocol multiplexing and connection-oriented/connectionless data services. The host controller interface (HCI) layer provides an interface to access the hardware capabilities of Bluetooth. In this article, we focus on the design and implementation of an architecture that (a) provides interoperability and connectivity of Bluetooth networks with other networks using Internet protocol (IP) technology and (b) enables Bluetooth mobile devices to wirelessly stream high-quality audio (greater bandwidth than toll quality voice) content from other Internet devices. We also investigate the efficiency of different design approaches that can be used by Bluetooth-enabled devices for high-quality audio streaming.

Personal area networks (PANs) are networks in which portable devices carried by a user are connected to each other by wireless interfaces. Mobile personal area networks (MPANs) allow a PAN to be mobile, enabling seamless Internet access even when the user is moving. A PAN router has a wireless access interface and connects the devices in the MPAN to the Internet. There might be two or more MPAN routers in an MPAN and it is necessary for the MPAN router most suitable for the location and/or situation to be in operation. For example, if the MPAN router currently operating as the default router fails, another available MPAN router should start to operate as the default, or an MPAN router might be selected from those available according to QoS. We propose methods for the switching and selection of MPAN routers. We show by experiment that they enable fast switching and selection of the MPAN router most suitable for various QoS.

In mission critical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) accurate timestamping of the occurrence of events measured by the sensor nodes is often required together with a high degree of reliability. While precise timestamping requires synchronization of the sensor nodes, reliability is obtained by adding redundancy in all potential single point of failure nodes. In this paper, we focus on a ZigBee-based WSN using two personal area network (PAN) coordinators with different PAN identifiers (IDs) and, for this configuration, we propose a solution where if the primary PAN coordinator goes down, connections are transferred to the other by changing the PAN ID of the nodes. Our proposed solution provides significant gains in terms of recovery speed and timing synchronization accuracy in comparison to a solution that is proposed in the literature.

This paper proposes a low power Vehicular-to-Machine (V2M) communication system consisting of crowd servers, moving vehicles and low-power fixed roadside devices. In order to save energy of roadside devices, it employs an enhanced ZigBee protocol with fast network association and switching capability. The vehicles can collect information from various types of roadside devices and process them for their own, as well as uploading some of them to corresponding servers for public use. In the system, a roadside device, playing role of the ZigBee end device, detects a vehicular station (VS) by hearing its beacon signal that requests necessary types of information. The device then associates the personal area network (PAN) that is formed by the VS and repeats the association and disconnection for different PANs so that it can send information to all requesting VSs. With current ZigBee protocol, however, it is difficult for the devices to handover between PANs passing by at high speed. In order to enable smooth and fast network association, we propose a fast PAN association / handover algorithm that refers to PAN subscription history and receiving power of beacon. It is confirmed via computer simulations that the proposed method enables faster network association and remarkably improves information delivery rate compared with the original ZigBee protocol.

This paper presents CD-PAN, a mechanism to automatically distribute content objects to weakly connected heterogeneous content devices in a personal area network without a global namespace. The content devices under consideration range from cell phones to personal computers, each of which is capable of downloading content objects on its own. The proposed mechanism alleviates the need to manually synchronize content that is downloaded to each of these content devices. A simulation study shows that CD-PAN outperforms other prefetching schemes in all our workload experiments. The performance improvement tended to increase with increase in popularity distribution skew, temporal locality and frequency of content creation/updates. The performance of CD-PAN increases when pair-wise communication capabilities are higher, and also adapts well to increasing power and metadata constraints.

Location‐aware computing is a form of context‐aware mobile computing that refers to the ability of providing users with services that depend on their position. Locating the user terminal, often called positioning, is essential in this form of computing. Towards this aim, several technologies exist, ranging from personal area networking, to indoor, outdoor, and up to geographic area systems. Developers of location‐aware software applications have to face with a number of design choices, that typically depend on the chosen technology. This work addresses the problem of easing the development of pull location‐aware applications, by allowing uniform access to multiple heterogeneous positioning systems. Towards this aim, the paper proposes an approach to structure location‐aware mobile computing systems in a way independent of positioning technologies. The approach consists in structuring the system into a layered architecture, that provides application developers with a standard Java Application Programming Interface (JSR‐179 API), and encapsulates location data management and technology‐specific positioning subsystems into lower layers with clear interfaces. In order to demonstrate the proposed approach we present the development of HyLocSys. It is an open hybrid software architecture designed to support indoor/outdoor applications, which allows the uniform (combined or separate) use of several positioning technologies. HyLocSys uses a hybrid data model, which allows the integration of different location information representations (using symbolic and geometric coordinates). Moreover, it allows support to handset‐ and infrastructure‐based positioning approaches while respecting the privacy of the user. The paper presents a prototypal implementation of HyLocSys for heterogeneous scenarios. It has been implemented and tested on several platforms and mobile devices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.