Low-power V2M communication system with fast network association capability

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which include a different devices of the network like sensor nodes, calculating, power consumed, and communication units to monitor specific phenomenon such as environmental information. Emerging operation for the wireless sensor networks applications are consist of resources and warehouse management, building automation, civil infrastructure monitoring, healthcare, and security. Modeling and simulation are a good tools test and examine the working and to specify the effective techniques that proposed for WSNs. Analytical modeling delivers quick vision for the techniques developed for WSNs but it is unsuccessful to give real calculations because (WSN) are very limited energy and have a variable number of sensor nodes as the network requirements. This paper aimed to study the behavior of a mobile device using zigbee protocol entire a limited of different personal area network (PAN), each one have different devices and distances. The configuration of this paper contains three PANs, (1, 2, and 3). This network includes a mobile node, originally located at PAN 1. The three PANs have a transmitted power organized to be (2 mW), to ensure that the covering areas do not interference with another one. The results shows that mobile node connected to (PAN 1) through the first (3.6 minutes) of the simulation period. After that the node disconnected from the PAN 1, then quickly links to PAN 2. After (10.6 minutes), the node leave PAN 2 and promptly connects to (PAN 3). The graphs that get from this research proves that the dropped data at its minimum value for the most simulation time, except some spikes around (4, 11 and 14) minutes. This scenario are modeled and simulated using (OPNET) software.

An ultra-wideband (UWB) short range communication system is investigated in this paper. The system is based on an on-off-keying (OOK) modulation where the transmitted data pulse is obtained by using a set of orthogonal frequency (OF) signals. This optimizes the transmitted signal power and maximizes the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. The receiver uses a non-coherent energy detector. The system was tested in real communication environment. The radio frequency (RF) band from 3.7 to 4.3 GHz was used. In line-of-sight (LOS) mode and at a distance of 5 m a data rate of 20 Mbit/s was achieved without forward error correction code. The motivation of this work is to provide a non-expensive, medium data rates, and low-power short-range radio communication system suitable for personal area network (PAN) applications.

The availability and adoption of a wide range of mobile computing devices (e.g., laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable computers) of varying sizes and processing capabilities, along with the emergence of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) such as IEEE 802.11 and Personal Area Networks (PANs) such as Bluetooth and HomeRF, are catalysts enabling the ubiquitous access of information anywhere, anytime. These networks are frequently being used as extensions to the Internet and end-users are exploiting them to access wireless Internet services from different types of handheld devices. In this paper, we focus on the Bluetooth PAN technology and we explore the different approaches available to Bluetooth devices that provide these devices seamless IP connectivity to the Internet. In addition, we also investigate and report experimental results on voice delivery to IPv6-enabled Bluetooth handheld devices such as pocket PCs connected to the Internet.

Optical wireless technology has been considered as a promising candidate to provide high-speed wireless connectivity in personal work/living spaces. Previously we proposed and demonstrated a high-speed indoor communication system by incorporating limited mobility with localization function. Furthermore, we showed that by using a novel single channel imaging receiver, better system performance can be achieved and the demonstration was based on single-mode fiber due to its low transmission loss feature. However, in most already installed inbuilding optical fiber distribution networks, multi-mode fiber was deployed since it is low-cost and easy to handle. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optical wireless personal area communication system with single channel imaging receiver based on multi-mode fiber. In addition, the wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technology is also incorporated to realize an ultra-broadband connectivity in wireless personal area networks. The results show that a simultaneous operation of a 4 × 10 Gbps down-link and a 400 Mbps up-link can be realized simultaneously and the beam footprint is larger than 1 m even when a channel selecting optical bandpass filter with ~77% transmission efficiency was used.

M-ary spread spectrum (M-ary/SS) is used as a high efficiency SS system and is employed in various systems such as IEEE 802.11b WLAN. Furthermore, it is being considered for use in DS-UWB as a candidate for a future PAN (personal area network). However, the acquisition of the bit timing requires additional preambles or separately-transmitted signals. These additional preambles are also used to estimate the transfer function of the channel in order to realize RAKE combining of delayed signals. We propose a novel algorithm based on CMA criteria that can not only detect the bit timing but also realize two-dimensional (2D), i.e., spatio-temporal, RAKE using an array antenna asynchronously, without any additional preamble or separate signals for synchronization. The proposed scheme achieves 2D-RAKE by processing only the Hadamard code employed by M-ary/SS. The performance is verified through computer simulations.

At the present time the development of technology enabling communication services without the use of cables its called wireless technology. One such wireless communication technology is M2M (Machine to Machine) communication. In this study, using a protocol 6LoWPAN as the basis of M2M communications, becaused in Zigbee protocol encountered to the weakness such as the value of end-to-end delay and packet loss is greater than 6LoWPAN protocol. Work on this study is desaign system of M2M communication based on 6LoWPAN protocol and compare the data of the performance of 6LoWPAN protocol with Zigbee protocol terms of end-to-end delay and packet loss. Variations of testing is to set the baud rate Xbee 1200 bps, 4800 bps, 9600 bps, 19200 bps, 38400 bps, 57600 bps, 115200 bps. Besides the baud rate, the variation also adjusting the distance between nodes from 10 meter up to 60 meter by 10 meter intervals. Average of end-to-end delay time is 1899 milliseconds on 6LoWPAN, while protocol Zigbee is 422 miliseconds. In the packet loss aspect, in 6LoWPAN protocol not provided because the use of UDP not have an acknowledgement and squence number to track packet loss, while average of packet loss Zigbee protocol is 26%.

Personal area networks would benefit from a wireless communication system in which a variety of information could be exchanged through wearable electronic devices and sensors. Intra-body communication using the human body as the transmission medium enables wireless communication without transmitting radio waves through the air. A human arm phantom is designed and used to reduce uncertainty in experiments with the human body. The phantom exhibits transmission characteristics similar to those of the human body at frequencies between 1 MHz and 10 MHz. A 10.7 MHz frequency modulation (FM) intra-body transmitter and receiver are developed which allow transmission of analog sine waves even in the presence of external noise. Digital data transmission at 9600 bps was also achieved using newly fabricated 10.7 MHz frequency shift keying (FSK) transmitter and receiver devices. The carrier frequency of 10.7 MHz, which is the intermediate frequency in FM radio receivers, means that a wide selection of commercial radio frequency (RF) devices is available.

An indoor optical wireless communications system with mobility feature providing both high bandwidth and ubiquitous coverage in personal area networks is proposed. We demonstrate the scheme in a proof-of-concept experiment with results indicating its feasibility.

The variants of constructing promising ultra-wideband wireless communications systems based on the new standard. This standard specifies an ultra wideband (UWB) physical layer for a wireless personal area network (PAN), utilizing the unlicensed 3100 - 10600 MHz frequency band, supporting data rates of 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480, 640, 800, 960 and 1024 Mb/s. This standard specifies a Multi Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (MBOFDM) scheme to transmit information. A total of 110 sub-carriers (100 data carriers and 10 guard carriers) are used per band to transmit the information. Frequency-domain spreading, time-domain spreading, modulation and forward error correction (FEC) coding are used to vary the data rates.

Ubiquitous sensor network (USN) is one of the important key technologies for future ubiquitous life. USN nodes will be distributed at any place in the future such as street, in-building, campus, and so on. These USN nodes will play various roles like sensing, gathering, transmitting and receiving information about the surround. So, most of these are implemented as wireless communication system with simple hardware architecture. ZigBee protocol is one of the representative USN systems. So, many manufacturers are developing ZigBee hardware platform and their software protocol. To more efficiently implement and deploy USN, we need to know ZigBee protocols and their characteristics. In this paper, we design and Implement a sensor framework systems related to medical and surveillance that are significantly considered for enhancing human life. These are employed under USN environment to construct multiple health care services in which medical sensors are inter-connected to provide efficient management of them. For this configuration, Zigbee based wireless bio-sensors are established for portable measurement in which PSoC technique is utilized for compact implementation. As well, such Zigbee based embedded sensor equipment is devised for UPnP based sensor framework.

Many legacy consumer devices are controlled via IR remote controls. A user needs one IR remote control per one legacy consumer device and has to guarantee the line of sight towards legacy consumer devices. As the ubiquitous home era emerges, all home devices are required to be controllable at anytime and anywhere. To control IR-based legacy consumer devices regardless of the line of sight, a small ZigBee-based IR remote control repeater is attached near the IR receiving part of a legacy consumer device. It receives the control message via ZigBee protocol and converts the received message into IR signal which is transmitted to the legacy consumer device. To be available for any IR-based consumer device without any modification, it should be made universal and generalized. In this paper we propose the IR remote control repeater and the control message frame format applicable to all types of IR-based legacy consumer devices.

In the proposed paper, an effective system for a large-scale air pollution monitoring on a live basis is developed and tested. It is an Audrino based platform equipped with pre-calibrated sensors to sense gases like sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and particulate matter (PM10) in the air. Audrino board with the gas sensors, global system for mobile communications (GSM) and ZigBee module forms the wireless sensor motes used for the field deployment. Wireless sensor network built with ZigBee links can be scaled up using the GSM connectivity to interface with the external world. Air pollution monitoring is performed using a system of sensor nodes with the help of wireless communication via a ZigBee protocol. We proposed a static wireless sensor network to supervise air contamination level, and a multi-hop algorithm is implemented over ZigBee WSN. Designed low-cost WSN based prototype is tested under various atmospheric conditions which had provided stable and dependable data of air contaminants.

5G is growing globally, and the handover performance is needed to be updated and improved to adapt to new changes in telecommunication. 5G are considered small cell networks that are anticipated to have a short dwell time for users that move at high speed, like a vehicle traversing the 5G cell at a rate of 40km/h and above. It induces unnecessary handover that causes poor user experience and waste of network resources. This research tackles the problem by proposing a new handover algorithm that integrates a travel distance prediction method with AHP-TOPSIS (Analytic Hierarchy Process - Techniques for Order Preference by Similarity for an Ideal Solution) decision making. The proposed algorithm has successfully reduced the unnecessary handover in 5G networks up to 89.75% compared to the conventional TOPSIS method.

Femtocells, that operating in licensed band, are low power base stations installed indoor to provide user access to 4G systems. The deployment of femtocells is a very promising option for mobile operators to improve user's communications experience in a cost-effective manner. Traditional macrocell only systems using the signal strength as the major criteria for triggering scan and handover are no longer enough for femtocells system. This paper, in addition to the RSSI trigger, we add periodic trigger and consider mobile station speed into our handover algorithm in next generation WiMAX femtocell/macrocell overlay environments. In particular, the proposed handover mechanism consists of all of the handover scenarios, including femtocell-to-femtocell and macrocell-to-femtocell and femtocell-to-macrocell handover. In simulation, we demonstrate that the proposed mechanism forces the macrocell users handover into available femtocells, thus, improves the femtocell usage, offloads the macrocell traffic while avoiding unnecessary handover when user are moving in high speed.

A communication system, which employs ZigBee and LoRa communication protocols is designed, developed, and tested in this experimental paper. The designed system contains a central receiver unit with LoRa and ZigBee transceiver modules, a microcontroller, a wireless sensor card with temperature and humidity sensors, LoRa and ZigBee transceiver modules, and a relay unit. The relay in the sensor card can be remotely or cloud-based controlled, and the temperature and humidity data from the sensor can be sent to the central receiver unit by using the ZigBee or LoRa transceiver modules. The microcontroller was configured and programmed by using the evaluation version of STM32CubeMX and Kiel μVision Integrated Development Environment (IDE). PCB designs of the central receiver unit and the wireless sensor card were done by using DipTrace CAD software. Sub-components of the system were manufactured, assembled and tested for its functionality, communication efficiency and range. The practical design and reported results given here are beneficial to communication engineers for low-power, long-range smart Internet of Things (IoT) system applications. Taking advantage of the complementing performances of ZigBee and LoRa wireless technologies, a diversified communication system with smart features is proposed, designed, and tested in a single loT system.