A gateway-based inter-PAN binding mechanism for ZigBee sensor networks

In this paper, it is presented the design of a Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) gateway for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), capable of discovering all the services of a WSN, and creating a unique UPnP device to advertise them to interested UPnP control points. Besides, an application protocol for WSN is designed to exchange UPnP-related data between the WSN and the gateway. Experiments in an indoor environment with restricted sensor nodes confirm the feasibility of this solution.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which include a different devices of the network like sensor nodes, calculating, power consumed, and communication units to monitor specific phenomenon such as environmental information. Emerging operation for the wireless sensor networks applications are consist of resources and warehouse management, building automation, civil infrastructure monitoring, healthcare, and security. Modeling and simulation are a good tools test and examine the working and to specify the effective techniques that proposed for WSNs. Analytical modeling delivers quick vision for the techniques developed for WSNs but it is unsuccessful to give real calculations because (WSN) are very limited energy and have a variable number of sensor nodes as the network requirements. This paper aimed to study the behavior of a mobile device using zigbee protocol entire a limited of different personal area network (PAN), each one have different devices and distances. The configuration of this paper contains three PANs, (1, 2, and 3). This network includes a mobile node, originally located at PAN 1. The three PANs have a transmitted power organized to be (2 mW), to ensure that the covering areas do not interference with another one. The results shows that mobile node connected to (PAN 1) through the first (3.6 minutes) of the simulation period. After that the node disconnected from the PAN 1, then quickly links to PAN 2. After (10.6 minutes), the node leave PAN 2 and promptly connects to (PAN 3). The graphs that get from this research proves that the dropped data at its minimum value for the most simulation time, except some spikes around (4, 11 and 14) minutes. This scenario are modeled and simulated using (OPNET) software.

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) consists of a set of protocols that allow consumer electronic (CE) devices to discover, connect and access one another when they are on the same sub-network. However, UPnP does not provide support for device mobility in which devices are allowed to move from one IP networking domain to another without affecting their ability to interact with other devices. In this paper we propose a system level architecture to provide mobility support to UPnP devices and services by utilizing Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). We propose a new UPnP mime type for carrying UPnP data. We also propose a UPnP packet message forwarding architecture, which uses SIP signaling procedures and hides the mobility of UPnP capable devices from other devices in a network.

ZigBee is popular for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devices because of its low power consumption, built-in security method and ratified specifications. With these features, it is also suitable to be used with medical sensor devices. Medical sensors in a human body self organize a ZigBee Personal Area Network (PAN). These PANs are interconnected and form a HealthNet. For the interconnection, a ZigBee PAN detects existence of another PAN with beacon detection or active channel scan. Different ZigBee interconnection schemes are used after detection. PAN bridge method uses special bridge node that works for different PANs with time division method. PAN merge method temporarily changes PAN coordinator's role as bridge node and merges two PANs. Peer-to-peer network temporarily share all resources when two PANs are met, but all PANs have to use the same channel and operate as an ad-hoc network. In this paper, we perform extensive evaluations using NS-2 simulations to compare PAN interconnection methods. Results show that the PAN bridge is the most useful method because it is not affected by router/node ratio and is applicable to different channel usages.

Internet of Things (IOT) is experiencing a super-fast growing phase. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as the “five sense organs” and teleneuron of IOT, is developing fast along. Owing to the application-oriented characteristics of WSN, WSN applications may differ enormously in implementation methods. The WSN developers may have to rewrite the code for each and every application. Along with the increasing demand to WSN applications, WSN developers may have heavier tasks of programming for these applications. Thanks to TinyOS and NesC, an operating system and programming language designed especially for WSN, raises the WSN application's programming to a higher level. Large number of supported sensor hardware plus system provided and user-de-fined libraries eases WSN application programmers' jobs. How-ever, the massive amount of nodes' communication and networking, and security protection slows down the development pace. A unified and empirical WSN application implementation platform is one of the available solutions to the problem. This paper introduces an empirical WSN application implementation platform, which avails the WSN developers build an application with unified code template and network packet generation and processing strategies.

Wireless industrial sensor networks are wireless sensor networks which have been adapted to industrial applications. Most techniques for wireless sensor networks can be applied to wireless industrial sensor networks. However, for industrial applications of wireless industrial sensor networks, new requirements such as real-time, reliable delivery need to be considered. In this paper, we propose EARQ, which is a novel routing protocol for wireless industrial sensor networks. It provides real-time, reliable delivery of a packet, while considering energy awareness. In EARQ, a node estimates the energy cost, delay and reliability of a path to the sink node, based only on information from neighboring nodes. Then, it calculates the probability of selecting a path, using the estimates. When packet forwarding is required, it randomly selects the next node. A path with lower energy cost is likely to be selected, because the probability is inversely proportional to the energy cost to the sink node. To achieve real-time delivery, only paths that may deliver a packet in time are selected. To achieve reliability, it may send a redundant packet via an alternate path, but only if it is a source of a packet. Experimental results show that EARQ is suitable for industrial applications, due to its capability for energy efficient, real-time, reliable communications.

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that communicate over short distances through wireless links. Such sensor networks are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of critical infrastructures, data acquisition in hazardous environments, industry control systems, vehicular networks, and military operations. Wireless sensor networks introduce new security challenges due to their dynamic topology, severe resource constraints, and absence of a trusted infrastructure. The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing recent advances of wireless sensor network security. In this special issue, we will explore the topic of security challenges and solutions for the wide application of wireless sensor networks in different areas, such as RFID and smart grid. RFID has been widely used in logistics and internet of things. Smart grid leverages sensor networks to better balance the load of the power grid. Both of them have great impact on the daily life and areweak points of thewhole economy,which attract the attention of terrorists. The feasible attacks and defense solutions are still not clear.The papers in this volume also cover several important foundational security services for wireless sensor networks, such as key management, key distribution, secure cluster formation, secure architecture for multihop communication, intrusion prediction, and secure localization. All these foundational security services are critical bases for application of wireless sensor networks. We hope that the papers in this volume engender further thinking about new security challenges for wireless sensor networks and even further “out-of-the-box” ideas about how to solve new security problems for wireless sensor networks.

We present a case study that considers the application of runtime verification technology to a wireless sensor application. The case study is performed using the SURGE TinyOS application for multi-hop routing, which executes on the Avrora TinyOS simulator. We discuss the problems we have encountered in the course of case study. The problems include unclear correctness properties for wireless network applications (indicating ad hoc development process) and inadequate tool support. A wireless sensor network usually comprises of a collection of tiny devices with built-in processors that can gather physical and environment information such as temperature, light, sound, etc., and communicate with one another over radio. Many wireless sensor network applications sit on top of an operating system called TinyOS and are mostly written in nesC, an extension of C that provides a component-based programming paradigm. Most of wireless sensor network applications are developed and tested on a simulator before they are deployed in the environment because testing and debugging directly on physical devices are very difficult, especially when the network consists of many nodes, and may not provide enough information for debugging. A simulator usually produces detailed execution information and can help find errors. However, even with the simulator and nesC, the current state of development tools for wireless sensor network still requires very low-level programming, which makes it hard for the developers to maintain a high-level view of the system operation. During the validation stage, lack of sophisticated debugging tools for sensor networks makes it difficult to make the connection between a high-level functional or performance requirement and a particular aspect of system implementation. This paper investigates a high-level approach to examine execution data from a simulator and analyze it using runtime verification. The technique 1) identifies and formally specifies high-level requirements for the system under development, 2) monitors a distributed wireless sensor network application using data provided by the simulator, and 3) checks for timing and dynamic properties to gain understanding of the relevant behaviors of wireless sensor nodes and to provide a systematic approach in finding bugs and errors. A particular runtime verification used inthis paper is MaC. MaC provides specification languages capable of expressing functional, timing, and probabilistic properties to specify requirements or patterns of errors. Properties can, for example, examine periodic behaviors or identify a faulty node. MaC then monitors and checks a wireless sensor network application against its specification by observing data produced by a simulator. The motivation for applying the monitoring and checking technique to check wireless sensor network applications is threefold: 1) raise the development level for wireless sensor network, 2) provide a mechanism for understanding high-level behaviors of the system in terms of low-level observation, and 3) provide a tool based on the acceptance of the state of the art development tool for sensor networks.

Wireless network of wearable biomedical sensors by human body shows great potential to enhance the biometrics performance significantly. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to physicians and engineers for its particular medical application as compared to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Mobility pattern plays an important role in designing the wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) and will also affect the accuracy of modeling WBSN in health care application. Much of the mobility scenarios generated in current work of wireless body sensor networks has used fairly simple models to generate the mobile topological graph, which bear little resemblance to the actual mobility patterns. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the mobility model in WBSN based on the existing mobility models in wireless data networks and ad hoc networks. We first briefly review the existing mobility models in related research areas such as wireless ad hoc network and cellular networks. Further on, we propose a dedicated and more realistic mobility model named BAMM (Body Area Mobility Model) for wireless body sensor networks by concentrating on the unique characteristics of WBSN and finally study the effects of mobility on the performance of WBSN by simulation experiments.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of small, low data rate and inexpensive nodes that communicate in order to sense or control a physical phenomenon. The major difference between the WSN and the traditional wireless network is that sensors are very sensitive to energy consumption. Moreover, the performance of the sensor network applications highly depends on the lifetime of the network and we expect the lifetime of several months to several years. Thus, energy saving is crucial in designing long-lived wireless sensor networks. Many researchers have focused on developing energy efficient cluster based protocols for WSNs, but there has not been much research on event driven WSNs and, their focus is on continuous driven networks. In this paper, we propose a modified algorithm of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol which is a well known energy efficient clustering algorithm for WSNs. Our modified protocol called “Adaptive and Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Event-Driven Application in Wireless Sensor Networks (AEEC)” is aimed at prolonging the lifetime of a sensor network by balancing energy usage of the nodes. AEEC makes the nodes with more residual energy have more chances to be selected as cluster head. Also, we use elector nodes which take the responsibility of collecting energy information of the nearest sensor nodes and selecting the cluster head. We compared the performance of our AEEC algorithm with the LEACH protocol using simulations .

Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a crucial application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in which maximizing network lifetime is a key challenge. Previous research into the performance of a network in a building environment has been concerned with radio propagation within a single floor. We investigate the link quality distribution to obtain full coverage of signal strength in a four-storey building environment, experimentally. Our results indicate that the transitional region is of particular concern in wireless sensor network since it accommodates high variance unreliable links. The transitional region in a multi-storey building is mainly due to the presence of reinforced concrete slabs at each storey and the fac┬©ade which obstructs the radio signal and introduces an additional absorption term to the path loss.

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) technology is gaining popularity day by day since this technology reduces the complexity associated with the installation and management of devices and network services. As a result, most of the modern consumer electronics and intelligent appliances are now equipped with UPnP capabilities. However, there exist several potential vulnerabilities in the UPnP protocol implementation that can be exploited by a malicious attacker to cause financial or reputation damage to a victim. In this paper, we have analyzed the general architecture of UPnP protocol and presented three potential vulnerabilities of UPnP protocol implementation namely Power consumption, Denial of Service and Buffer overflow. Furthermore, we have exploited these vulnerabilities to perform several attacks and analyzed the results of these attacks. Finally, we have proposed several schemes to thwart these attacks and to improve the security state of the UPnP protocol.

Denial of service (DoS) attack can be easily launched for the simple service discovery Protocol (SSDP) on Universal Plug and Play (UPnP). This paper proposes a novel DoS defense scheme on UPnP. The connection between UPnP devices and attack nodes will be limited, and the useless descriptions received by the UPnP control points will be filtered through setting packet-filter with traffic anomaly detection on the active nodes and rule-based XML firewall on the UPnP control points. Finally, the paper analyzes the performance of this scheme, which shows its particular advantages.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.