Energy-Efficient Geographic Routing in Environmentally Powered Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, Wireless device networks have achieved associate degree attention on a world level. This comprises small sensors with restricted power and restricted resources. The applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields such as medical research and civilian applications is proliferating enormously. Every routing protocol designed for WSNs should be energy-efficient, reliable and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the resources and energy constraints in WSNs, routing can be considered as a matter of contention in networks. This research proposes a beacon-enabled least-time and energy-efficient routing protocol with single-level data-aggregation using an IEEE 802.15.4. Considering the low complexness and low power consumption it is appropriate for low-rate wireless personal area networks as WSNs. On comparison of the proposed protocol with the popular ad hoc and other WSN routing protocols, the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the routing protocols in the literature in terms of latency, throughput, and average energy consumption.

Due to miniaturization of hardware and availability of low-cost, low-power sensors, Wireless Sensor Network and Multimedia Sensor Network applications are increasing day by day. Each application has a specific quality of service and experience requirements. The design of routing and MAC protocol which can fulfill the requirements of the application is challenging given the constrained nature of these devices. Considerable efforts are directed towards the design of energy efficient QoS-aware routing protocols. In this article, we present state of the art review of routing protocols for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks while addressing the challenges and providing insight into research issues.

But, as the energy-efficiency is critical for periodical data gathering applications in wireless sensor networks, it has the highest priority in algorithms design; also the latency, packet loss, and throughput are important factors and should be addressed. This chapter proposes a routing protocol inspired by an energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol called Energy-Aware Routing Protocol (EAP). The new enhanced protocol that is called Low Loss Energy-Aware Routing Protocol (LLEAP) enhances the performance of EAP in terms of some quality of service parameters by adding a second iteration for constructing the tree structure for multi-hop communication among cluster heads, by modifying the used weights of the cluster heads and parent node selection, and finally by selecting suitable aggregation method to decrease losses and delay. Simulation results showed that LLEAP significantly outperforms EAP in terms of packet loss percentage by on average 93.4%.

In recent times, different routing protocols have been proposed in the Internet of Things enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-UWSNs) to explore the underwater environment for different purposes, i.e., scientific and military purposes. However, high Energy Consumption (EC), End to End (E2E) delay, low Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and minimum network lifetime make the energy efficient communication a challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The high E2E delay, EC and reliable data delivery are the critical issues, which play an important role to enhance the network throughput. So, this paper presents two energy efficient routing protocols namely: Shortest Path-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (SP-CBE2R) protocol and Improved-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (Im-CBE2R) protocol. At this end, both routing protocols minimize the probability of void hole occurrence and in return minimizes the EC and E2E delay. In both routing protocols, courier nodes are positioned at different strategic locations to keep the greedy forwarding continuous. The proposed routing protocols are also analyzed by varying the Packet Size (PS) and Data Rate (DR). Additionally, various simulations have been performed to authenticate the proposed routing protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols outperform the baseline routing protocols in counterparts.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), all the nodes selected for packet routing must be trustworthy, and at the same time energetic too. Smooth conservation of nodes energies and the trust levels, are an important issues in WSN because they directly affects the life span and reliability of the nodes as well as the entire network. The energy utilization at every node must be very smooth and at the same time, packets should be forwarded via trusted nodes only. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient Link State Routing Protocol (EELSRP) using the potential nodes selected by applying the fuzzy logic on the trust and residual energy levels. This routing protocol finds the best route by balancing the nodes residual energies and trust levels, and protects the WSN against routing attacks by eliminating the untrusted nodes before the creation of route.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of small, low data rate and inexpensive nodes that communicate in order to sense or control a physical phenomenon. The major difference between the WSN and the traditional wireless network is that sensors are very sensitive to energy consumption. Moreover, the performance of the sensor network applications highly depends on the lifetime of the network and we expect the lifetime of several months to several years. Thus, energy saving is crucial in designing long-lived wireless sensor networks. Many researchers have focused on developing energy efficient cluster based protocols for WSNs, but there has not been much research on event driven WSNs and, their focus is on continuous driven networks. In this paper, we propose a modified algorithm of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol which is a well known energy efficient clustering algorithm for WSNs. Our modified protocol called “Adaptive and Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Event-Driven Application in Wireless Sensor Networks (AEEC)” is aimed at prolonging the lifetime of a sensor network by balancing energy usage of the nodes. AEEC makes the nodes with more residual energy have more chances to be selected as cluster head. Also, we use elector nodes which take the responsibility of collecting energy information of the nearest sensor nodes and selecting the cluster head. We compared the performance of our AEEC algorithm with the LEACH protocol using simulations .

Wide usage of wireless sensor network (WSN) is the reason for development of many routing protocols. Recent advances in WSN observe the increased interest in the potential use in applications like Military, Environmental, Health, Vehicular, Mechanical stress levels on attached objects, disaster management etc. Wireless sensor networks are callously restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. So it is essential to design an energy efficient aware protocol in order to augment the network lifetime. WSN also has the influencing features to perform remote communication, it is also shrouded with various loopholes in its precise operation, where majority of the communication issues are raised from deployment of existing standards of routing protocols and algorithm. Sensors are expected to be remotely deployed in unnoticed environments. Routing as one key technologies of wireless sensor network has now become very important research work because the applications of WSN is everywhere, it is impractical that there is a routing protocol suitable for all applications. In this paper, a review on routing protocol in WSNs is carried out which are classified as data-centric, hierarchical and location based depending on the network structure. Then some of the multipath routing protocols which are widely used in WSNs like Multipath Multispeed Protocol (MMSPEED), Braided Multipath Routing Protocol, Energy-Aware Routing to improve network performance are also discussed. Massive research work has already been carried out in past to introduce some of the effective routing protocols to enable robust communication system in WSN. Advantages and disadvantages of each routing algorithm are discussed thereafter. This paper also discusses the critical open issues that are yet to be solved. This paper compares and summarizes the performances of routing protocols.

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

Recent technological advances in communication sector have resulted in the development and improvement of wireless sensor networks consisting of low cost, low power and smaller multi-functional sensor units. Limited battery life of sensor nodes is one of the critical issues in wireless sensor networks. Energy dissipation for data transfer from nodes to base station is the crucial cause of energy depletion. A wide variety of routing protocols were introduced to increase the lifespan of the network and the most efficient scheme is clustering of nodes within the network that works on the principle of divide & conquer and data aggregation. This paper proposes an energy efficient routing protocol EEM-LEACH that discovers a multi-hop path with minimum communication cost from each node to the base station. If the communication cost for direct data transfer is minimum, nodes close to the base station can send data directly to the base station thereby preventing them from dying soon. Only nodes with maximum residual energy and minimum energy consumption can become cluster heads since each node's residual energy as well as average energy consumption is considered for the selection of cluster heads. No global information is needed because cluster formation and multi-hop path selection are distributed. As communication cost per packet is minimized and relay nodes have more residual energy, the network lifetime can be improved.

Energy efficient collaborative proactive routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Internet of Things (IOT) is experiencing a super-fast growing phase. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as the “five sense organs” and teleneuron of IOT, is developing fast along. Owing to the application-oriented characteristics of WSN, WSN applications may differ enormously in implementation methods. The WSN developers may have to rewrite the code for each and every application. Along with the increasing demand to WSN applications, WSN developers may have heavier tasks of programming for these applications. Thanks to TinyOS and NesC, an operating system and programming language designed especially for WSN, raises the WSN application's programming to a higher level. Large number of supported sensor hardware plus system provided and user-de-fined libraries eases WSN application programmers' jobs. How-ever, the massive amount of nodes' communication and networking, and security protection slows down the development pace. A unified and empirical WSN application implementation platform is one of the available solutions to the problem. This paper introduces an empirical WSN application implementation platform, which avails the WSN developers build an application with unified code template and network packet generation and processing strategies.

For mission-critical applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) involving extensive battlefield surveillance, medical healthcare, etc., it is crucial to have low-power, new protocols, methodologies and structures for transferring data and information in a network with full sensing coverage capability for an extended working period. The upmost mission is to ensure that the network is fully functional providing reliable transmission of the sensed data without the risk of data loss. WSNs have been applied to various types of mission-critical applications. Coverage preservation is one of the most essential functions to guarantee quality of service (QoS) in WSNs. However, a tradeoff exists between sensing coverage and network lifetime due to the limited energy supplies of sensor nodes. In this study, we propose a routing protocol to accommodate both energy-balance and coverage-preservation for sensor nodes in WSNs. The energy consumption for radio transmissions and the residual energy over the network are taken into account when the proposed protocol determines an energy-efficient route for a packet. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is able to increase the duration of the on-duty network and provide up to 98.3% and 85.7% of extra service time with 100% sensing coverage ratio comparing with LEACH and the LEACH-Coverage-U protocols, respectively.

An energy efficient routing protocol is the major concern in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this survey paper, we present energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols, developed from conventional LEACH routing protocol. Main focus of our study is how these extended protocols work in order to increase the life time and how quality routing protocol are improved for WSNs. Furthermore, this paper also highlights some of the issues faced by LEACH and also explains how these issues are tackled by extended versions of LEACH. We compare the features and performance issues of the selected hierarchical routing protocols.

One of the most rapidly expanding areas, nowadays, in networking systems is the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Typically WSNs rely on multi-hop routing protocols which must be able to establish communication among nodes and guarantee packet deliveries. In this paper, we present a novel approach for the implementation of the WSN routing protocols, which takes advantage of modern FPGAs in order to provide faster routing decisions while consuming significantly less energy than existing systems. Despite our focus on a particular routing protocol (GPSR), the platform developed has the additional advantage that due to the reconfigurability feature of the FPGA it can efficiently execute different routing protocols based on the requirements of the different WSN applications. As our real world experiments demonstrate, we accelerated the execution of the most widely used WSN routing protocol (GPSR) by at least 31 times when compared to the speed achieved when the exact same protocol is executed on a low power Intel Atom processor. More importantly by utilizing a high-end FPGA the overall energy consumption was reduced by more than 90%.

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network