Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Nowadays advanced technology of Wireless Sensor Networks used in many applications like health, environment, battle field etc. The sensor nodes equipped with limited power sources. Therefore, efficiently utilizing sensor nodes energy can maintain a prolonged network lifetime . One of the major issues in sensor networks is developing an energy-efficient routing protocol to improve the lifetime of the networks. In this paper, we propose EELBCRP (Energy-Efficient Level Based Clustering Routing Protocol), a protocol for wireless sensor networks. Network partitioned into annular rings by using various power levels at base station and each ring having various sensor nodes. Also consider the residual energy of each node and distance from the BS of nodes as the principle of cluster-head election. The mathematical formulae for election the cluster head is provided. The model developed is simulated in MATLAB. The results are obtained in terms of three metrics- lifetime of the network, number of clusters and energy consumption of clusters heads. From the results of simulation, it is observed that the performance of EELBCRP is better in terms of energy consumption of CH, number of clusters and lifetime of network compared with LEACH.

Wireless sensor networks congestion occurs easily due to its centralized traffic pattern. Normally, mono-sync wireless sensor network experiences multiple traffic flow congestion in the dense environment of the network, which leads to excess energy consumption and severe packet loss. To overcome these issues, a congestion detection and alleviation mechanism using cluster based heuristic optimized hierarchical routing protocol is proposed in this paper. Here, congestion detection and alleviation utilize the features of sensor nodes. The congestion is categorized into two types: (i) node level congestion and (ii) link level congestion. The node level congestion is detected by assessing the buffer utilization and the interval amid the consecutive data packets. The link level congestion is considered with computing link usage utilizing back-off step of round robin carrier sense multi-access with collision avoidance. Congestion detection and alleviation reactively affected node/link through cuckoo hosted rider search multi-hop routing algorithm. It has two phases: the cluster head selection and multi-path routing. Cluster head selection is performed through Taylor multiple random forest kernel fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and multi-path routing is performed through cuckoo hosted rider search multi-hop routing algorithm. The simulation of the proposed method is done in network simulator tool. Here, the performance metrics, like packet delivery ratio, delay, energy consumption, packet drop, overhead, network lifetime and throughput are calculated. The experimental outcomes of the proposed technique shows 11.6%, 18.4% and 28.1% lower delay, 78.2%, 65.4% and 52.6% higher packet delivery ratio, and 29.2%, 37.4% and 40.8% lower packet drop compared with the existing methods, like congestion detection and alleviation using multi-attribute decision-making in optimization-based hybrid congestion alleviation routing protocol in wireless sensor networks, congestion detection and alleviation using hybrid K-means with greedy best first search algorithms in packet rate reduction utilizing adaptive weight firefly algorithm ant colony optimization based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and congestion detection and alleviation using multi-input time on task optimization algorithm for altered gravitational search algorithm routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

QoSNET: An integrated QoS network for routing protocols in large scale wireless sensor networks

This paper mainly introduces the application of multichannel communication technology in wireless sensor network. The corresponding solutions are proposed based on the analysis of the structure and characteristics of wireless sensor, and the multi-channel MAC protocol in wireless sensor network. In this paper, multi-channel communication technology in wireless sensor network (WSN) is studied, the existing problems and reasons are analysed, and some solutions to further promote the further development of the technology are put forward. With the wide application of WSN, the security of WSN has been paid more and more attention. In this paper, the existing time synchronization protocol, from the security point of view, and the fault tolerance design of the fits protocol. The protocol has an intrusion detection mechanism, which can detect the attack of malicious nodes in time synchronization. Aiming at the small deviation of slow attack and the problem of time synchronization error, information fusion is based on the quality principle, and according to the time synchronization information of different nodes, we make random weighted average correction for local time nodes. The simulation results show that the fits time synchronization protocol has good intrusion detection and fault tolerance capability.

This paper proposes a new hierarchical routing protocol dedicated to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Several solutions have been proposed, but an optimal one, which can be applied in different situations, still remains non-existent. Our proposal takes advantage of existing solutions and proposed a new radial Cluster Head (CH) selection algorithm to ensure the QoS, a good load balancing and to enhance the network lifetime. A performance analysis of our proposal with LEACH, Mod_LEACH and M-GEAR protocols is presented in this paper comparing these protocols using different metrics such as network lifetime, throughput, stability and instability periods, remaining energy, network overhead, etc. The simulations show that our solution outperforms existing solutions due to the radial architecture proposed for CH selection and the use of two transmission levels for intra- and inter-cluster communication. Obtained results show that our proposal improves the network lifetime by 113% compared to LEACH protocol and optimises the energy consumption by more than 62% in comparison to M-GEAR.

HEER – A delay-aware and energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, power is the most essential resource because each sensor node has limited batteries. Many kinds of existing clustering protocols have been developed to balance and maximize lifetime of the sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. These protocols select cluster heads periodically, and they considered only `How can we select cluster heads energy-efficiently?' or `What is the best selection of cluster heads?' without considering energy-efficient period of the cluster heads replacement. Unnecessary head selection may dissipate limited battery power of the entire sensor networks. In this paper, we present T-LEACH, which is a threshold-based cluster head replacement scheme for clustering protocols of wireless sensor networks. T-LEACH minimizes the number of cluster head selection by using threshold of residual energy. Reducing the amount of head selection and replacement cost, the lifetime of the entire networks can be extended compared with the existing clustering protocols. Our simulation results show that T-LEACH outperformed LEACH in terms of balancing energy consumption and network lifetime.

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

Throughout the use of the small battery-operated sensor nodes encourage us to develop an energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol is a mainly adopted technique to enhance the lifetime of WSN. Many routing protocols are available, but the issue is still alive. Clustering is one of the most important techniques in the existing routing protocols. In the clustering-based model, the important thing is the selection of the cluster heads. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme that uses the bubble sort algorithm for cluster head selection by considering the remaining energy and the distance of the nodes in each cluster. Initially, the bubble sort algorithm chose the two nodes with the maximum remaining energy in the cluster and chose a cluster head with a small distance. The proposed scheme performs hierarchal routing and direct routing with some energy thresholds. The simulation will be performed in MATLAB to justify its performance and results and compared with the ECHERP model to justify its performance. Moreover, the simulations will be performed in two scenarios, gateway-based and without gateway to achieve more energy-efficient results.

Aimed at the problem of unbalanced energy consumption of cluster heads caused by inter-cluster communications in wireless sensor networks clustering routing protocols, a novel algorithm named cluster head load balanced clustering (CHLBC) is presented. Based on uneven distributed cluster heads, CHLBC builds backbone network's inter-cluster transit route which is composed of cluster heads and calculates relay traffic of cluster heads. Sensors take the cluster head's relay traffic into consideration in the process of choosing the best cluster head and realize load balance of cluster heads. Simulation results show that the routing protocol effectively balances the load among cluster heads and achieves an obvious improvement on the network lifetime.

An energy-balancing, cross-layer data gathering protocol (EB-CLDG) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is presented in this paper. EB-CLDG is proposed for monitoring and periodic reporting applications and the network is organized into concentric tiers around the sink. An energy-balancing clustering algorithm is employed to mitigate the “hot spot” problem. Thus the number of clusters closer to the sink node is bigger than those farther away from sink node, the inner cluster heads(CHs) can reduce the energy consumption within a cluster and preserve more energy for inter-cluster data relaying. In addition to, the MAC and routing of networks are integrated to minimize the protocol overhead. The scheme of synchronization within a cluster can not only synchronize sleep schedule to ensure data deliveries among neighbor nodes but also avoid energy waste for following and maintaining unnecessary schedules. And the scheme of invitation is employed to make collision-free within a cluster, which can reduce the density of contending nodes and the collisions of traffic being probably temporal correlation. Simulation results show that EB-CLDG leads to more uniform energy dissipation and prolongs the lifetime of network than S-MAC.

Wireless sensor networks contains small sensor node and processor which have several issues and challenges with regards to Limited Computational Capacity, Energy Efficiency, Path Planning Overhead and many more. Entire lifetime of network depends on efficient energy consumption in sensor network so it is a challenging task to design an Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor nodes dynamically self-organize themselves without utilizing preexisting infrastructure. Problem becomes more complex if some sensor node having mobility for some particular instance. In this paper we proposed an energy efficient routing protocol for WSN motivated by swarm intelligence of rummage behavior of ant and also covered mobility behavior of node. Furthermore we have combined the fuzzy logic with behavior of ant to take a better decision to find optimal path with less energy consumption. Our proposed algorithm utilize the principle of Fuzzy logic in addition of Ant Colony Optimization to develop energy efficient routing. The performance of our proposed work is evaluated on QualNet 7.4 Network Simulator. The simulation result shows that the proposed technique optimize the energy consumption, decrease RREQ packet and increase the lifetime of network as compare to existing routing protocol.

A genetic algorithm based distance-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising approach for a variety of applications. Because of limitation of energy resource, memory space and processing capability of sensor nodes, it is very difficult to implement IP-based routing protocols in WSN. Recently, many research focus on developing special routing protocols for WSNs with the main design criteria: energy efficiency, load balance and reliability. The most well known routing protocol class is hierarchical which divides network into many clusters. Each cluster is represented by a cluster head (CH) that is responsible for receiving data from all non-CH members, aggregating these data and sending to the base station (BS). In order to balance energy consumption of the entire network, CHs are not fixed but rotated. Therefore, the hierarchical protocols can decrease and balance the energy consumption and prolong network lifetime. LEACH is one of the first cluster-based for WSN, which includes distributed cluster formation. In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical routing protocol (called EL-LEACH: Energy and Load balance LEACH) which achieves energy efficiency and load balance. Our simulation result shows that our new scheme EL-LEACH achieves better energy consumption, load balance and network life time than other well known LEACH protocols.