Energy Reduction Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET Using Recoil Technique

A mobile ad hoc network is a network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links without centralized infrastructure support. The area of ad hoc networking is receiving increasing attention in recent years. Efficient dynamic routing is an important research challenge in such a network. In recent years, routing has been the most focused area in ad hoc networks research. On-demand routing, in particular, is widely developed in bandwidth constrained mobile wireless ad hoc networks because of its effectiveness and efficiency. A variety of new multipath routing protocols targeted at the ad hoc networking environment have been proposed. Multipath routing improves the throughput of ad hoc networks; it is a straightforward mechanism to recover from route losses in a dynamic network. In this paper we have considered a very well-known multipath routing protocol called ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) on both MAC layers, the standard IEEE 802.11 and a TDMA MAC protocol called evolutionary-TDMA (E-TDMA). We have evaluated the performance of these multipath routing through simulations using NS2 varying the number of paths (particularly we have considered 2 and 3 paths) and varying the number of temporary colors.

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a popular technology because of their wide application and independent mobility. Nevertheless, communication through MANETs can be effective because of their inherent nature of high mobility, which in turn results in a higher rate of data loss and delay. Therefore, for effective communication to be achieved, the MANETs’ routing performance must be enhanced. Some extant routing protocols like AOMDV can yield moderate Routing Overhead (RO) during communication. The review of previous studies shows that there is a need for improvement in the following areas: Computational E2E delay: the proposed Genetic Algorithm- Ant Colony Optimization (GA-ACO) was unable to reduce the computational E2E delay that occurs during communication. RO: The schemes that were proposed failed to minimize the RO in the network. Energy consumption: the reduction energy consumed by the network was reduced, however, high throughput and PDR could not be achieved by the method. On the contrary, the EHO-based AOMDV routing protocol achieved low E2E delay and RO but was unable to decrease the energy consumed by the network. Throughput and PDR: The protocol proposed failed to achieve high Quality of Services (QoS). Consequently, this paper aims to provide a solution to this communication problem by proposing a Hybrid Optimization-based Effective Path Selection and Multipath routing (HOEPSM) approach for MANETs. The proposed approach, which is HOEPSM is made up of two parts: Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO)-based AOMDV routing protocol, which makes use of EHO for the identification of the shortest path from the source to the destination. The second part which is the Hybrid optimization using Genetic Ant Optimization (GAO) algorithm, involves finding the best solution through the use of a GAO-based hybrid optimization algorithm. The results of the study revealed that the use of the HOEPSM causes a significant decrease in routing RO while enhancing the network’s Quality of Forwarding (QoF) of the network. Also, the simulation of the proposed approach was carried out in NS2, and afterward, compared with earlier proposed methods like DRARP and MDRARP. Based on the simulation results, the HOEPSM outperformed the other methods, with high Energy Efficiency (EE) (91%), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) (95%), RO (155), and End to End (E2E delay) (102ms). These results can be attributed to the HOEPSM’s choice of the best and steady route from the source nodes and destination nodes.

Multi-path routing protocol attracts more and more attention because the routing performance can be improved by making use of advantages of multi-path routing protocol, such as fault-tolerant and load balance. To validate multi-path routing protocol in real environment, the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol is implemented in Linux based on AODV-UU. The functions of AOMDV protocol are implemented in user space, and the interaction with the kernel is implemented based on Netlink and Netfilter. Experimental results validate the implementation of AOMDV.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks formed by several nodes communicating on a peer-to-peer basis without being connected to any fixed infrastructure. These nodes could be laptop computers, personal digital assistants, mobile phones or sensors dispersed in an area to measure certain data and send the information to a larger node. Where a source node and a destination node are not within direct range, they communicate through multi-hop routing, i.e. nodes in between them relay messages between source and destination. The routing protocol plays a key role in finding and maintaining the route in MANETs. Routing protocol can be a uni-path and multi-path. A multipath routing protocol is designed to increase the reliability in MANET. This research work focuses on Quality of Service (QoS) based evolution of multipath routing protocol. For this purpose, diverse type of simulation scenarios is designed to find the impact of mobility, increasing the number of nodes and pause time in MANETs. The results revealed that multipath routing protocol has comparatively less delay (percentage decrease of 81.52%). While unipath routing protocols have less packet drop ratio (percentage decrease of 47.78%) and routing overhead (percentage decrease of 99.30%).

The mobility and resource limitation of nodes are the critical factors that affect the performance of Mobile AD hoc network (MANET). The mobility of nodes will affect the stability of links, and the limitation of node resources will lead to congestion, so it is very difficult to design a routing protocol that supports quality of service (QoS) in MANET. Especially in the scenario of high-speed node movement, frequent link interruption will damages QoS performance, so it is necessary to design MANET routing protocol that can adapt to network topology changes to support QoS. In this paper, we propose a Topological change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) routing protocol, which can adapt to high-speed node movement to support QoS. In this protocol, a stable path selection algorithm is designed, which not only takes node resources (residual energy, available bandwidth and queue length) as the path selection parameters, but also considers the link stability probability between nodes. Furthermore, in order to adapt to the rapid change of topology, link interrupt prediction mechanism is integrated into the protocol, which updates the routing strategy based on periodic probabilistic estimates of link stability. Different scenarios with node speed in the range of 10-50m/s, data rate in the range of 4-40kbps and number of nodes in the range of 10-100 are simulated on NS2 platform. Our results show that the QoS metrics (packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput) of the proposed protocol are significantly improved when the node speed is higher than 30m/s although it is slightly better when the node speed is lower than 30m/s. Our on-demand multipath routing protocol demonstrates high potential to support QoS for high-speed MANET.

In present era, where every person has become addicted to wireless networks, MANET'S has fulfilled the demand of the people by removing the dependency of fixed network.Mobile ad-hoc networks have extended the range of mobile nodes beyond their level.Now when we talk about wireless communication, routing is the backbone of any communication.Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing algorithm (AOMDV) is a very reactive protocol in MANET's.We have selected AOMDV algorithm for routing purpose as there have already been done several work with AODV.Also, in AOMDV the end to end delay is reduced by utilising several parallel paths.Various routing attacks have been identified in single path routing but here we have introduced worm hole attack in multi path routing i.e.AOMDV routing algorithm.In this paper, we have studied the performance of AOMDV algorithm under worm hole attack.Also, we have provided security and authentication to each and every node by the use of public key and private key.Different metrics of the proposed protocol has been evaluated from simulation on NS2 on different scenarios i.e. with worm hole attack and without worm hole attack and there has been a noticeable improvement in the throughput and energy consumption is also reduced.

An optimized node-disjoint multipath routing scheme in mobile ad hoc

Mobile Ad hoc networks(MANETs) are power constrained since nodes are operated with limited battery. A node not only sends it own packets but also packets of other nodes. However, the energy consumption during routing remains a key challenge. In this paper, we have proposed a multipath routing protocol which is referred here as energy efficient multipath routing (E2MR). The proposed approach uses a cost metric for path selection, which is a function of residual battery power and current traffic load at a node. Through extensive simulation, we have compared the proposed E2MR protocol with a few existing multipath routing protocols. From simulation results, it is observed that the proposed scheme has lower end-to-end delay, higher packet delivery ratio and higher residual energy level than other protocols.

Recently, special types of routing protocols are designed for sensor networks. Almost all of these routing protocols have considered the energy efficiency as the ultimate objective in order to maximize the lifetime of the whole network. The different types of routing protocols available in WSN are data centric, hierarchical, and location-based and on demand routing protocols. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is one of the best hierarchical clustering protocols with probabilistic model to manage the energy consumption of WSN. However, LEACH uses global information without considering the local information i.e. the residual energy of each node for CH election process. Hence, Deterministic Energy-efficient Clustering protocol (DEC), a deterministic model is developed by using clustering scheme to manage and organize the WSN with mobile scenario. This protocol promises a better election of cluster-heads based on residual energy information and it is more energy efficient than LEACH protocols. Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) is another routing protocol used in sensor network to support mobility. AODV is also on demand routing protocol. However, AODV do not provide multipath loop free and has link disjoint path. Hence, Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) is developed for WSN to guarantee loop freedom and disjointness of alternate paths. Frequent route discovery and route failure is occurred in AOMDV protocols due to the involvement of repeated mobile nodes without checking the energy levels of those nodes for packet transmission. To reduce the route failures occurred by the usage of nodes with reduced energy, energy aware ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (E-AOMDV) is developed by incorporating energy aware concept in AOMDV protocol to increase the network performance. In this paper, the performance analysis namely residual energy of DEC protocol is examined for various packet length and nodes. Delivery ratio analysis of EAOMDV protocol is also done in this paper for various simulation times and nodes. The simulation results shows that DEC has better performance than LEACH and also E-AOMDV has better performance than AOMDV.

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network represents a system of wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically selforganize into arbitrary and temporary network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly communicate without any pre-existing communication architecture. The growth of real time multimedia application in such environments, has drawn a lot of attention to wireless networks that support quality of service (QoS). In this work, the QoS metrics, delay and link life time (LLT) of the path are dynamically calculated. Based on these values the routing decisions are made. Here the multipath routing protocol is taken as the base protocol. The proposed algorithm finds the multiple QoS routes only, based on the QoS metrics and stores only those paths in the routing table. The route is selected based on the integrated QoS metric and is used to transmit the data. The base protocol used is multipath AODV(Ad Hoc On demand Distance Vector ) routing protocol. The proposed protocol may take extra time during route discovery process to compute the additional QoS parameters, but this time is compensated by having only QoS paths for data transmission. A few patents on the QoS Routing for MANETS have been reviewed.The simulator NS-2.34 is used to simulate and compare the performance of the protocols in terms of the QoS metrics such as end-to-end delay, PDR in the MANET. Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), Quality of Service (QoS), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV), LLT (Link Life Time), RLT (Route Life Time), PLTR (Percentage Life Time Ratio), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), CBR (Constant Bit Rate), PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio).

In the dynamic landscape of Internet of Things Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (IOT-MANETs), optimizing the network lifetime is paramount for sustained and efficient operation. The research begins by recognizing the inherent complexities of IOT-MANETs and the inadequacies of current methodologies. The identified research gap revolves around the lack of a comprehensive framework specifically tailored to optimize network lifetime in these dynamic environments. To bridge this gap, the proposed methodology leverages the powerful optimization capabilities of Differential Evolution—a nature-inspired algorithm that mimics the process of natural selection. This research endeavors to address the pressing challenge of enhancing the longevity of IOT-MANETs by proposing a novel framework based on Differential Evolution (DE). The DE-based framework employs a systematic approach to adaptively optimize network parameters, considering factors such as energy consumption, routing efficiency, and communication reliability. The methodology integrates seamlessly with the inherent characteristics of IOT-MANETs, ensuring adaptability to changing network dynamics. Rigorous simulations and experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, demonstrating substantial improvements in network lifetime compared to existing methods. The results underscore the significance of the DE-based framework in substantially extending the operational lifespan of IOT-MANETs. This research contributes a valuable tool to the arsenal of solutions for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of IoT-based mobile ad hoc networks, paving the way for more resilient and long-lasting deployments.

Providing security of communications in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is one of the most significant fields for researchers. In order to provide security, the first step is to recognize vulnerabilities and examine different implementable attacks regarding such networks. Secure routing is one of the most important security blind spots regarding MANETs. Security of routing in MANETs can be endangered by uncooperative behavior of nodes. Uncooperative behavior can be done selfishly by refraining from participation in routing or maliciously in the form of an attack against network. One of the most famous and devastating routing attacks regarding MANETs is Black hole. In Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), as one of the most well-known proactive routing algorithms, Black hole attack can be implemented in different methods. In this paper, effects of different selfish behaviors and different implementations of Black hole on OLSR based MANETs is studied. In order to evaluate network parameters, network simulator (NS-2) tool has been used. Simulation results demonstrate that a special implementation of Black hole, compared to other implementations and selfish nodes, has had more destroying effects on the network. Furthermore, such an attack results in a reduction in routing overhead and delay in transmitting packets compared to basic OLSR. Keywords-Mobile Ad hoc Network; Black hole Attack; Selfish Node; OLSR

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) has mobile and battery operated nodes which can provide communication facility to users irrespective of any infrastructure and centralized control. It is a self-deployed and self-operated communication network having typical applications such as disaster relief, information exchange at conference or classroom and battle field communication etc. MANETs have many challenges such as limited battery power, lack of centralized control and security, the need for special routing protocols etc. Due to highly dynamic and dispersed nature of MANETs, routing becomes one of the important concerns in MANET. The network can get partitioned due to mobility and/or exhaustion of the nodes. Therefore, energy efficient routing is of great importance for the MANETs. This paper presents a simulation study of existing MANET routing protocols like AODV, DSR, and DSDV based on various metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, throughput, overheads, network lifetime and end to end delay to select a suitable protocol for further modification in order to improve the energy efficiency of the nodes. The simulation results show that the DSR protocol performs better than that of AODV and DSDV. Hence DSR protocol is modified based on an algorithm that considers the nodes' residual energy to extend the network lifetime. Implementation of modified protocol shows 22 % increase in the network lifetime and 13 % reduction in energy consumption.

Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

Energy is an important issue in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network). Nodes in network are working in presence of limited energy. So, energy efficient routing is needed for reducing energy consumption. Energy efficient routing schemes can greatly reduce energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the networks. Multipath routing protocol (AOMDV) having more than one path, if the first one is break then second provides the proper packet delivery, this causes reduced node energy consumption and the topology of MANETs always changes, due to the high mobility of nodes. This makes it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use when they are routed. The location based routing provides the location information of the destination to route a packet toward. This paper provides comparison and study on reduced energy consumption by using multipath protocol and performance which is evaluated by performance metrics in case of AOMDV and energy based AOMDV. Now here DREAM protocol is used with AOMDV to finding location of mobile nodes but not with energy but here measures their performance with both multipath protocols. I. INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic distributed system of mobile formed by means of multi-hop wireless communication without the use of any existing network infrastructure. MANET routing protocols can be classified into two classes. Proactive protocols, they requires the nodes to periodically exchange the table information to update the pre-determine routes between any pair of source destination nodes. Reactive protocols can establish routes only when they require. MANET routing protocols can be classified on the bases of the methods of delivery of data packets from source to destination. Single Path routing protocols learn routes and select a single best route to each destination. These protocols are incapable of load balancing traffic. Multi-path routing protocols learn routes and can select more than one path to a destination. These protocols are better for performing load balancing. This paper provides the comparison between results about Multipath routing in AOMDV (13), AOMDV with location and Energy with AOMDV.