Exploratory Factor Analysis on Suicidal Tendencies among College Students in Dasmariñas

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos su sveikata susijusio gyvenimo būdo ir skirtingų gyvenimo prasmės dimensijų sąsajos ankstyvosios suaugystės laikotarpiu. Siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, ar stipresnis gyvenimo prasmės patyrimas gali prognozuoti sveikatai palankesnį gyvenimo būdą? Tyrime dalyvavo 218 suaugusiųjų (136 moterys ir 82 vyrai) nuo 20 iki 30 metų amžiaus (M = 24,13; SD = 3,35). Tyrime naudotas autorių sudarytas Gyvenimo būdo klausimynas, Gyvenimo tikslo testas (Crumbaugh, Maholick, 1964) ir Gyvenimo prasmės klausimynas (Steger ir kt., 2006), fiksuota informacija apie tiriamųjų demografine ir socialine padėtį. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad gyvenimo tikslo / paskirties suvokimas prognozuoja sveikatai palankesnį gyvenimo būdą, t. y. sveikesne mitybą, mažesnį alkoholio ir kitų psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą, mažesnį rūkymą, silpnesnį rizikingą elgesį bei saugesnį seksualinį elgesį. Gyvenimo prasmės buvimas (patyrimas) prognozuoja didesnį fizinį aktyvumą bei silpnesnį rizikingą elgesį. Nenustatyta reiksmingų gyvenimo būdo ir gyvenimo prasmės ieskojimo ankstyvojoje suaugystėje sąsajų. Moteriska lytis yra svarbus gyvenimo būdo ir atskirų jo sricių prognozuotojas: jaunos moterys linkusios sveikiau maitintis, jos mažiau vartoja alkoholio ir kitų psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų, joms būdingas saugesnis seksualinis elgesys.

Objective To research the psychometric properties and usability of the Purpose in Life Test-Short Form(PIL-SF) for Chinese University students. Methods 997 college students were measured by Purpose in Life (PIL), Meaningful Life Measure (MLM) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and 120 college students were twice measured by the same questionnaire after four weeks. Results The item discrimination index were all above 0.7(r=0.753~0.838, P<0.01). The internal consistency reliability of PIL-SF was 0.811, the split-half reliability was 0.774 and the test-retest reliability was 0.786. The criterion correlations of PIL-SF with PIL, MLM and SWLS was 0.83, 0.67 and 0.46 respectively (P<0.01). The PIL-SF average scores of these students was 5.18±1.09. Most of the college students' meaning of life were at a relatively higher level. There were 10.9% of students lack goals and poor meaning of life, 23.5% of them do not have clear purpose, relatively lower meaning of life, 37.5% of them had relatively higher meaning of life and 28.1% of them hold explicit purpose. Conclusion The reliability and validity of PIL-SF are favorable, and it is a useful tool to be used in the mental health screening and evaluation the people’s meaning in life quickly. Key words: Meaning in life; Purpose in life; Purpose in life test; Reliability; Validity

To explore the influence of bully victims on the suicidal tendencies of college students, and the moderating role of teacher emotional support and family support in the relationship between bully victims and college students' suicidal tendencies, in order to provide a reference for the effective intervention of college students' suicide behavior. Based on a survey of 15,560 college students. Multiple stepwise regression and Interaction analysis explore the impact of the bully victimization on college students' suicidal tendencies and the moderating role of family support and teacher emotional support in the relationship between the bully victim and college students' suicidal tendencies. This study found that the Suicidal Tendencies score of college students was 19.79 points, indicating that some college students have a risk of suicidal tendencies; secondly, verbal bullying (β = 0.084, P <0.001), physical bullying (β = 0.222, P <0.001) and social relationship bullying (β = 0.122, P <0.001) have a positive and significant impact on the suicidal tendencies of college students; in addition, family support and teacher emotional support have a significant regulatory effect on the bully victim and college students Suicidal Tendencies and family support. The regulating effect was significantly higher than that of teacher emotional support. Chinese college students have the risk of suicidal tendencies; peer bullying victimization is an important reason for affecting college students' suicidal tendencies, teacher emotional support is a protective factor for bully victims to affect college students' suicidal tendencies, and family support has a significant moderating effect on the bully victim and college students' suicidal tendencies. Therefore, it is necessary to actively adopt home-school linkage and home-school communication to reduce campus violence and increase the psychological resilience of college students.

The objective of this study was to compare efficacy of two meditation protocols for treating patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Patients were randomized to two groups-matched for sex, age, and medication status-and blinded to the comparison protocol. They were told the trial would last for 12 months, unless one protocol proved to be more efficacious. If so, groups would merge, and the group that received the less efficacious treatment would also be afforded 12 months of the more effective one. The study was conducted at Children's Hospital, San Diego, Calif. Patients were selected according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria and recruited by advertisements and referral. At baseline, Group 1 included 11 adults and 1 adolescent, and Group 2 included 10 adults. Group 1 employed a kundalini yoga meditation protocol and Group 2 employed the Relaxation Response plus Mindfulness Meditation technique. Baseline and 3-month interval testing was conducted using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised Obsessive Compulsive (SCL-90-R OC) and Global Severity Index (SCL-90-R GSI) scales, Profile of Moods scale (POMS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Purpose in Life (PIL) test. Seven adults in each group completed 3 months of therapy. At 3 months, Group 1 demonstrated greater improvements (Student's independent groups t-test) on the Y-BOCS, SCL-90-R OC and GSI scales, and POMS, and greater but nonsignificant improvements on the PSS and PIL test. An intent-to-treat analysis (Y-BOCS) for the baseline and 3-month tests showed that only Group 1 improved. Within-group statistics (Student's paired t-tests) showed that Group 1 significantly improved on all six scales, but Group 2 had no improvements. Groups were merged for an additional year using Group 1 techniques. At 15 months, the final group (N=11) improved 71%, 62%, 66%, 74%, 39%, and 23%, respectively, on the Y-BOCS, SCL-90-R OC, SCL-90-R GSI, POMS, PSS, and PIL; P<0.003 (analysis of variance). This study demonstrates that kundalini yoga techniques are effective in the treatment of OCD.

Doctors experience significant stress in their everyday occupational activities. Objective: To assess the correlation between stress and meaning in life in early career doctors in Pakistan. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. It was conducted from March to May 2021 using non-probability convenience sampling with early career doctors in Pakistan as the subjects. The data was collected using a form distributed online that included demographic variables, Purpose in Life (PIL) test and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). SPSS 26.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: The average score on PIL test was 67.64 ± 15.20 and PSS was 20.20 ± 5.88. Women doctors reported higher perceived stress (18.82 ± 6.11) than men (20.75 ± 5.07). A statistically significant negative correlation between the PIL and PSS was found, r (215) = -.610, p &lt;0.01. r = -0.610 represents a large effect size. Conclusions: Higher meaning in life is associated with lower perceived stress in doctors. Interventions that focus on meaning in life may help improve the well-being of doctors

One of the most important problems of clinical psychiatry now is depressive disorders (DD) in adolescents and young adults. They are especially often comorbid with different manifestative features of self-destructive behavior (SDB). Therefore, the intime quality diagnostics and effective treatment of these psychopathological disorders are constantly focused by researchers and require further study. Objective: to study the clinical features of DD and their comorbidity with other psychopathological disorders in adolescence and young adulthood according to sex, and to determine the effectiveness of psychodiagnostic methods in the diagnostics and treatment of these disorders. Materials and Methods. There were examined 64 outpatients (15 – 19 years old) in the study: 14 boys (21.9%, mean age – 17.2 ± 1.5) and 50 girls (78.1%, mean age – 16.6 ± 2.1) with DD, according to the ICD-10. The study included a psychodiagnostic exam with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Drawing test of E. Warthegg (WZT), and the Purpose in Life Test (PIL). Results. The study identified various types of DD with syndromes comorbidity in the patients. Hystero-depressive syndrome was the most common diagnosis. Girls showed a significant prevalence of these symptoms as well as the depressive-depersonalization/derealization symptom complex, while boys were more likely to have depressive-obsessive and anxiety-depressive syndromes. All examined patients had manifestative features of SDB: suicidal tendencies, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal fantasies. Suicidal thoughts, as well as non-suicidal self-cutting and excoriation in total, were significantly prevalent in girls (p=0.042 and p=0.017). The results of the BDI scale, as part of the psychodiagnostic study, showed that severe depression was significantly more common in girls compared to boys (p=0.007). The study conducted the interpretative analyses of an image content and drawing characteristics according to the WZT. Based on the data formalized by the R. Likert scale, the following types of drawings were identified: primitive, narrative and creative. The 'primitive' drawing was the most frequent type in all patients, with a statistically significant prevalence among boys (p=0.047). Girls showed a higher prevalence of 'creative' drawings compared to boys (p=0.044), with a 4.89 times higher frequency. The results of the PIL test showed that 87.3% of the examined patients had substantially low score of total test index in relation to an average level of normality by sex. And the level of the self-awareness and life meaning averaged 55.1% in boys and only 29.7% in girls, according to the average normative indicators for the test subscales. Conclusions. The study proved the importance of using the BDI, WZT and PIL tests in the differential diagnostics of DD in adolescents and young adults to define the strategy of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for these patients.

The mediating role of hopelessness in the relationship between self-esteem, social anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Japanese university students who visited a university health care center

Workplace incivility is defined as low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target. In this sense, it involves a violation of workplace norms that could damage the quality of working relationships. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factor structure of the adaptation of Straightforward Incivility Scale (SIS; Leiter 2013) in an Italian sample. A sample of 404 healthcare workers completed the SIS. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. In the first step of analysis, exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis with 202 participants revealed three factors: supervisor, coworker, and instigated incivility. In the second step, a confirmatory factor analysis with 202 participants supported the 15-item three-factor model in the cross-validation sample. Results provide confirmation of the cross-cultural stability of the facet, factor, and global scale structure of the SIS.

The purpose of this research is to develop a reliable and valid self efficacy scale which intends to measure Turkish Language prospective teachers self efficacy beliefs towards Turkish Language teaching. For this purpose, a 69 items trial form is constructed by using the Turkish Language Teaching specific competencies of MoNE (2008). The items in the trial form were ten point response categories as suggested by Bandura (2006). The trial form was administered to totally 413 participants who were Turkish Language teacher trainees. As a result of exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation, the structure with five factors and 22 items was obtained. While alpha reliability of the scale was obtained as 0.941, the reliability of factors, 0,911; 0,897; 0,857 and 0,761 and 0,761 were obtained respectively. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the scale provided construct validity

Regina M. Kimbrough, Sherry D. Molock, and Kimberly Walton, Department of Psychology, Howard University* This study was designed to examine the relationships among perception of social support, acculturation, depression, and suicidal ideation among African American college students attending predominantly Black and predominantly White universities. Two hundred-six students were matched by age, gender, and SES background. No differences were found in depression and suicidal ideation among students at Black versus White institutions. African American students with nonsupportive families and friends were more likely to experience suicidal ideation and depression. The findings are discussed in light of the need to take into account the cultural context of the larger community surrounding a campus as well as the role of religious beliefs when assessing the support networks of African American students. INTRODUCTION Suicide is a major cause of death for young people in the United States. Census figures suggest that 32,000 individuals commit suicide each year (Holden, 1992). However, these figures underestimate the extent of the problem because a large percentage of attempted and completed suicides are not reported. Epidemiological data in the United States report suicide to be the second leading cause of death for youth between the ages of 15 and 19 and the third leading cause of death for youth between the ages of 15 and 24 (Berman & Jobes, 1995). A significant number of youth suicide occurs among the college population. Since the 1970s, approximately one thousand college students commit suicide each year, and approximately one hundred thousand attempt suicide each year (Peck & Bharadwadj, 1980). Higher rates of chronic stress, depression, the break-up of families, divorce, lack of social support, and the transitory nature of adolescence have all been indicated as possible factors related to the increase (Berman & Jobes, 1995; Curran, 1987; Wartik, 1991). In addition to stressors and perception of social support, literature also suggests that depression is a risk factor related to suicidal ideation (Bonner & Rich,1988). Early investigations have estimated that the lifetime risk of suicide for individuals with primary depression is about 15%, while the lifetime suicide risk for the general population is 1% (Slater & Depue, 1981). In the adolescent and young adult population, a strong relationship has been found between depression and suicidal behaviors (Friedman, Corn, Aronoff, Hurt, & Clarkin, 1984; Spirito, 1989). Very little research has examined suicidal behavior among African American college students. This lack of interest is surprising, given that suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among African American youth between the ages of 15 and 24, following homicides and accidental deaths (Gibbs, 1988, Griffith & Bell, 1989). Additionally, suicide rates for Black males aged 25 to 34 are quickly approaching the rates of White males in the same age group. Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data indicate that suicide rates for individuals between the ages of 20 and 24 have declined for all races and gender groups except Black males (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995). The research that has been conducted on African American college students and suicide has focused on suicide attempt rates, rate of suicidal ideation, experience with suicide, coping strategies, and prevalence of stressors (Molock & Kimbrough, 1993; Molock, Kimbrough, Blanton-Lacy, McClure, & Williams, 1994). Molock et al. (1994) found suicidal behavior patterns among African American college students to be comparable to those found among White college students in so far as suicidal attempt rates are concerned. Differences found between these groups indicate that African American students have lower rates of reported suicidal ideation and fewer reports of alcohol or illicit drug use when attempting suicide. …

Introdution: Most often patients suffering from OCD also have depressive symptoms, which might be secondary to the OCD and its burden to the quality of life, or it might be independent to OCD. The same way Depression also has some obsessive manifestation. The presence of depressive symptoms is the important factors, which make patient with OCD as suicidal. Suicidal tendencies in OCD always correlated with severity of depressive symptoms. But in clinical settings, we most often missed to evaluate suicidal tendencies and other comorbidities of OCD. So this study mainly focuses on various socio demographic differences and clinical profiles of patient with OCD and depression. Materials and Methods: This is a case control study, 30 consecutive patients with OCD as well as 30 consecutive patients with depression, attending psychiatry department of Stanley Medical College Hospital included in this study as cases and controls. Then both cases and controls analyzed for socio demographic profile and clinical profile. RESULTS: Compared with patients with major depression, OCD patients are young (p=0.017), predominantly males (p=0.019), more educated (p=0.003) and more often associated with suicidal ideation (p=0.024) Conclusion: Obsessive-compulsive disorder most often has depressive manifestations. The comorbid depressive symptoms make patients with OCD with suicidal ideations. It is essential to look for depressive symptoms in OCD in order to prevent suicidal attempts.

Objectives: Resilience is one of important subjects in health psychology. A lot of studies have investigated factors that are connected to resilience. The objective of this research was to determine role of the positive affect, negative affect and optimism, as predicting variables. Method: The participants in the research were 201 students of Shiraz University (100 males, 101 females) who experienced a traumatic event within the past 5 years. The participants were asked to complete The Traumatic Life Event Questionnaire (TLEQ), Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT – R), and The Adolescent Resilience Scale. The data was analyzed through a stepwise multivariate regression equation. Results: Positive affect, negative affect and optimism were correlated to resilience, significantly (P = 0/001) and explained some of variances of resilience (R2 = 0/48, F = 10/23, P= 0/002). There is no any relationship between gender and marital status to resilience. Conclusion: This research indicated that positive emotions and optimism are important to increase coping abilities when confronting to traumatic events. So instruction of these factors, promote and improve mental health.

This study investigated the relationship between parent-child attachment and social anxiety in college students, as well as the mediating role of psychological resilience and the moderating role of online social support. In total, 614 college students were recruited by the cluster sampling method. The results showed that (1) parent-child attachment was negatively correlated with college students' social anxiety and positively correlated with their psychological resilience, (2) psychological resilience played a mediating role between parent-child attachment and college students' social anxiety, and (3) online social support regulated the first half and second half of the mediation process in which parent-child attachment affected college students' social anxiety through psychological resilience. These findings revealed the mechanism of parent-child attachment affecting social anxiety, which had important theoretical and empirical value for enhancing the strength of college students' psychological resilience and alleviating social anxiety.

Objective: Based on the perspective of positive psychology, a moderated mediation model was constructed to examine whether hopelessness mediated negative life events and college students’ suicidal ideation, and whether this mediating process was moderated by meaning in life. Methods: A sample of 842 college students was surveyed to explore mediating and moderating effects. Results: (1) Negative life events had a significant prediction on college students’ suicidal ideation (β =0.33, t=10.30, p<0.001), and the prediction still significant with the intermediary variable added into the model (β =0.26, t=8.04, p<0.001); (2) Negative life events significantly predicted hopelessness (β =0.26, t=7.95, p<0.001), hopelessness significantly predicted college students’ suicidal ideation (β =0.29, t=8.68, p<0.001); (3) Added meaning in life into the model, the products of hopelessness and meaning in life had a significant prediction on college students’ suicidal ideation (β =-0.07, t=-2.36, p<0.05). Conclusion: Negative life events significantly positively contributed to suicidal ideation. Hopelessness played a mediating role between negative life events and suicidal ideation. The mediating effect of hopelessness on college students’ suicidal ideation was moderated by meaning in life. The negative effect of hopelessness on suicidal ideation diminished as the sense of meaning in life increased.

A number of studies to date examine dimensions of social phobia and anxiety in adolescents. A variety of tools has been developed, along with their abbreviated versions, that are used to assess Social Anxiety (SA) but little research has been devoted to the types of fears they each assess. Due to differences in the content of the multitude of instruments, different aspects of SA are addressed and this leads to confusion when the relationship between SA and other constructs is being investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the abbreviated Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory SPAI-23 in Greek-Cypriot community adolescents and describe dimensions of social fears at that age. Seven hundred twenty-one adolescent students from Cyprus, (Mean Age: 15.5, Range: 13–19, SD: 1.12, 64% female) participated in the study. Participants completed, among others, an abbreviated version of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI-23). Exploratory Factor Analysis on the SPAI-23 revealed a quite similar structure to the original questionnaire (SPAI). Three Social Phobia factors, describing distinct socially fearful situations, were identified (Performance, Interaction, and Presence in a social context) and one Agoraphobia factor after the evaluation of alternative solutions. Findings were verified by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, testing alternative models. Overall, findings were in line with recent evidence on youth samples, and contribute to significant insights towards more sophisticated and personalized assessments.