Flat Panel Display Technology

In order to reduce trailing phenomenon for moving image in FPD (Flat Panel Display), grayscale control algorithm is proposed that simulates CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) grayscale rendition process. First, after the reason of trailing phenomenon for moving image is introduced, work processes of human eyes are illuminated and grayscale rendition of a pixel is obtained, when seeing moving image on CRT and FPD; Then, based on algorithm derivation, algorithm realization steps and compared experiment results of traditional and proposed FPD grayscale control algorithm are discussed; Finally, implemented main program with VHDL (Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) is presented and specific rendition process is described. Experimental results indicate image quality is evidently improved and proposed algorithm reduces trailing phenomenon nearly 90%, when FPD displays moving image, according with eyes reflection mechanism and programs can correctly implement on circuit board.

Today, in a multimedia age, electronic displays are the essential key devices involved in the relation between multimedia equipment and human beings. Flat panel displays are overcoming the restrictions of traditional CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes) regarding portability and large screen capability, and they are ready to expand their multimedia application fields. TFT-LCDs (Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Displays) in particular have advantages such as light weight, low profile, low power consumption, and motion picture display, and importantly contribute the development of multimedia. The color PDP (Plasma Display Panel) features emissive display, a large screen, and a low profile, and mass production aimed at implementing space-saving, and wall-hung HDTV (High Definition Television) is about to be started. Since further development of multimedia is expected in the twenty-first century, the scale of this market is immeasurable. At the same time, the flat panel display market will also expand. Wide variety of flat panel displays will gain wider use as they secure their respective markets through their particular advantages.KeywordsMultimediaDevice technologyElectronic displayFlat panel displayLCDTFT-LCDColor PDP

Flat-panel displays (FPDs) will soon become ubiquitous products in our homes, workplaces, and a number of places in between. Familiar display applications pioneered by the venerable cathode-ray tube (CRT) will progressively utilize a number of different FPDs. Flat-panel displays will also initiate and pioneer new applications, as was the case with notebook computers and personal digital assistants.The future proliferation of FPDs can no longer be doubted for two simple reasons. First, such devices help us cope with this already information-saturated society. Second, the technological momentum and financial commitment needed for FPDs to take hold are already irreversibly set in place. It is the insatiable current and near-future demand that are pulling the field, and that are fueling a flurry of research and development activities. The display market has grown in size from tens of millions of dollars only a decade ago to a nearly ten-billion-dollar industry. This market growth is expected to continue at a brisk pace during the next decade.This of course is in no way bad news for materials scientists and engineers. We nearly always benefit from development of new and complex products. It is in regard to these rather incipient but advanced manufacturing technologies where we often encounter challenging, relevant, and interesting materials problems. The better we address these obstacles during these early and therefore critical times, the more successful the FPD technology will be in fulfilling the potential opportunities that lie ahead.

To compare the observer performance 0f liquid crystal display (LCO) and cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors in detecting experimentally induced pulmonary edema in pigs by using soft-copy images of amorphous selenium-based flat-panel-detector radiography (OR) and storage phosphor computed radiography (CR). Oleic acid was injected intra-atrially into three pigs (weight, 20-25kg) at doses of 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06 ml/kg to induce pulmonary edema. Each set of CR, DR, and thin-section CT scans were obtained every 20-30 minutes from three pigs over 4-6hours. Thus, 37 sets (10 sets from pig-1, 11 sets from pig-2, and 16 sets from pig-3) of radiographs were obtained. Images were masked for identity. randomly sorted, and displayed on both live mega pixel (2048 x 2560 x 8 bits) LCD and CRT monitors. Eight radiologists rated each image for Ihe presence of ill-defined diffuse opacities and reticular-Iinear opacities in both lungs by using continuous rating scale of 0-100. A total of 4736 (37 sets 2 detector system 2 fields 2 lesion types 8 observers 2 monitor systems) observations were analyzed in terms of receiver operating characteristics. Average observer performance in detecting ill defined diffuse opacities, LCO and CRT monitors were not different significantly in both OR and CR images. Average performance in detecting reticular-linear opacities was significantly better with LCD than CRT. These differences were significant in evaluating DR images (AUC=.852±.038 on LCD; AUC=.785±.070 on CRT) but not significant in evaluating CR images (AUC=.795±.060 on LCD; AUC=.745±.070 on CRT) System on both LCO and CRT monitors (p=.042 on LCD; p=.044 on CRT). Moreover. with OR system. observer performance was better with LCD monitor than with CRT monitor (p=.013), whereas with CR system, observer performance was not different significantly on both monitors (p=.11 8). Overall the five-megapixel LCD monitor was equal or superior to CRT monitor of the same pixel size in detecting experimentally induced pulmonary edema. Moreover, the LCD monitor appears, to be more optimized for detecting pulmonary reticular-linear opacity, when interfaced with DR system rather than with CR system.

In the later part of the twentieth century, classic cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are replaced by flat panel displays (FPDs) with a thinner, smaller size and with a significant reduction in power consumption. Such displays are currently used in several applications including mobile phones, laptops, and televisions. Among other FPDs, electroluminescent displays perform better than its counterparts such as liquid crystal, field emission, and plasma displays. Electroluminescent (EL) display is a common term for devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), powder phosphor devices, thin film, and thick dielectric electroluminescent devices. Thin film EL devices (TFEL) show advantages such as quick response, high resolution, wide viewing angles and wide operating temperatures and so on. TFEL displays are all solid state and based on electroluminescence in which luminescent material gives light under high electric field.

Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology dominates the direct view display market. Mature CRT technology for many designs is still the preferred choice. CRT manufacturers have greatly improved the size and weight of the CRT displays. High performance CRTs continue to be in great demand, however, supply have to contend with the vanishing CRT vendor syndrome. Therefore, the vanishing CRT vendor syndrome fuels the search for an alternate display technology source. Within the past 10 years, field emission display (FED) technology had gained momentum and, at one time, was considered the most viable electronic display technology candidate [to replace the CRT]. The FED community had advocated and promised many advantages over active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD), electro luminescent (EL) or Plasma displays. Some observers, including potential FED manufacturers and the Department of Defense, (especially the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)), consider the FED entry as having leapfrog potential. Despite major investments by US manufacturers as well as Asian manufacturers, reliability and manufacturing difficulties greatly slowed down the advancement of the technology. The FED manufacturing difficulties have caused many would-be FED manufacturing participants to abandon FED research. This paper will examine the trends, which are leading this nascent technology to its downfall. FED technology was once considered to have the potential to leapfrog over AMLCD's dominance in the display industry. At present the FED has suffered severe setbacks and there are very few [FED] manufacturers still pursuing research in the area. These companies have yet to deliver a display beyond the prototype stage.

: Purpose: Investigator was to test an invention in electron optics that might allow development of a very high-resolution cathode ray tube (CRT) suitable for digital mammography workstations. Scope: The invention solves a very old problem in electron optics and is patented. The invention allows deflection of a wide beam into large angles using electric fields with little or no acquired aberrations. Major findings: This project was successfully completed. The invention worked as predicted and results have been published in Journal Vacuum Science and Technology - B 20(6): 2678-81, Nov/Dec 2002. Results and Significance: While it is now technically possible to develop such a CRT display device a new flat panel display was announced by IBM that seems to fulfil the mammography application needs. Thus while this project was a technical success, this particular application has been fulfilled by another company's product. We are now looking for other applications where our technology can make a contribution. Fortunately, there are many opportunities ranging from electron beam lithography to isotope separation and mass spectrometry.

Flat panel displays (FPD) are electronic viewing technologies used to let people see content in media and entertainment, consumer electronics, personal computer and mobile devices. Other applications and industries are medical, transportation and industrial equipment. FPD is often the preferred choice due to lower weight and less power consumption. Common types of FPD are liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display panels (PDP) and organic light‐emitting diode (OLED). The global market for FPD continues to grow due to the high demand in the automobile and smartphone industries. As a result of the high demand, the FPD manufacturing industry continues to remain highly competitive. In this cost sensitive arena, FPD manufacturers need to find new ways to reduce the cost of ownership of lithography equipment. Most lithography systems in FPD manufacturing plants use high power mercury ARC lamps to generate i‐line (365nm) wavelength for the photoresist exposure process. This is a costly process as the mercury ARC lamps have a limited lifetime, typically less than one month, which results in downtime to swap lamps.. The cost of replacing the high power mercury ARC lamp, together with the high electricity consumption, and disposal of mercury waste, turns out to be a substantial operating cost. This paper will demonstrate how the use of ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV LED), in replacing the high power mercury lamp, will reduce the overall operating cost which therefore lowers the cost of ownership of the stepper. The breakdown of cost structure will be discussed in detail and show that UV LED is a good replacement solution for the high power mercury ARC lamp. The throughput improvement by using UV LED will also be discussed and compared to the conventional high power mercury arc lamp. The analysis will also show that the consistency of throughput, as compared to the degradation of mercury arc lamp intensity, as well as the time saved for replacement further reduces operating costs. This paper also demonstrates the improved performance of dose accuracy and repeatability, as well as the capability to achieve extremely low exposure doses without compromising dose accuracy. The improvement in stepper reliability by removing the conventional shutter moving parts will also be discussed. The performance data for illumination intensity, dose accuracy, uniformity, spectral line width, CD uniformity and cost reduction will be discussed in detail. The final analysis will show that moving to UV LED illumination offers lower cost and better performance.

The electronic display industry is changing in three important ways. First, the dominance of the cathode ray tube (CRT) is being challenged by the development of flat panel displays (FPDs). This will lead to the availability of displays of higher performance, albeit at greater cost. Secondly, the analog interfaces between displays that show data and the computers that generate the data are being replaced by digital connections. Finally, a high-resolution display is becoming the most expensive component in computer system for homes and small offices. It is therefore desirable that the useful lifetime of the display extend over several years and that the electronics allows the display to be used with many different image sources. Hopefully, the necessity of having three or four large CRTs in one office to accommodate different computer operating systems or communication protocols will soon disappear. Instead, we hope to see a set of flat panels that can be switched to show several independent images from multiple sources or a composite image from a single source. The more rapid rate of technological improvements and the higher cost of flat panel displays raise the incentive for greater planning and guidance in the acquisition and integration of high performance displays into large organizations, such as LLNL. The goal of the Digital Display Integration Project (DDIP) is to provide such support. This will be achieved through collaboration with leading suppliers of displays, communications equipment and image-processing products, and by greater exchange of information within the Laboratory. The project will start in October 1999. During the first two years (FY2000-1), the primary focus of the program will be upon: introducing displays with high information content (over 5M pixels); facilitating the transition from analog to digital interfaces; enabling data transfer from key computer platforms; incorporating optical communications to remove length restrictions on data transfer; and optimizing techniques to reduce communications bandwidth. Additional topics that will be addressed include: obtaining greater color control; minimization of seam widths in tiled displays; and the human factors that impact the efficient use of high resolution displays. The scope of the project will include both direct-view displays, for use by individuals and small groups, and projection systems for conference rooms and auditoriums.

This paper describes a direct measuring technique for determining the image auality of raster-scanned cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays. This technique is based on the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) theory and human visual psychophysical data. The rationale for the technique is discussed from a theoretical as well as functional viewpoint. The instrumentation necessary to obtain these measures in manual and automatic modes is discussed. Data obtained using this measurement technique are analyzed and compared with the theoretical performance of the displays. The image quality of new CRT displays procured for the U.S. Army's Advanced Attack Helicopter is being specified and tested using this direct measuring technique.

Electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) has become a great matter of concern all around the world. Due to the fast growth in kinescope technology, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) are being replaced by lighter and thinner panels with flat displays, namely – Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). The environmental hazards caused by CRTs waste generation have become an extensive dilemma around the globe. Lead is contained in sufficient amounts in the waste CRTs, which causes serious hazards to human health and the environment. The increasing demand for concrete and natural resources due to swift urbanization has made it crucial to replace the natural aggregates in concrete either as a partial replacement or total replacement, without affecting the concrete performance. CRT waste glasses are abundant in silica, have low water absorption property and adequate intrinsic strength. These characteristics of CRT waste glass make it apt for usage as pozzolan or sand in construction materials. They can be partially or totally replaced for natural sand as fine aggregate in concrete. This review work extends an in-depth summary of literature detailing the reuse of CRT glass waste as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete. The properties such as water performance, thermal property, strength and durability of CRT glass waste-based concrete and their method of manufacturing have also been studied in this paper. Furthermore, a comparative performance analysis of CRT glass waste concrete with other E-waste incorporated concrete has also been included in this paper. The current work shall contribute to enhancement towards sustainability and economic development of CRT glass waste incorporated concrete in the construction industry. Thus, the issues related to CRT glass waste such as contamination of soil, environment and water bodies, health issues caused to living beings and simultaneously, the degradation of natural restricted aggregate resources could be reduced considerably by several folds.

Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) adopted in TV sets and computer monitors represent a consistent portion of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In comparison with the recycling of WEEE such as refrigerators or washing machines, the recovery process for CRT containing devices is very difficult. CRTs are composed of four types of glass (panel, funnel, neck and frit seal) with different compositions. Furthermore, dangerous substances are contained within (i.e., lead, barium, strontium and fluorescent dust). Hence, the need to define robust processes for the design and implementation of efficient facilities for CRT cutting arises. This work describes steps guiding the design and the experimental optimal setting of a prototype facility for water-jet cutting of CRTs, in order to obtain recyclable high quality glass. Initially, a version of the cutting facility with manual movement of the cutting tool is set, in order to evaluate expectable cutting results. Subsequently, a detailed setting of automated movement of the cutting tool is carried out, in order to improve the quality of obtainable glass. As a consequence, a water-jet cutting facility which guarantees the cutting of high quality CRTs is finally set and a prototype is implemented.

In the last 15 years, new types of display technologies have increasingly replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) screens, which has led to an increase in landfill of old discarded CRT televisions, which present a great environmental challenge throughout the world due to their high lead content. In addition, environmental awareness has led to greater use of recycled aggregates to reduce the exploitation of existing reserves. This document aims to study the feasibility of incorporating CRT glass waste with recycled aggregate (RA) in combinations for use in civil engineering, more specifically in road bases and sub-bases. For the mechanical and environmental assessment of all of the samples and materials, the following procedures have been performed: the compliance batch test of UNE-EN 12457-4:2004 for RA, CRT, and mixtures; the Percolation Test according CEN/TS 14405 for the mixtures, CRT, and RA; Modified Proctor and load capacity (the California Bearing Ratio, or CBR) in all mixtures without cement addition, and finally, compressive strength of the material treated with cement at different ages of curing. The analysis of the mechanical and environmental properties through different techniques of lixiviation was positive, showing the ability to use CRT for certain dosage percentages mixed with recycled aggregates.

Summary form only given, as follows. Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD) market is projected to quadruple in size by the next millennium. Within the last year, the flat panel display (FPD) marketplace has been very dynamic and the product requirements are evolving rapidly towards larger size, higher resolution, lower power consumption and at ever lower price targets. These market forces are driving FPD process technology innovations at a breathtaking pace. For FPD processing, dry etching is in an analogous position to that in IC processing back in the early 80s when the industry was posed to make the transition from wet to dry etch. Up to now, dry etching has only seen widespread manufacturing applications in Si and SiN processing. Within the last year, both Applied Komatsu Technology (AKT) and Lam Research (LRC) have introduced next generation FPD dry etch cluster tools. These tools offer improved process characteristics and enhanced capability that present many new opportunities to apply dry etching to FPD processing. In the next couple of years, dry etching will be a key enabler for architectural innovation. In the paper, these new dry etch processes and their applications in FPD display are reviewed.

The author presents a radiation model for the electron beam in a CRT (cathode ray tube) and give an analytical solution to the radiation, which could be utilized to compute the radiated field at both near and far zones. It is demonstrated that the electron beam is equivalent to conductive current in a wire which carries current of the same intensity as the electron beam. Because the electrons are focused to a beam before moving to, and bombarding on, the CRT screen, the equivalence is valid and feasible. It is concluded that, in calculating the radiated field from the CRT, the shielding effect of the aluminized screen and graphic film in the CRT should be taken into account. However, for the evaluation of maximum radiated field, the shielding effect may be neglected because the thickness of these sheaths is much thinner than their skin depth. >