Materials for Flat-Panel Displays

In order to reduce trailing phenomenon for moving image in FPD (Flat Panel Display), grayscale control algorithm is proposed that simulates CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) grayscale rendition process. First, after the reason of trailing phenomenon for moving image is introduced, work processes of human eyes are illuminated and grayscale rendition of a pixel is obtained, when seeing moving image on CRT and FPD; Then, based on algorithm derivation, algorithm realization steps and compared experiment results of traditional and proposed FPD grayscale control algorithm are discussed; Finally, implemented main program with VHDL (Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) is presented and specific rendition process is described. Experimental results indicate image quality is evidently improved and proposed algorithm reduces trailing phenomenon nearly 90%, when FPD displays moving image, according with eyes reflection mechanism and programs can correctly implement on circuit board.

Summary form only given, as follows. Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD) market is projected to quadruple in size by the next millennium. Within the last year, the flat panel display (FPD) marketplace has been very dynamic and the product requirements are evolving rapidly towards larger size, higher resolution, lower power consumption and at ever lower price targets. These market forces are driving FPD process technology innovations at a breathtaking pace. For FPD processing, dry etching is in an analogous position to that in IC processing back in the early 80s when the industry was posed to make the transition from wet to dry etch. Up to now, dry etching has only seen widespread manufacturing applications in Si and SiN processing. Within the last year, both Applied Komatsu Technology (AKT) and Lam Research (LRC) have introduced next generation FPD dry etch cluster tools. These tools offer improved process characteristics and enhanced capability that present many new opportunities to apply dry etching to FPD processing. In the next couple of years, dry etching will be a key enabler for architectural innovation. In the paper, these new dry etch processes and their applications in FPD display are reviewed.

Today, in a multimedia age, electronic displays are the essential key devices involved in the relation between multimedia equipment and human beings. Flat panel displays are overcoming the restrictions of traditional CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes) regarding portability and large screen capability, and they are ready to expand their multimedia application fields. TFT-LCDs (Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Displays) in particular have advantages such as light weight, low profile, low power consumption, and motion picture display, and importantly contribute the development of multimedia. The color PDP (Plasma Display Panel) features emissive display, a large screen, and a low profile, and mass production aimed at implementing space-saving, and wall-hung HDTV (High Definition Television) is about to be started. Since further development of multimedia is expected in the twenty-first century, the scale of this market is immeasurable. At the same time, the flat panel display market will also expand. Wide variety of flat panel displays will gain wider use as they secure their respective markets through their particular advantages.KeywordsMultimediaDevice technologyElectronic displayFlat panel displayLCDTFT-LCDColor PDP

The design criteria for the Flat Panel Display (FPD) fields are now expanded to the fabrication environment. This is due to the fast growth of the FPD market. Especially in the FPD fabrication cleanrooms, the defect rate of final products becomes significantly affected by airborne contamination. We focus our attention on the reduction of airborne contamination. The evaluation of design parameters capable of contamination control is undertaken. The substantiated profile for the most favorable design parameter is devised. The systematic approach to carry out the fluid dynamics simulation of huge and complex FPD cleanrooms is proposed. To verify the appointed design parameter, devised profile, and proposed approach, flow simulations of actual FPD cleanrooms are performed and the specified design parameter is implemented into the actual FPD cleanroom fabrication. The overall results verify that the strategy is proper and reliable.

Chapter 1 - Liquid crystals for electro-optic applications

Abstract— Today, CRT markets are being threatened by flat‐panel displays (FPDs) even though the screen quality of the CRT is one of the best of existing display devices. The depth of CRTs is one of its most important design factors to maintain its dominant position in the display market. Thus, a 32‐in.‐wide deflection‐angle 125° CRT (tube length of 360 mm) has been developed, and mass production began in January 2005. Wide deflection requires more advanced design of the major parts and reliable facilities in the production line. In this paper, new designs, mainly for deflection yokes and electron guns, will be introduced, which are considered the most difficult to design. These wide‐deflection CRTs attracted an extraordinary amount of attention even from end users in a variety of display shows last year and will help maintain the solid positions of CRTs in the coming era.

Flat panel displays (FPDs) have simulated a tremendous amount of research interest in the past two decades as replacements for cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in applications where weight, volume, and power consumption are important.

: Purpose: Investigator was to test an invention in electron optics that might allow development of a very high-resolution cathode ray tube (CRT) suitable for digital mammography workstations. Scope: The invention solves a very old problem in electron optics and is patented. The invention allows deflection of a wide beam into large angles using electric fields with little or no acquired aberrations. Major findings: This project was successfully completed. The invention worked as predicted and results have been published in Journal Vacuum Science and Technology - B 20(6): 2678-81, Nov/Dec 2002. Results and Significance: While it is now technically possible to develop such a CRT display device a new flat panel display was announced by IBM that seems to fulfil the mammography application needs. Thus while this project was a technical success, this particular application has been fulfilled by another company's product. We are now looking for other applications where our technology can make a contribution. Fortunately, there are many opportunities ranging from electron beam lithography to isotope separation and mass spectrometry.

The electronic display industry is changing in three important ways. First, the dominance of the cathode ray tube (CRT) is being challenged by the development of flat panel displays (FPDs). This will lead to the availability of displays of higher performance, albeit at greater cost. Secondly, the analog interfaces between displays that show data and the computers that generate the data are being replaced by digital connections. Finally, a high-resolution display is becoming the most expensive component in computer system for homes and small offices. It is therefore desirable that the useful lifetime of the display extend over several years and that the electronics allows the display to be used with many different image sources. Hopefully, the necessity of having three or four large CRTs in one office to accommodate different computer operating systems or communication protocols will soon disappear. Instead, we hope to see a set of flat panels that can be switched to show several independent images from multiple sources or a composite image from a single source. The more rapid rate of technological improvements and the higher cost of flat panel displays raise the incentive for greater planning and guidance in the acquisition and integration of high performance displays into large organizations, such as LLNL. The goal of the Digital Display Integration Project (DDIP) is to provide such support. This will be achieved through collaboration with leading suppliers of displays, communications equipment and image-processing products, and by greater exchange of information within the Laboratory. The project will start in October 1999. During the first two years (FY2000-1), the primary focus of the program will be upon: introducing displays with high information content (over 5M pixels); facilitating the transition from analog to digital interfaces; enabling data transfer from key computer platforms; incorporating optical communications to remove length restrictions on data transfer; and optimizing techniques to reduce communications bandwidth. Additional topics that will be addressed include: obtaining greater color control; minimization of seam widths in tiled displays; and the human factors that impact the efficient use of high resolution displays. The scope of the project will include both direct-view displays, for use by individuals and small groups, and projection systems for conference rooms and auditoriums.

Where would we be without the cathode-ray tube? It is cheap to make, it dominates today's display technology and it can be found behind the screen of almost all modern desktop computers. For decades this descendant of the 19th-century vacuum tube faced no serious competition. But as the computer industry has developed from desktop to laptop computers, it has looked for more portable, lightweight and energy-efficient displays. One solution is the flat-panel display. The market for these displays has grown exponentially over the past 10 years, and they now have all sorts of applications in the avionics, automotive and home-entertainment industries. This remarkable growth will continue, and the flat-panel-display market, worth $11 billion in 1995, is expected to double by the turn of the millennium.

Before flat screens, before even cathode-ray tubes, people watched television programs at home thanks to the Nipkow disk. Ninety years ago in places like England and Germany, broadcasters transmitted to commercially produced black-and-white electromechanical television sets, such as the Baird Televisor, which used these disks to produce moving images. This early programming established many of the formats we take for granted today, such as variety shows and outside broadcasts.

In the later part of the twentieth century, classic cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are replaced by flat panel displays (FPDs) with a thinner, smaller size and with a significant reduction in power consumption. Such displays are currently used in several applications including mobile phones, laptops, and televisions. Among other FPDs, electroluminescent displays perform better than its counterparts such as liquid crystal, field emission, and plasma displays. Electroluminescent (EL) display is a common term for devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), powder phosphor devices, thin film, and thick dielectric electroluminescent devices. Thin film EL devices (TFEL) show advantages such as quick response, high resolution, wide viewing angles and wide operating temperatures and so on. TFEL displays are all solid state and based on electroluminescence in which luminescent material gives light under high electric field.

Assembly planning is one of the NP complete problems, which is even harder to solve for complex products. Furthermore, development of complex products has been becoming a collaborative activity among different enterprises at the same or different sites. Collaboration among designers is considered as an effective strategy to tackle the difficulty of assembly planning. According to the strategy, the task of assembly planning of complex products is decomposed into several simpler subtasks related to portions of the whole product, and the subtasks are then assigned to the designers in collaboration. In this paper, assembly unit partition is addressed, which means the decomposition of a complex product into smaller assembly units. Assembly unit partition is more complex than subassembly extraction (or identification) because more assembly constraints are taken into consideration. Firstly, different and necessary assembly constraints are analyzed in detail and their related evaluation indices are given for assembly unit partition. Then, the assembly unit model and the decision model of assembly unit partition are proposed. A method of assembly unit partition based on the decision model and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method is clarified. The valid assembly units can be determined by analyzing the decision values of assembly relations between two parts and the given conditions. Finally, the validity and effectiveness of the method is verified with an example.

BackgroundApathy is a frequent and underrecognized neurological disorder symptom. Reduced goal-directed behavior caused by apathy is associated with poor outcomes for older adults in residential aged care. Recommended nonpharmacological treatments include person-centered therapy using information and communication technology. Virtual reality (VR) in the form of head-mounted displays (HMDs) is a fully immersive technology that provides access to a wide range of freely available content. The use of VR as a therapy tool has demonstrated promise in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety. In addition, VR has been used to improve conditions including depression, anxiety, cognitive function, and balance in older adults with memory deficits, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease. Research using VR for the symptoms of apathy in older adults living in residential aged care facilities is limited.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine whether using HMDs as a tool for reminiscence therapy improves the symptoms of apathy compared with using a laptop computer and physical items with older adults living in residential aged care.MethodsIn this multisite trial, 43 participants were allocated to one of three groups: reminiscence therapy intervention using VR in the form of HMDs, reminiscence therapy using a laptop computer supplemented by physical items if required (active control), and a usual care (passive control) group. The primary outcome was apathy, and the secondary outcomes included cognition and depression. The side effects of using HMDs were also measured in the VR group.ResultsMixed model analyses revealed no significant group interaction over time in outcomes between the VR and laptop groups (estimate=−2.24, SE 1.89; t40=−1.18; P=.24). Pooled apathy scores in the two intervention groups compared with the passive control group also revealed no significant group interaction over time (estimate=−0.26, SE 1.66; t40=−0.16; P=.88). There were no significant secondary outcomes. Most participants in the VR group stated that they would prefer to watch content in VR than on a flat screen (Χ22=11.2; P=.004), side effects from HMD use were negligible to minimal according to the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire cutoff scores.ConclusionsAlthough there were no significant results in outcome measures, this study found that participants engaged in the research and enjoyed the process of reminiscing using both forms of technology. It was found that VR can be implemented in an aged care setting with correct protocols in place. Providing residents in aged care with a choice of technology may assist in increasing participation in activities. We cannot dismiss the importance of immediate effects while the therapy was in progress, and this is an avenue for future research.Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001510134; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=378564.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046030

The development of complex products is challenged by diverse requirements, interdisciplinary coupling, intricate behaviors, and prolonged lifecycles. Traditional document-based systems engineering methods exhibit deficiencies in requirement validation, architectural verification, and cross-disciplinary integration, struggling to support early-stage verification and validation as well as interdisciplinary collaboration. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a scenario-based visual modeling method for the entire lifecycle of complex products, aiming to realize a closed-loop process epitomized by “construction as verification.” This method integrates model-based systems engineering, scenario-driven design, and multi-level visualization techniques to construct a multi-paradigm visual modeling and simulation framework driven by operational scenarios, use-case scenarios, and working-condition scenarios, each serving as the blueprint for constructing the corresponding Operational Concept, Functional/Logical, and Physical Specification Models. Concurrently, a semantic integration mechanism based on hybrid ontologies is introduced, which resolves semantic heterogeneity and facilitates model interoperability among multi-source heterogeneous models through formalized mapping. Furthermore, a simulation engine scheme based on Discrete Event System Specification is proposed to enable continuous verification from conceptual design to solution development. A case study on the braking mechanism of a high-speed train demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively support precise requirement validation, logical architectural verification, and multi-solution trade-off analysis, thereby significantly enhancing early verification capabilities and R&D efficiency.