Fuels – Hydrogen Storage | Compressed

Green hydrogen production plants: A techno-economic review

A technical and design evaluation was carried out to meet DOE hydrogen fuel targets for 2010. These targets consisted of a system gravimetric capacity of 2.0 kWh/kg, a system volumetric capacity of 1.5 kWh/L and a system cost of $4/kWh. In compressed hydrogen storage systems, the vast majority of the weight and volume is associated with the hydrogen storage tank. In order to meet gravimetric targets for compressed hydrogen tanks, 10,000 psi carbon resin composites were used to provide the high strength required as well as low weight. For the 10,000 psi tanks, carbon fiber is the largest portion of their cost. Quantum Technologies is a tier one hydrogen system supplier for automotive companies around the world. Over the course of the program Quantum focused on development of technology to allow the compressed hydrogen storage tank to meet DOE goals. At the start of the program in 2004 Quantum was supplying systems with a specific energy of 1.1-1.6 kWh/kg, a volumetric capacity of 1.3 kWh/L and a cost of $73/kWh. Based on the inequities between DOE targets and Quantum’s then current capabilities, focus was placed first on cost reduction and second on weight reduction. Both of these were to be accomplished without reduction of the fuel system’s performance or reliability. Three distinct areas were investigated; optimization of composite structures, development of “smart tanks” that could monitor health of tank thus allowing for lower design safety factor, and the development of “Cool Fuel” technology to allow higher density gas to be stored, thus allowing smaller/lower pressure tanks that would hold the required fuel supply. The second phase of the project deals with three additional distinct tasks focusing on composite structure optimization, liner optimization, and metal.

Numerical solution for thermodynamic model of charge-discharge cycle in compressed hydrogen tank

In this article, we propose a novel hydrogen storage system which has both lightness and compactness a combination of a lightweight high pressure vessel and hydrogen storage alloy. The system is expected as a promising formation to improve the properties of hydrogen storage techniques in weight and volume other than the conventional techniques using compressed hydrogen or hydrogen storage alloy individually. The novel system requires a hydrogen storage alloy with higher volumetric hydrogen density as well as higher gravimetric density, and with higher equilibrium dissociation pressure than the hydrogen storage alloys which have ever been used for hydrogen storage systems.

Computational study of effects of doping Ni and Pd on CoAl for hydrogen storage capacity, elastic and electronic properties

An international industry-government consortium is developing a fuelcell hybrid switcher locomotive for commercial railway applications and power-to-grid generation applications. The current phase of this on-going project addresses the practicalities of on-board hydrogen storage, fuelcell technology, and hybridity, all with an emphasis on commercially available products. Through practical evaluation using designs from Vehicle Projects’ Fuelcell-Powered Underground Mine Loader Project, the configuration of the fuelcell switcher locomotive changed from using metal-hydride hydrogen storage and a pure fuelcell power plant to using compressed hydrogen storage, a fuelcell-battery hybrid power plant, and fuelcell stack modules from Ballard Power Systems that have been extensively used in the Citaro bus program in Europe. The new overall design will now use a RailPower battery hybrid Green Goat™ as the locomotive platform. Keeping the existing lead-acid batteries, we will replace the 205 kW diesel gen-set with 225 kW of net fuelcell power, remove the diesel fuel tank, and place 14 compressed hydrogen cylinders, capable of storing 70 kg of hydrogen at 350 bar, on the roof. A detailed design with associated CAD models will allow a complete build of the fuelcell-battery hybrid switcher locomotive in the next funded phase.

Industrial and public interest in hydrogen technologies has risen strongly recently, as hydrogen is the ideal means for medium to long term energy storage, transport and usage in combination with renewable and green energy supply. In a future energy system, the production, storage and usage of green hydrogen is a key technology. Hydrogen is and will in future be even more used for industrial production processes as a reduction agent or for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons, especially in the chemical industry and in refineries. Under certain conditions material based systems for hydrogen storage and compression offer advantages over the classical systems based on gaseous or liquid hydrogen. This includes in particular lower maintenance costs, higher reliability and safety. Hydrogen storage is possible at pressures and temperatures much closer to ambient conditions. Hydrogen compression is possible without any moving parts and only by using waste heat. In this paper, we summarize the newest developments of hydrogen carriers for storage and compression and in addition, give an overview of the different research activities in this field.

Technological maturity serves as a critical indicator for evaluating the current state of technology development and forecasting future trends. It has been widely applied in high‐tech fields, defense, and strategic emerging industries. This paper develops a multidimensional technology maturity assessment framework based on a comprehensive evaluation of existing maturity assessment methods and relevant application studies. The proposed model correlates computed values with the nine levels of technology readiness levels (TRLs) and the four stages of Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), providing a quantitative supplement to these classifications. Utilizing this evaluation model, the maturity levels of five underground compressed air and hydrogen storage power generation (UCHPG) technologies were assessed. The results, as of 2023, reveal that compressed air energy storage (CAES) has attained the highest TRL of 9. Conversely, hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell (HES‐FC) systems achieved a TRL of 7, hydrogen‐heated CAES (HH‐CAES) and hydrogen energy storage and gas turbine (HES‐GT) systems both reached a TRL of 6, while advanced adiabatic CAES (AA‐CAES) obtained a lower TRL of 5. To validate the proposed assessment model, a comparative analysis was conducted with recent literature on the TRL classifications of these five technologies. The findings indicate that the multicriteria technology maturity evaluation model proposed in this paper is reliable, addressing the limitations of single‐criterion assessment methods and providing a more comprehensive evaluation of technology maturity.

Hydrogen sorption and desorption behaviors of Mg-Ni-Cu doped carbon nanotubes at high temperature

Alternative long-term storage of energy is becoming increasingly important due to climate change. Hydrogen-based storage technologies have long been considered promising alternatives to batteries. However, the different forms of hydrogen storage have various disadvantages and are still comparatively expensive. As an alternative, this paper deals with a new concept for hydrogen storage, the Cryogenic Flux Capacitor (CFC). It is intended as an intermediate between high-pressure and liquid storage to exploit the advantages and reduce the disadvantages. This paper ranks the CFC technology against the others. For this purpose, it investigates the economic viability and the specific application as a grid-connected system. A complete system from hydrogen production and storage to conversion into electrical energy is considered. In detail, the costs for storage and storage time are compared, and the size scaling of a CFC-based system as a grid-connected system is examined. The Levelized Costs of Energy (LCOE) are calculated and compared as a benchmark. It turns out that a CFC-based storage system also requires a tremendous amount of energy in the form of liquid nitrogen and the associated operational costs for cooling down the hydrogen. Nevertheless, the overall operating costs are between high-pressure and liquid hydrogen storage. Most surprising is the LCOE, which, at 0.192 $/kWh–0.234 $/kWh, is well within the range of the other storage technologies. As a grid-connected storage system, CFC technology can be used as a small- to a medium-scale energy storage system, e.g., to serve smaller neighborhoods.

Systems based on hypo-eutectic Mg–Mg2Ni alloys for medium to large scale hydrogen storage and delivery

Future energy systems will be determined by the increasing relevance of solar and wind energy. Crude oil and gas prices are expected to increase in the long run, and penalties for CO2 emissions will become a relevant economic factor. Solar- and wind-powered electricity will become significantly cheaper, such that hydrogen produced from electrolysis will be competitively priced against hydrogen manufactured from natural gas. However, to handle the unsteadiness of system input from fluctuating energy sources, energy storage technologies that cover the full scale of power (in megawatts) and energy storage amounts (in megawatt hours) are required. Hydrogen, in particular, is a promising secondary energy vector for storing, transporting, and distributing large and very large amounts of energy at the gigawatt-hour and terawatt-hour scales. However, we also discuss energy storage at the 120-200-kWh scale, for example, for onboard hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles using compressed hydrogen storage. This article focuses on the characteristics and development potential of hydrogen storage technologies in light of such a changing energy system and its related challenges. Technological factors that influence the dynamics, flexibility, and operating costs of unsteady operation are therefore highlighted in particular. Moreover, the potential for using renewable hydrogen in the mobility sector, industrial production, and the heat market is discussed, as this potential may determine to a significant extent the future economic value of hydrogen storage technology as it applies to other industries. This evaluation elucidates known and well-established options for hydrogen storage and may guide the development and direction of newer, less developed technologies.

Intermetallic compounds are an emerging class of materials with intriguing hydrogen activation and storage capabilities garnering attention for their application in low-temperature hydrogen storage and metal hydride batteries. However, none of the existing intermetallic compounds have met the gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity target of 5.5wt.%. Some A2B-type intermetallic compounds, like Mg2Ni, Mg2Co, and Mg2Fe, approach this target but require high temperatures for hydrogen desorption limiting their use in low-temperature hydrogen storage and automotive applications. Conversely, some intermetallic compounds like ZrV2 and LaNi5, exhibit hydrogen desorption at ambient conditions but with comparatively lower hydrogen storage capacities. This review article provides a comprehensive account of the different types of intermetallic compounds, their synthesis using different solidification-based and solid-state diffusion-based approaches, and their metallurgical and structural properties. It examines the complex interdependencies between the structural parameters of intermetallic compounds and hydrogen storage performance. A definitive but non-linear correlation is identified between void volume and gravimetric hydrogen storage capacities while lattice structure, evolution of lattice structure with hydrogen absorption, enthalpy of hydride formation, and hydrogen activation reactivities of intermetallic compounds are identified as critical parameters governing hydrogen storage performance.

Hydrogen (H2) possesses a number of chemical and physical properties that have allowed it to be used widely in the synthesis and processing of materials in research laboratories as well as in industrial manufacturing. These uses are in addition to the emerging use of hydrogen in power generation technology, including transportation, as discussed in Chapter 2. Except for situations such as in the petrochemical industry, in which hydrogen is utilized more or less immediately after its production from a hydrocarbon feedstock, most applications require that hydrogen be stored after its production by some method prior to its eventual endpoint usage. Many factors influence the physical state (i.e., gas, liquid, solid, or contained in a chemical substance) in which hydrogen will be stored and how it will be supplied for a specific application. In those situations where hydrogen has been a well-established commodity, the physi-cal state is well understood, and storage systems have been developed over the years. For example, hydrogen is often used as a reactant in laboratory research or in manufacturing. In these applications, compressed hydrogen gas is deployed in appropriate size cylinders at pressures up to about 200-300 bar. In addition, when hydrogen is used in a unique and critical capability (e.g., as a rocket propellant for launching spacecraft), thenCONTENTSIntroduction 65 Compressed Gas Hydrogen Storage 67 Cryogenic Hydrogen Storage Systems 69 On-Board Reversible Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems 74Interstitial Metal Hydrides 74 Complex Metal Hydrides 77 Adsorption Materials 78Off-Board Reversible Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems 80 Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers 81 Hydrolysis Reactions 81 Metal Hydrides and Ammonia Borane 84Concluding Remarks 84 Acknowledgments 85 References 85cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) is used and stored in cryogenic containment vessels as part of the launch vehicle. On the other hand, whenever hydrogen is to be used in a role that would either replace existing technologies or serve a novel function, the current storage approaches generally must be heavily adapted, or new ones developed, to meet the different operating parameters and constraints. Chapter 1 describes the increasing concerns over the energetic, political, and environ-

One of the biggest challenges for the commercial application of existing hydrogen storage materials is to meet the desired high volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity and the ability to refuel quickly and repetitively as a safe transportation system at moderate temperature and pressure. In this work, we have synthesized polyaniline nanocomposites (PANI-NC) and hypercrosslinked polyaniline (PANI-HYP) materials to provide structure and composition which could meet the specific demands of a practical hydrogen storage system. Hydrogen sorption measurements showed that high surface area porous structure enhanced the storage capacity significantly at 77.3K and 1atm (i.e., 0.8wt% for PANI-HYP). However at 298K, storage capacity of all samples is less than 0.5wt% at 70 bar. Hydrogen sorption results along with the surface area measurements confirmed that hydrogen storage mechanism predominantly based on physisorption for polyaniline.