高圧水素と水素貯蔵材料

A technical and design evaluation was carried out to meet DOE hydrogen fuel targets for 2010. These targets consisted of a system gravimetric capacity of 2.0 kWh/kg, a system volumetric capacity of 1.5 kWh/L and a system cost of $4/kWh. In compressed hydrogen storage systems, the vast majority of the weight and volume is associated with the hydrogen storage tank. In order to meet gravimetric targets for compressed hydrogen tanks, 10,000 psi carbon resin composites were used to provide the high strength required as well as low weight. For the 10,000 psi tanks, carbon fiber is the largest portion of their cost. Quantum Technologies is a tier one hydrogen system supplier for automotive companies around the world. Over the course of the program Quantum focused on development of technology to allow the compressed hydrogen storage tank to meet DOE goals. At the start of the program in 2004 Quantum was supplying systems with a specific energy of 1.1-1.6 kWh/kg, a volumetric capacity of 1.3 kWh/L and a cost of $73/kWh. Based on the inequities between DOE targets and Quantum’s then current capabilities, focus was placed first on cost reduction and second on weight reduction. Both of these were to be accomplished without reduction of the fuel system’s performance or reliability. Three distinct areas were investigated; optimization of composite structures, development of “smart tanks” that could monitor health of tank thus allowing for lower design safety factor, and the development of “Cool Fuel” technology to allow higher density gas to be stored, thus allowing smaller/lower pressure tanks that would hold the required fuel supply. The second phase of the project deals with three additional distinct tasks focusing on composite structure optimization, liner optimization, and metal.

Hydrogen storage is one of the most significant research areas for exploiting hydrogen energy economy. To store hydrogen with a high gravimetric/volumetric density, gaseous hydrogen storage systems require a very high-pressure compressed gas cylinder which is quite unsafe and the storage in the liquid form needs cryogenic containers to be maintained at roughly 20 K under ambient pressure because hydrogen has a very low critical temperature of 33 K. However, hydrogen can be stored in solid materials with higher concentration of hydrogen compared to the gaseous and liquid hydrogen storage systems. It is therefore, worthwhile to look into the experimental and theoretical research on prospective hydrogen storage materials. The hydride-forming alloys and intermetallic compounds are found to be the most important families of hydrogen storage materials. Multicomponent alloys consisting of five or more principal elements, also known as high-entropy alloys appear to have potential for the development as hydrogen storage materials. Hydride-forming elements like Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Hf, Ta, La, Ce, Ni, and others have been shown to have hydrogen storage properties and the ability to produce single-phase high-entropy intermetallics. Here, attempts will be made to present a short review on utilization of multicomponent high-entropy alloys as solid hydrogen storage materials. Furthermore, we will also present some of our work on the synthesis, structural–microstructural characterization and hydrogen storage properties of Ti–Zr–V–Cr–Ni equi-atomic hydride-forming high-entropy alloys. From the preliminary investigation, the maximum storage capacity in this system was observed to be 1.78 wt%, which is comparable to other hydrogen storage materials. The prospects of high-entropy-based alloys for hydrogen storage will be discussed.

Green hydrogen production plants: A techno-economic review

Performances comparison of adsorption hydrogen storage tanks at a wide temperature and pressure zone

The spinning process will lead to changes in the micro-structure and mechanical properties of the materials in different positions of the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder, which will show different hydrogen embrittlement resistance in the high-pressure hydrogen environment. In order to fully study the safety of hydrogen storage in large-volume seamless steel cylinders, this chapter associates the influence of the forming process with the deterioration of a high-pressure hydrogen cylinder (≥100 MPa). The anti-hydrogen embrittlement of SA-372 grade J steel at different locations of the formed cylinders was studied experimentally in three cylinders. The hydrogen embrittlement experiments were carried out according to method A of ISO 11114-4:2005. The relationship between tensile strength, microstructure, and hydrogen embrittlement is analyzed, which provides comprehensive and reliable data for the safety of hydrogen storage and transmission.

One of the most important challenges facing countries is providing cheap energy and renewable sources. Therefore, a smart alloy will be proposed for hydrogen storage due to its ability to expand and contract without breaking and being little affected by heat. In this investigation, the first performance principle is applied to examine the effect and utility of hydrogen absorption in smart TiCo alloy. The hydrogen atoms absorbed at the bridge (TiCoH3-B), face-centered cubic (TiCoH3) and tetrahedral interstitial (TiCoH8) sites in TiCo alloy were studied. The elastic constants, enthalpy of formation energy, and tolerance factors show that TiCoH3 and TiCoH8 are stable alloys and can be formed, while TiCoH3-B is not elastically stable. Cohesive energy shows that increasing induced pressure and hydrogen absorption reduces the stiffness of TiCoH3 and TiCoH8, without alloy collapse. The gravimetric storage capacity of CoTiH3 and TiCoH8 is found to be large enough to be suitable as alloys for hydrogen storage. Pugh’s B/G ratio, and anisotropy factor assume that TiCo with or without hydrogen atoms is classified as a ductile and anisotropic alloy, with except for TiCoH8 has brittle behavior up to 40 GPa. The bonding nature of TiCoH3 alloy has a mixture of covalent (Co – H) and ionic bond (CoH6 – Ti). In contrast, TiCoH8 exhibits a covalent bond in the form of Ti – H – Co. Hydrogen absorption and induced pressure encourage electrons to rearrange into the spin up and down channels resulting in a decrease in the overall magnetic moment of the alloy. The mechanical, electronic, and magnetic properties show promise for industrial applications of these alloys, such as piezoelectric and hydrogen storage, and spin and magnetoelectronic manufacturing.

Nowadays, high-pressure hydrogen storage is the most commercially used technology owing to its high hydrogen purity, rapid charging/discharging of hydrogen, and low-cost manufacturing. Despite numerous reviews on hydrogen storage technologies, there is a relative scarcity of comprehensive examinations specifically focused on high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage and its associated materials. This article systematically presents the manufacturing processes and materials used for a variety of high-pressure hydrogen storage containers, including metal cylinders, carbon fiber composite cylinders, and emerging glass material-based hydrogen storage containers. Furthermore, it introduces the relevant principles and theoretical studies, showcasing their advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional high-pressure hydrogen storage containers. Finally, this article provides an outlook on the future development of high-pressure hydrogen storage containers.

Fuels – Hydrogen Storage | Compressed

Alternative long-term storage of energy is becoming increasingly important due to climate change. Hydrogen-based storage technologies have long been considered promising alternatives to batteries. However, the different forms of hydrogen storage have various disadvantages and are still comparatively expensive. As an alternative, this paper deals with a new concept for hydrogen storage, the Cryogenic Flux Capacitor (CFC). It is intended as an intermediate between high-pressure and liquid storage to exploit the advantages and reduce the disadvantages. This paper ranks the CFC technology against the others. For this purpose, it investigates the economic viability and the specific application as a grid-connected system. A complete system from hydrogen production and storage to conversion into electrical energy is considered. In detail, the costs for storage and storage time are compared, and the size scaling of a CFC-based system as a grid-connected system is examined. The Levelized Costs of Energy (LCOE) are calculated and compared as a benchmark. It turns out that a CFC-based storage system also requires a tremendous amount of energy in the form of liquid nitrogen and the associated operational costs for cooling down the hydrogen. Nevertheless, the overall operating costs are between high-pressure and liquid hydrogen storage. Most surprising is the LCOE, which, at 0.192 $/kWh–0.234 $/kWh, is well within the range of the other storage technologies. As a grid-connected storage system, CFC technology can be used as a small- to a medium-scale energy storage system, e.g., to serve smaller neighborhoods.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle has become the main direction of hydrogen energy utilization because of its advantages of zero emission, short hydrogenation time, long driving range and high efficiency. High pressure hydrogen storage cylinder is one of the key components of hydrogen fuel cell system. Because the temperature of the gas cylinder increases sharply during the rapid hydrogen filling process, and the temperature drops sharply during the hydrogen release process, the drastic temperature change will reduce the fatigue life of the cylinder, which has an important impact on the safety and stability of the whole system. At present, it is necessary to further study the thermodynamic characteristics of gas cylinders in the process of hydrogen filling and discharging. According to the filling and discharging process of high pressure hydrogen cycle, the change and distribution of pressure and temperature and the streamline change in the high pressure cylinder during the process of hydrogen filling and discharging are studied. The pressure and temperature control strategy of high-pressure tank, precooler, test cylinder and low-pressure tank in the process of hydrogen filling and discharging were discussed, and a more safe and effective hydrogen filling and discharging optimization control measure was put forward. This study is of great significance for the stability and safe operation of high pressure hydrogen storage system in the field of hydrogen energy.

Magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys have attracted significant attention as promising materials for solid-state hydrogen storage due to their high hydrogen storage capacity, abundant reserves, low cost, and reversibility. However, the widespread application of these alloys is hindered by several challenges, including slow hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, high thermodynamic stability of magnesium hydride, and limited cycle life. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of the recent advances in magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys, covering their fundamental properties, synthesis methods, modification strategies, hydrogen storage performance, and potential applications. The review discusses the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of magnesium-based alloys, as well as the effects of alloying, nanostructuring, and surface modification on their hydrogen storage performance. The hydrogen absorption/desorption properties of different magnesium-based alloy systems are compared, and the influence of various modification strategies on these properties is examined. The review also explores the potential applications of magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys, including mobile and stationary hydrogen storage, rechargeable batteries, and thermal energy storage. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions in this field are discussed, highlighting the need for fundamental understanding of hydrogen storage mechanisms, development of novel alloy compositions, optimization of modification strategies, integration of magnesium-based alloys into hydrogen storage systems, and collaboration between academia and industry.

An international industry-government consortium is developing a fuelcell hybrid switcher locomotive for commercial railway applications and power-to-grid generation applications. The current phase of this on-going project addresses the practicalities of on-board hydrogen storage, fuelcell technology, and hybridity, all with an emphasis on commercially available products. Through practical evaluation using designs from Vehicle Projects’ Fuelcell-Powered Underground Mine Loader Project, the configuration of the fuelcell switcher locomotive changed from using metal-hydride hydrogen storage and a pure fuelcell power plant to using compressed hydrogen storage, a fuelcell-battery hybrid power plant, and fuelcell stack modules from Ballard Power Systems that have been extensively used in the Citaro bus program in Europe. The new overall design will now use a RailPower battery hybrid Green Goat™ as the locomotive platform. Keeping the existing lead-acid batteries, we will replace the 205 kW diesel gen-set with 225 kW of net fuelcell power, remove the diesel fuel tank, and place 14 compressed hydrogen cylinders, capable of storing 70 kg of hydrogen at 350 bar, on the roof. A detailed design with associated CAD models will allow a complete build of the fuelcell-battery hybrid switcher locomotive in the next funded phase.

This paper briefly describes the metal hydrides as the hydrogen storage or transport media, followed by the historical topic including: (i) the discoveries and progress of hydrogen uptake by the elemental metals, (ii) the establishment of the concept “hydrogen storage alloy” by intermetallics, and (iii) from the “hydrogen storage alloy” to the “hydrogen storage material”.

As the importance of hydrogen energy in the global clean energy system becomes increasingly prominent, how to store hydrogen efficiently, safely and economically has become the core bottleneck restricting its large-scale application. This study takes three mainstream hydrogen storage methods, namely high-pressure hydrogen storage, liquid hydrogen storage and solid-state hydrogen storage, as the research objects, and comprehensively compares their advantages and disadvantages in terms of energy density, safety and economy. Through systematic literature review and case analysis, the study finds that high-pressure hydrogen storage has a relatively high mass energy density and technical maturity, and is suitable for mobile transportation scenarios, but its volume efficiency is low and there is a risk of high-pressure leakage; liquid hydrogen storage has the highest volume energy density and is suitable for large-scale transportation, but the liquefaction process has high energy consumption and the equipment cost is expensive; solid-state hydrogen storage performs best in terms of safety and is particularly suitable for portable applications, but the hydrogen storage materials are expensive and the technology is not yet mature. Based on the above comparison, this study proposes suggestions for multi-scenario collaborative optimization and looks forward to the future development direction of hydrogen storage technology.

Prediction of the optimal hydrogen storage in high entropy alloys