HAPPINESS AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORY

<p><strong>Context and Relevance.</strong> This article considers one possible correlate of well-being, the cognitive illusion of age. A number of studies have shown the correlation of cognitive illusions of age with either subjective well-being or psychological well-being, studying it in samples with significant age variation. <strong>Objective.</strong> To identify the correlation of the cognitive illusion of age with both subjective and psychological well-being of individuals in adolescence and to establish the variables mediating this correlation. <strong>Hypotheses. </strong>Indicators of subjective and psychological well-being are hypothesized to be significantly higher in adolescents with a negative cognitive illusion of age compared to those with a positive cognitive illusion. Sex and employment are hypothesized to mediate the relationship between the cognitive illusion of age and both subjective and psychological well-being. <strong>Methods and Materials. </strong>The sample consisted of 96 students (M = 19,27, SD = 0,814, where 48% were young men) aged between 18 and 21 years. The following methods were used: “Age-of-me” (B. Barak); “Life Satisfaction Scale” (E. Diener); “Positive and Negative Affect Schedule” (D. Watson, L. Clark, A. Tellegen); “Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being”. <strong>Results.</strong> The study found that subjective age overestimation (negative cognitive illusion of age), as opposed to positive cognitive illusion, is correlated with higher indicators of psychological and subjective well-being of a person in adolescence. The hypothesis that sex and employment mediate the correlation between the cognitive illusion of age and well-being was tested. It was found that regardless of sex and work experience, negative cognitive illusion was directly related to higher measures of well-being in young adulthood. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>The results suggest that the negative cognitive illusion of age may contribute to higher levels of both psychological and subjective well-being in adolescence.</p>

Introduction. This study addresses the need to further contextualize research on well-being (e.g., Kjell, 2011) in terms of cross-cultural aspects of personality traits among adolescents and by examining two different conceptualizations of well-being: subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive and negative affect) and psychological well-being (i.e., positive relations with others, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, autonomy, personal growth, and life purpose).Methods. Iranian (N = 122, mean age 15.23 years) and Swedish (N = 109, mean age 16.69 years) adolescents were asked to fill out a Big Five personality test, as well as questionnaires assessing subjective well-being and psychological well-being.Results. Swedes reported higher subjective and psychological well-being, while Iranians reported higher degree of Agreeableness, Openness and Conscientiousness. Neuroticism and Extraversion did not differ between cultures. Neuroticism was related to well-being within both cultures. Openness was related to well-being only among Iranians, and Extraversion only among Swedes. A mediation analysis within the Swedish sample, the only sample meeting statistical criteria for mediation analysis to be conducted, demonstrated that psychological well-being mediated the relationship between Neuroticism and subjective well-being as well as between Extraversion and subjective well-being.Conclusions. Certain personality traits, such as Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness, relate differently to well-being measures across cultures. Meanwhile, Neuroticism seems to relate similarly across cultures at least with regard to subjective well-being. Furthermore, the results give an indication on how psychological well-being might mediate the relationship between certain personality traits and subjective well-being. Overall, the complexity of the results illustrates the need for more research whilst supporting the importance of contextualizing well-being research.

The association between socio-cultural factors and well-being among young adult Middle Eastern migrants in Australia

The article analyzes the basic theory of subjective well-being. It is indicated that the desire for well-being is one of the main driving forces of human society, its subjective feeling is an important condition for a full-fledged life of a person, therefore, attention is drawn to the need for psychological research related to the analysis of methodological and systemic approaches aimed at studying subjective well-being. The main differences between the theories, as well as the relationship between the concepts of "well-being", "subjective well-being" and "psychological well-being" are shown, a theoretical analysis of existing modern approaches to the problem of studying subjective well-being and its components is carried out. Subjective well- being is considered as an integral psychological formation, including the assessment and attitude of a person to his life and himself. The main approaches to elucidating the components of subjective well-being are characterized – hedonistic and eudemonistic. Based on the analysis of modern and research, a study of its sources and determinants is carried out, the component composition, terminology base is clarified, the influence of various factors, such as: social relations, genetic predisposition, material well-being, joy of needs, existence of goals and meaning of life, physical activity are investigated , individual characteristics, accepting oneself as a person, etc. Through a synthesis of various approaches to understanding subjective well-being, several key statements have been identified in the framework of the study: the positivity of measuring well-being as the presence of positive intensity indicators and experiences of different intensities; global dimension – the interconnection of all aspects of human life (social, biological, psychological, physical) time lag, dynamism; subjectivity as the dependence of the experience of well-being on assessment, attitude and personal experience. Attention is drawn to the fact that the term "subjective well-being" is interdisciplinary and has its meaning in psychology, sociology, economics and the political sciences. The prospect of further research is seen in continuing to study the structural features of models and components of well-being.

• Human-centered computing → Personalization → HCI design and evaluation methods → User models.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness education on emotional, psychological, and social well-being of 12th grade students in Tehran. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of the study included all 12th grade students of the 12th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2018 to 2019. 60 students who gained low scores in three dimensions of Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire of Keyes and Magyar-Moe (2003) were selected through random sampling method. The participants were assigned into 2 experimental and control groups. The experimental groups received a Mindfulness protocol in 8 sessions during 2 hours. After completion of the sessions, all the participants were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings showed that in the emotional well-being aspect, with the components of positive emotional affection (P < 0.025, F = 17/80) and negative emotions (P <0.025, F = 5/41), in the psychological well-being, with the components self-esteem (P < 0.008, F = 25.26), life goal (P < 0.008, F = 38.19), environmental domination (P <0.008, F=82.82), relationships with others (P < 0.008, F = 19.12), as well as personal development (P < 0.008, F = 87.38), and in the social well-being aspect, admission and acceptability (P <0.01, F =18.09) and realism (P <0.01, F = 11.30), there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups and it can be concluded that the mindfulness education affects the improvement of psychological, social and emotional well-being components in the students.

Mindful learning is widely known to improve learning outcomes, yet its association with students’ well-being remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of mindful learning on subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) in postgraduate students, using survey questionnaires and a randomized experimental design. In Study 1, correlation and regression analyses based on 236 postgraduate students revealed significant positive associations among mindful learning, SWB, and PWB. In Study 2, 54 students were randomly assigned to three groups: the experimental (which received Mindful Learning Coaching), active-, and blank control groups. The results from repeated-measures ANOVA showed that coaching significantly improved students’ mindful learning. The participants’ SWB and PWB significantly decreased in both the active- and blank control groups, whilst their SWB and PWB tended to increase in the experimental group. In conclusion, mindful learning, SWB, and PWB are significantly correlated, while the enhancement of mindful learning may be a protective factor in students’ well-being.

Occupational therapy practitioners can use therapeutic activity to promote veterans' well-being, but the mechanisms through which participation promotes well-being are poorly understood. To examine whether coping ability, meaningful activity, and social support mediate the relationship between participation and two indicators of veterans' overall well-being: life meaning (psychological well-being) and life satisfaction (subjective well-being). Explanatory cross-sectional design. We used two multiple mediation models to test whether coping ability, meaningful activity, and social support explained the relationship between participation and both life meaning and life satisfaction. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics and service-related health conditions (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder). Community. Three hundred eighty-nine community-based veterans attending college. None. Measures of participation, coping ability, meaningful activity, social support, life meaning, life satisfaction, and service-related health conditions. Meaningfulness of activity partially explained the relationship between participation and both psychological well-being (B = 0.16, standard error [SE] = 0.04, 99% confidence interval [CI] [0.07, 0.27]) and subjective well-being (B = 0.14, SE = 0.03, 99% CI [0.07, 0.24]). Social support partially explained the relationship between participation and subjective well-being (B = 0.05, SE = 0.02, 99% CI [0.01, 0.11]). These findings persisted when symptoms of service-related health conditions were accounted for. Veterans' participation is associated with a greater sense of meaningful activity and social support, which in turn promotes psychological and subjective well-being. Occupational therapy practitioners may promote veterans' well-being by supporting engagement in activities that elicit meaning and enable social interaction, although further study is needed. This is among the first studies to test mechanisms underlying the relationship between veterans' engagement in activities and their overall well-being. Results may inform treatment theories for activity-based interventions in the veteran population. For example, results indicate that occupational therapy interventions that facilitate engagement in meaningful and shared activities could be developed to promote veterans' well-being.

Psychological well-being is defined as enhancing positive states and reducing negative states (Ryff, 1989; Ryff &amp; Keyes, 1995). According to Ryff (1989), psychological well-being encompasses an individual's quality of life to other social units. It is characterized by two prominent varieties. The first refers to the extent to which people experience positive emotions and feelings of happiness. Sometimes this aspect of psychological well-being is referred to as subjective well-being (Diener, 2000). This type of psychological well-being is “Hedonic”, which is normally used to refer to the subjective feelings of happiness (Robertson &amp; Cooper, 1999). It comprises two components, an affective component (high positive affect and low negative affect) and a cognitive component (satisfaction with life) (Robertson &amp; Cooper, 1999). It is proposed that an individual experiences happiness when positive affect and satisfaction with life are both high (Carruthers &amp; Hood, 2004).

The present thesis explores psychological well-being (PWB), practice and context within a professional football academy. The thesis also focuses on the processes of action research as a catalyst for practice-change in the academy environment, towards a culture of well-being. During the initial stages, pre-reconnaissance discussions took place with key academy practitioners to explore practitioner perceptions of well-being and coaching practice within context. The thesis is divided into two distinct phases; the reconnaissance phase, and the action phase. The reconnaissance phase encouraged the researcher to 'live the experience' alongside the research participants. Therefore emersion into the field of an academy football environment was required on a daily basis. The action research from reconnaissance-to-practice provided a detailed account of day-to-day events and on-going lived experiences of players and practitioners within the academy football environment. Consequently, qualitative data collection took place regularly in order to monitor and capture the personal experiences of academy players and practitioners, to follow individual threads of inquiry. Also field notes, player focus groups, informal interviews and formal taped interviews provided sufficient data for triangulation to occur. This multi-method approach enabled the researcher to take advantage of the rich variety of sources upon which were available (Tomlinson, 1983). The data collection protocol investigated how practitioners engaged in culturally specific practice within the academy. The action phase introduced collaborative practitioner meetings as part of the action research process to address practice that could later be linked specifically to psychological well-being (PWB) dimensions. The overall aim of the collaborative practitioner meetings was to drive debate and change, based on the notion that well-being can be related to everyday practice. Although there was similarity in how the meetings were described, the primary analysis differed, in particular the first two collaborative practitioner meetings underwent thorough content analysis from both an inductive (cultural and situational) and deductive (concept-oriented) stance. The reality of the research reflected the unpredictable process and dilemmas that may occur within the processes of action research and practice-change. The research provided detailed insight into the culture of football and the perceptions and experiences of full-time academy players, practitioners and the researcher's own reflections on the research journey, with regards to psychological well-being (PWB). Within the processes of action research, the practical utility of theory and the personal- contextual dynamic of a practice-change process within a youth football setting were considered and discussed. The research encouraged notions of emancipation within a participatory and collaborative process. Key Words: Psychological well-being (PWB), subjective well-being (SWB), action research, context and practice.

The purpose of the article is to analyze modern concepts that are used to describe the optimal functioning of an individual. The most common concepts in positive psychology are: happiness, psychological well-being, flourishing. The plurality of terminology is associated with the existence of different approaches to determining the existential goal of human life: pleasure or benefit. Attempts to operationalize the components of well-being cause some difficulty. They are difficult to separate from predictors and psychological consequences of well-being. Attempts to overcome the methodological limitations of each of the approaches are concentrated in two directions. The structural-tiered approach focuses on identifying structural components, types of well-being, and finding ways to relate them to each other. The integral approach tries to find a new generalizing definition for all concepts of optimal human functioning. Personal well-being is a concept that unites all the signs of optimal conditions and human functioning. First, subjectivity is the individual experience of their own functioning in everyday life as a result of self-determination in the present and expectations for the future, which depend on the implicit concept of well-being. Second, the affective component is emotional and evaluative attitude to individual events and life in general. Third, a prerequisite is the positivity of such an assessment – the presence of certain positive experiences as a result of perception of an objective life situation, the balance of positive and negative emotions. Fourth, the presence of external and internal criteria: on the one hand, compliance with the system of values inherent in this culture, on the other, the assessment of daily efforts and living conditions. Fifth, self-determination is the ability of a person to determine the nature of the optimal interaction between him and the environment, to some extent to control it and be responsible for the consequences. Personal well-being is interpreted as an existential multi-concept that reflects the balance between the subject’s search for satisfaction in various spheres of life according to the implicit concept of well-being and the disclosure of personal potential and harmony between inner and outer world, based on significant emotional characteristics and positive personality traits. Key words: happiness, psychological well-being, flourishing, subjective well-being, personal well-being.

Introduction: According to a recent study in India, perinatal mortality and morbidity score is high and high-risk is one of the most leading cause. All the antenatal women should be assessed for the risk factors like maternal age, reproductive history, the previous still birth, neonatal deaths, congenital anomalies, grand multiparty, anaemia, previous preterm, preeclampsia, previous caesarean, Rh-isoimmunisation, ABO incompatibility, medical diseases like diabetes, renal diseases, pulmonary diseases, family history of diabetes, hypertension and congenital malformations. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the biopsychosocial wellbeing and find out relation between biological, psychological and social wellbeing of high-risk pregnant women. Material and Methods: This study utilized a survey approach with a descriptive study design and was conducted in selected private hospitals in Udupi district, Karnataka. A total of 303 women with high-risk pregnancy after 28 weeks of gestation, attending Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPDs and who were admitted in the antenatal wards, were selected by using non- probability purposive sampling technique. Descriptive (Frequency and percentage) and Inferential statistics (Spearman’s ρ) was used to analyse the data. Result: The prevalence of low biological wellbeing was found to be 161 (53.1%), low psychological wellbeing 148 (48.8%), high psychological wellbeing, low social wellbeing 172(56.76%) among 303 high-risk pregnant women more than 28 weeks of gestation. There was statistically significant relationship between biological and psychological wellbeing (Spearman ρ=0.56, p=< 0.000): biological and social wellbeing (Spearman’s ρ=0.245, p=<0.000); social and psychological wellbeing (Spearman ρ=0.391, p=<0.000). Conclusion: The present study concluded that majority of high-risk pregnant women had low bio-psychosocial wellbeing and had significant relation in between biological, psychological and social wellbeing which may help health care workers to contribute a need-based quality care and help to improve the outcome of pregnancy. How to cite this article:Bera T, D’Souza SRB, Karkada S. Biopsychosocial Wellbeing of High-Risk Pregnant Women: A Descriptive Study. Int J Nurs Midwif Res 2019; 6(4): 39-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.9318.201931

Aim: The aim of this paper is to define the correlation between experiencing personal well-being and manifestations of spirituality of an individual. &#x0D; Methods: The study involved the citizens of Chernihiv (average age – 33.2 years old): 96 people in total, 40 men and 56 women. The following methods were used: a) to measure the components of personal well-being – Satisfaction with Life scale by E. Diener, Psychological well-being scale by С. Riff, Questionnaire of parameters of subjective social well-being by T. Danylchenko; b) to measure the spiritual component – EPU Plus (Egoism - Personal Uniqueness) by L. Z. Levit, Methodology of measuring social interaction (mentality aspect) by G. L. Voronin.&#x0D; Results: The source of experiencing personal well-being is positive health (physical abilities, absence of physical limitations). Factors that decrease personal well-being are low level of tolerance and the pursuit of pleasure. Personal well-being is ensured by belief about collaboration and experiencing positive health as a state of readiness for activity. Psychological well-being has a negative correlation with basic egoism (the pursuit of pleasure) and a positive one with social egoism (ability to comply one’s needs with the group interests, following social rules and norms). Subjective social well-being relates to the highest egoism (unique self-realization, realization of existing potential in an acceptable way). The orientation towards achieving personal or public goals determines the peculiarities of experiencing well-being in the eudaemonic and hedonistic dimensions.

Psychological well-being (PWB) is a core component of mental health influenced by personality; however, most prior research focused on subjective well-being and normal-range personality traits. Less is known about the longitudinal role of maladaptive personality traits in shaping eudaimonic well-being. This study examined prospective associations between maladaptive personality domains and subsequent PWB in the SUN cohort. Personality traits were assessed at the 16-year follow-up using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Abbreviated Form (PID-5-BF). PWB was evaluated 2 years later using Ryff's 29-item scale. All domains were analyzed as continuous variables in multivariable linear regression models with mutual adjustment. Among 2080 participants (56.9% women, mean age 57 ± 10.9 years), higher levels of detachment (β: -2.43; 95% CI: -2.77, -2.09), negative affect (β: -1.09; 95% CI: -1.38, -0.80), psychoticism (β: -0.76; 95% CI: -1.21, -0.30) and disinhibition (β: -0.52; 95% CI: -0.93, -0.11) were prospectively associated with lower PWB, whereas antagonism showed a positive association (β: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.17). Detachment was consistently associated with lower scores across all six PWB dimensions, negative affect and psychoticism showed selective inverse associations with several PWB dimensions, and disinhibition showed an inverse association for autonomy. Nevertheless, antagonism displayed positive associations with environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. In conclusion, maladaptive personality traits are prospectively associated with PWB, with domain-specific patterns, highlighting the importance of a multidimensional perspective when examining personality-PWB relationships.

BackgroundMental and physical health problems are the main challenges during old age especially those who suffer from chronic problems and become bedridden.ObjectiveThe broad objective of the study was to examine...