High Speed Area Efficient FPGA Implementation of AES Algorithm

This study discusses the effectiveness of using AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RC4 (Rivest Chipper 4) as digital data security algorithms to prevent and protect transaction data from irresponsible parties. This needs to be done because the development of sales transactions or other services has used digital technology a lot. This situation causes the need to secure digital data from existing transactions, so that transaction data can be stored safely. Transaction data security is carried out by changing data into ciphers or codes that are difficult to read using the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) algorithms. This research begins by collecting existing transaction data and then transforming it into ASCII code. The results of the transformation will be used to perform calculations using the AES algorithm. After completing the calculation process using the AES algorithm, then do the calculations using RC4. These results will be stored in the database so that the transaction data that has turned into these codes cannot be known by other parties. The combination of the AES and RC4 algorithms is carried out to strengthen data encryption because there are more and more rotation systems and double security is carried out so that digital data is not easily read and misused. With the presence of this research, it can be shown that the AES and RC4 algorithms are capable of encrypting existing transaction data with multiple levels of security.

The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) recommends AES algorithm as a cryptographic algorithm to maintain confidentiality and data security between spacecraft and ground systems. In implementation, there are several AES algorithm operating modes including Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC), Electronic Codebook (EBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), Output Feedback (OFB), and counter mode (CTR). One of the operating modes of AES algorithm recommended by CCSDS is CTR because it has advantages in terms of efficiency of implementation and offers a high level of data security. LAPAN-A4 as the next generation of LAPAN satellites also uses CCSDS standard in terms of data exchange between satellites and ground stations including telemetry and telecommand (TTC) data and satellite payload data. In order to protect LAPAN-A4 satellite data, especially TTC data, in this paper AES algorithm was implemented in CTR operating mode on the FPGA which will then be implemented on LAPAN-A4 satellite onboard data handling (OBDH) as one of LAPAN-A4 satellite data security systems. To overcome the limited resource of FPGA, optimization is also done using basic iterative AES hardware reused method, which is to reuse hardware that has been designed n times for same operation for AES algorithm. From the results of implementation and optimization, efficiency of logic gates used is increasing almost a quarter less than the previous research.

With the rapid development of internet technology and the increasing popularity of e-commerce, data encryption technology plays a very important role in data security. Information security has two aspects: security protocol and cryptographic algorithm and the latter is the foundation and core technology of information security. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm is one of the most commonly used algorithms in symmetric encryption algorithms. Such algorithms face issues when used in the context of key management and security functions. This paper focuses on the systematic analysis of these issues and summarizes AES algorithm implementation, comprehensive application and algorithm comparison with other existing methods. To analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm and to make full use of the advantages of AES encryption algorithm, one needs to reduce round key and improve the key schedule, as well as organically integrate with RSA algorithm. Java language is used to implement the algorithm due to its large library, then to show the efficiency of the proposed method we compare different parameters, such as encryption/decryption speed, entropies and memory consumption...) with a classic algorithm. Based on the results of the comparison between AES and the hybrid AES algorithm, the proposed algorithm shows good performance and high security. It therefore can be used for key management and security functions, particularly for sharing sensitive files through insecure channel. This analysis provides a reference useful for selecting different encryption algorithms according to different business needs.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes that communicates with each other without any supporting infrastructure. These networks have some unique features such as dynamic mobility, open nature, lack of infrastructure, limited physical security and they are vulnerable to several security threats. Malicious node can drop all or partial received packets instead of forwarding them to the next hop through the path. In order to find the malicious nodes, an initial transmission is made between the source and destination nodes. Using fuzzy rules, the trust value of each node is computed and it varies from 0 to 1. A common threshold value is set for each node and by using this threshold value, every node in the network can be identified as either a malicious node or a regular node. After identifying the malicious nodes, these nodes are eliminated by muting the power to off state. As the malicious nodes are eliminated between source and destination nodes, source node can select another trusted path to its destination
 node. For security and authentication of routing information, hybrid cryptography is employed, using advanced encryption standard (AES) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms. AES algorithm is used as symmetric algorithm to encrypt the routing information and ECC algorithm is used as asymmetric algorithm to encrypt the public key. During encryption, the original plain text is converted into cipher text with encrypted public key and similarly during decryption cipher text is converted into original plain text with decrypted private keys. So the proposed method involves both AES and ECC algorithms which provides security mechanism as efficient and sufficient one. The experimental simulations are carried for the proposed model using network simulator 2 (NS-2) for Throughput, Delay, Packet delivery ratio, Packet overhead and Packet drop.

An efficient AES implementation using FPGA with enhanced security features

The majority of imaging techniques use symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms to encrypt digital media. Most of the research works contributed in the literature focus primarily on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm for encryption and decryption. This paper propose an analysis for performing image encryption and decryption by hybridization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with Hill Cipher (HC), ECC with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ElGamal with Double Playfair Cipher (DPC). This analysis is based on the following parameters: (i) Encryption and decryption time, (ii) entropy of encrypted image, (iii) loss in intensity of the decrypted image, (iv) Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), (v) Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR), and (vi) Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI). The hybrid process involves the speed and ease of implementation from symmetric algorithms, as well as improved security from asymmetric algorithms. ECC and ElGamal cryptosystems provide asymmetric key cryptography, while HC, AES, and DPC are symmetric key algorithms. ECC with AES are perfect for remote or private communications with smaller image sizes based on the amount of time needed for encryption and decryption. The metric measurement with test cases finds that ECC and HC have a good overall solution for image encryption.

The meaning of security is to protect something important from not authorized peoples. Cryptography is one of the security systems. Many applications could be used in the security systems like military applications, email, banking, information technology of database. The proposed system uses advanced encryption standard(AES) with secure hash algorithms(SHA-1) to produce a strong ciphertext. Moreover, this paper make the combination of (SHA-1) which is a one way encryption, as a key with (AES) algorithm which is a two way encryption as a ciphering generator to obtain confidentiality and integrity, In this paper presented implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Secure Hash (SHA-1) Algorithm by the use of FPGA Hardware card, However implementation of the AES algorithm and SHA-1 using LABVIEW environment with MATLAB system generator to generate stream data to FPGA hardware target. The output of the hash function is used as an input key for AES in order to improve data security, From the algorithms result of AES and SHA-1 obtained in FPGA, the system obtained how it is simple in modeling hashing and AES algorithms, generating hash codes and plain texts in (small and capital letters), symbols and numbers. The FPGA card used in this system (Spartan 3AN)with frequency (50%), the complete system take (1,147)size from the available space of (11,776) and accuracy (90%),the system work properly.

Nowadays, a large number of digital data are transmitted worldwide using wireless communications. Therefore, data security is a significant task in communication to prevent cybercrimes and avoid information loss. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a highly efficient secure mechanism that outperforms other symmetric key cryptographic algorithms using message secrecy. However, AES is efficient in terms of software and hardware implementation, and numerous modifications are done in the conventional AES architecture to improve the performance. This research article proposes a significant modification to the AES architecture’s key expansion section to increase the speed of producing subkeys. The fork–join model of key expansion (FJMKE) architecture is developed to improve the speed of the subkey generation process, whereas the hardware resources of AES are minimized by avoiding the frequent computation of secret keys. The AES-FJMKE architecture generates all of the required subkeys in less than half the time required by the conventional architecture. The proposed AES-FJMKE architecture is designed and simulated using the Xilinx ISE 5.1 software. The Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) behaviour of the AES-FJMKE architecture is analysed by means of performance count for hardware resources, delay, and operating frequency. The existing AES architectures such as typical AES, AES-PNSG, AES-AT, AES-BE, ISAES, AES-RS, and AES-MPPRM are used to evaluate the efficiency of AES-FJMKE. The AES-FJMKE implemented using Spartan 6 FPGA used fewer slices (i.e., 76) than the AES-RS.

The throughput of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) based on Bluetooth was decided by the interference of Bluetooth piconets in the network. The interference was decided by the hamming correlation of Bluetooth FH (Frequency Hopping) selected sequence. In order to improve the WPAN throughput, the WPAN model and data packet collision model were built and the relations about WPAN throughput, the maximum hamming correlation of FH selected sequence, the numbers of Bluetooth piconets and the SNR of channel were analyzed. The functions of WPAN throughput were deduced. After analyzing the performance of Bluetooth FH selected sequence, the original algorithm was replaced by the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm. The theoretical analysis proved that the AES FH sequences selected algorithm could improve the WPAN throughput. The simulation results proved the theoretical analysis. The test result with ARM926EJs SoC (System on Chip) + RF (Radio Frequency) chip nRF2401 and CSR's Bluecore4 Bluetooth module got the same conclusion. All of these could prove that the AES algorithm can improve the WPAN throughput efficiently.

Data encryption has become a vital need for protecting the user data in most of communication areas. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm has become the optimum choice for various security services in numerous applications due to its reliability and flexibility. The AES algorithm faces two main challenges which included in both encryption/decryption speed, and the consumed implementation area. This paper presents an optimized implementation of the AES algorithm with respect to the consumed implementation area by combining both data and key expansion approaches. The optimized implementation of AES increases its applicability in the small sized devices such as mobile phones and smart cards. The experimental outcomes prove the superiority of the proposed optimization approach compared to the available approaches in the literature with acceptable frequency and throughput for low throughput applications.

Security is major concern in data handling, communication, message transmission and electronic transaction on public network. Cryptography (secret writing) is the encryption process of transformation of messages to make information secure and resistant to attack. AES is symmetric encryption standard recommended by NIST. AES is proved to be highly secure, faster and strong encryption algorithm. AES is used commonly because of its great competence and easiness. But in recent years cyber-attacks are continuously developing, therefore security specialists must stay busy in the lab inventing new schemes to keep attackers at bay. Possible attacks on symmetric algorithm can be Brute-force Attack, Differential Attack, Algebraic Attack and Linear Attack. So to provide strong security in message transmission, AES algorithm with hybrid approach of Dynamic Key Generation and Dynamic S-box Generation is proposed. In hybrid approach first we will add more complexity in data to increase Confusion and Diffusion in Cipher text by using Dynamic Key Generation and then by using Dynamic S-Box Generation we will make it difficult for attacker to do any down study of static set of S-box.

The rapid The main problem in the misuse of data used in crime is the result of a lack of file security. This study proposes a data security method to protect document files using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm combined with the Vigenere Cipher. This research carried out 2 processes, namely the encryption process and the decryption process. The encryption process will be carried out by the AES algorithm and then encrypted again with the Vigenere Cipher algorithm. The experiments show that the proposed method can encrypt files properly, where there are changes in the value of the document file and the encrypted file cannot be opened and the description results do not cause changes to the original file. The results of this study are that the system is able to work properly so as to produce file encryption and decryption using the AES method combined with the Vigenere Cipher. In document files, the largest difference in encryption and decryption time is 8 seconds, while in image files the difference in encryption and decryption time is 17 seconds. This longest time difference is generated by large files.

Arithmetic coding technique is very much effective and flexible and it is evident in most of the circumstances while on the other hand AES is advanced encryption standard process which deals with changeover and permutation of data for proper security. The paper presents the security and compression of data by Arithmetic coding with AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm. Basic research is to arithmetically encode the data first, followed by encryption by using AES algorithm and then transmits the code. At the receiving end the data is decrypted and decoded to produce the user data. The paper has an advantage of encoding/decoding and compression of data both at the same time. The input data size is of 128 bits or 256 bits in AES, so the idea is to compress the data before encryption by digital arithmetic coding. The arithmetic coding and Huffman coding are very much alike in their working as they both achieve the task of compression by plummeting the average number of bits required to represent each and every symbol.

In the modern digital world, biometric systems are a significant part of personal identification and access control. The use of sensitive biometric data such as iris and facial features raises huge privacy concerns because of the possibilities of data breaches and misuse. Therefore, this project focuses on the enhancement of the security of multimodal biometric systems through encryption mechanisms. The idea is to generate a strong biometric key based on features produced from iris and face biometric systems through advanced machine learning techniques. The features are then employed to produce a strong biometric key capable of encrypting the secret value using the AES algorithm. AES is a widely adopted symmetric encryption algorithm that ensures high efficiency in its software implementation and seamless processing capabilities of image data. This provides not only the reinforcement of authentication but also maintains confidentiality of biometric characteristics and mitigates the risks of privacy attacks and unauthorized access. Thus, this multimodal biometric encryption improves reliability, robustness, and the resistance power of the system against potential attacks, making it a promising step forward in the realm of secure biometric authenticationsystems. Keywords- Biometric encryption,Multimodal biometrics, ,Privacy attacks,Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Biometric key generation,Iris recognition,Face recognition,Machine learning,Bio-crypto systems, Data security.

E-commerce becomes an electronic media that uses a login system used by users. User data in the form of usernames and passwords is vulnerable to hacking. One technique to improve user security is the implementation of AES algorithms on login systems in E-Commerce applications. The purpose of this study is to apply the AES algorithm in the login system of e-commerce websites and analyze the improvement of information security for users after the implementation is carried out. The research method used is an experiment with the application of the use of the AES algorithm before and after. Therefore, the application of the AES algorithm on the login system of e-commerce websites can be used as a solution to improve user data security. Testing using Wireshark and Burpsuite tools. The results obtained are that AES successfully secures the username and password on the e-commerce login system .