How architectural principles can help conceptualize and analyze breakups among intergenerational households

The shift towards sustainable buildings requires a transformation of the architectural design process. This paper examines how sustainability is embedded into design methodology and mapped onto, or has transformed, the design process in practise. Interviews with a sample of Scottish architectural and multi-disciplinary practices were undertaken to explore the common approaches and barriers to sustainable design. Case study methodology was also employed to consider exemplar buildings and the value of post-occupancy evaluation is discussed. Within the context of the global environmental perspective, UK and Scottish legislation, sustainable principles and blueprints, a process model is developed to provide a framework for discussion and review. The first creative step is given as an alignment of practice ethos with established architectural philosophies and principles, from across the sustainability spectrum, in order to move towards a typology of sustainable building design.

The purpose of this study is an Exploration on Ecologic Compatibility and Green Architecture Principles in Iranian Deserts. Disproportionate impact of human on the nature is not new. This disruption is a relatively recent phenomenon related to two chief factors, first, population growth an second, mastery of human over the nature. Since the Industrial Revolution excessive exploitation of the natural resources has been intensified. So, this causes a gradual depletion of natural resources and the imbalance of nature and eventually an uneven relationship between man and nature. Attempts need to be taken t so that human be able to sustain life and the nature survival since a global ecological security, national and social safety are not even guaranteed. Respect for the environment and the nature as well as being familiar with the ecology, topography and weather sound critical. Accordingly, sustainable design is no longer a formal style inspired by the transient conditions, though it includes some deep concepts symbolizing man, the nature and architecture interaction. Benefiting from theoretical findings of green architecture and sustainable urban design principles besides traditional architecture and local urbanization in desert areas are manifested in the notion of Iranian desert city, instead of continuation of uncontrolled expansion and low-density cities, it is advised to take steps towards improving environmental sustainability.

Purpose This research purpose was to explore the meaning of historicism, architectural historicism, the architectural attributes, design principles, elements and ornamentations of churches in medieval Western architecture, and how they were reflected in contemporary churches' design in Jordan. Design/methodology/approach This research used the historical descriptive–interpretive qualitative research method. Around 24 Western medieval churches were selected, studied and analyzed to explore the common design attributes of each historical era. The design attributes of each era were segmented under three categories: Design principles (plans' typology, facades, shapes, details, composition and building form), design elements (openings, towers and entrances) and ornamentation (sculptures, paintings and interior decoration). Additionally, three modern Jordanian churches were analyzed using the same method to compare with the historical churches through personal observations, field trips, researchers' memories, site visits, archival records, plans, images, books, slides, details and note-making. Different types of evidence were used, such as determinate, contextual and inferential. In addition, different tactics for analysis were used in analyzing the historical churches: site familiarity, use of existing documents, virtual and visual inspection and comparison with conditions elsewhere. Credibility was achieved when the results were reviewed and compared with the original and similar information. Findings Early Christian design principles, elements and ornamentations were reflected in Jordanian churches more than in Byzantine, Renaissance, Romanesque and Gothic. The design principles of Western medieval architecture were reflected in the selected Jordanian churches more than in ornamentation and design elements. Moreover, this research found that the highest reflection of Western medieval architecture on Jordanian churches was in designing the plans, which is a basilica with a central nave and aisles followed by opening styles, façade, shapes, entrances design, composition, painting and the minimum reflection was in sculptures. Additionally, there was no reflection on tower design and interior decoration. Practical implications This research encourages architects to enhance architectural historicism by focusing on historical styles in contemporary designs and using design elements, principles and decorations of historical styles in medieval architecture to enrich the variety and originality of architectural design and create new modern stylistic architecture. Architectural historicism increases historical self-awareness and helps a generation of architects to answer the question: In what style should be built. Originality/value Learning the design principles, not copying the past, is becoming a trend for most architects. Architectural historicism introduces new temporal elements, gives a new meaning and primary function to architecture to become socio-temporal and contextual contrast and reflects the essential points of references of the past through design methodology to express the present. The advantage of this research is to put an end to architects' role in syncretism and subjectivism. Instead, historicism architects equipped with the necessary knowledge and supported by the published research and inventors of historical architecture, can choose, imitate, adapt, borrow and use the correct historical forms that originated in a given period.

The main design principles in computer architecture have recently shifted from a monolithic scaling-driven approach to the development of heterogeneous architectures that tightly co-integrate multiple specialized processor and memory chiplets. In such data-hungry multi-chip architectures, current Networks-in-Package (NiPs) may not be enough to cater to their heterogeneous and fast-changing communication demands. This position article makes the case for wireless in-package networking as the enabler of efficient and versatile wired-wireless interconnect fabrics for massive heterogeneous processors. To that end, the use of graphene-based antennas and transceivers with unique frequency-beam reconfigurability in the terahertz band is proposed. The feasibility of such a wireless vision and the main research challenges toward its realization are analyzed from the technological, communications, and computer architecture perspectives.

Agile systems‐engineering and agile‐systems engineering are two different concepts that share the word agile. In the first case the system of interest is an engineering process, and in the second case the system of interest is what is produced by an engineering process. The word agile refers to the adaptability and the sustainment of adaptability in both types of systems. Sustained adaptability is enabled by an architectural pattern and a set of system design principles that are fundamental and common to both types of systems. Research that identified this architectural pattern and design principles is reported, updated, and applied here in two Parts. Part 1 focuses on agile‐systems engineering, reviewing the origins, values, and core concepts that define and enable domain independent agility in any type of system. Part 2 focuses on agile systems‐engineering, identifying core agility‐enabling concepts in the software‐development domain‐specific practice known as Scrum, reviewing an agile hardware/software satellite‐development systems‐engineering case for its source of agility, and then suggesting the development of an agile systems‐engineering life cycle model as a natural next step.

Modern fitness centers require efficient digital systems to manage memberships, attendance, payments, trainers, and equipment. Traditional manual and spreadsheet-based methods lead to data inconsistency, revenue leakage, and operational inefficiencies. This paper presents IRONCORE, a full-stack web-based Gym Management System developed using Node.js, Express.js, MongoDB, and Vanilla JavaScript. The system integrates 14 functional modules including member management, attendance tracking, payment processing, analytics reporting, trainer management, and automated membership expiry alerts. JWT-based authentication ensures secure access control. The system follows RESTful architecture and MVC design principles to achieve modularity and scalability. Experimental deployment in a single-gym environment demonstrated improved administrative efficiency and real-time data visibility. Experimental evaluation indicates improved operational efficiency, reduced administrative workload, and stable system performance under concurrent access conditions. Keywords—Gym Management System, Node.js, MongoDB, REST API, JWT Authentication, Web Application, Fitness Automation

Middle-class housing in the context of post-independence growth in Israel, where urban growth was guided by the massive construction of new neighborhoods and buildings, produced various types of shared dwellings which became the prevailing types of urban housing. While mass housing is discussed in the context of Israel as a key device of a modernization project on the national scale, with deep consequences for marginalized immigrants and the lower classes – it has rarely been studied as housing typology for the middle classes. Nonetheless, urban growth and national consolidation starting the 1960s led to an emerging urban middle class, whose housing was the product of diverse actors, including urban and national policy, private contractors, neighborhood associations, financial systems, architects, and planners. Yet, as the social category ‘middle class’ is muddled, how can we distinguish mass housing for the middle classes, or middle class housing? This paper examines the architectural features of three middle-class mass housing estates built in Israel in the 1960s. Asking what constitutes the middle class, we point to the capacity of an architectural analysis to identify the designed elements that construct a middle-class identity within the context of shared urban dwellings. The three cases briefly examined include the Be’eri estate in Tel Aviv, Kiron estate in Kiryat Ono, and Shchuna Bet in Beer Sheba. The three estates, developed in the 1960s by commercial and semi-commercial companies explicitly for the emerging urban middle class, employ New Brutalist architectural and urban design principles in mitigating community and individuals, public and private, identity and property.

In many Australian suburbs, rows of weather sealed brick and tiled boxes ‘stand to attention’ and could be seen to evoke a somewhat cold uniformity of taste. Contrary to the contemporary belief that our suburban architecture should respond to individual needs and desires by housing people in environments that enrich their lives, the majority of mass housing could be dubbed an “architecture of ignorance.”1 One badly designed project home after another, exhibits countless mistakes such as picture windows facing due west, bathrooms orientated toward the prime views and service facilities blocking the best sun. In recent years however, something notably new is beginning to occur. It is as if there is a new design consciousness circulating the mass market.2 Traces of the ‘contemporary Queensland style’, widely practiced by regional architects, could be seen to be slowly filtering down the line and appearing in the project home market. Several project companies now employ architects to lead their design teams and facades are springing up in the suburbs that leave one wondering, ‘is this architect designed or just another project home?’ This dissertation aims to examine; 1. The extent to which the principles of contemporary Queensland architectural design are being embraced by the project home market. 2. The extent to which buyers are exhibiting a new design consciousness and appreciation for well designed homes that are fitting for the Queensland lifestyle. The idea that there are various forms of capital; cultural, social and economic is used to examine the extent to which buyers are embracing the ‘contemporary Queensland style’ that may be encroaching upon the project market and also the extent to which the various capitals may influence home choice. The literature review then goes on to examine the principles of the contemporary Queensland style exhibited in the residential designs of Queensland’s widely recognised architects. Chapter 3 of this dissertation undertakes and reports on a case study of the Edenbrooke housing development in Brisbane’s Western suburbs to identify the extent to which the developers and project builders have embraced principles of good architectural design, suited to the Queensland lifestyle. The case study also examines the choices buyers have made with respect to their homes, with reference to the theory of taste and the acceptance of a contemporary Queensland style of domestic architecture. It is concluded that a portion of the project home market, through observation of some of the principles of Queensland architectural design, appear to be attempting to discover a style of home that reflects the overall preference for a relaxed, enjoyable family lifestyle and that the tag of ‘good design’ is becoming increasingly important to buyers, in the wake of a period of new Australian design awareness. However, it is suggested that no matter how ‘architecturally enlightened’ a project home might become, it may never be comparable to the quality offered by ‘one off’ architectural designs because the very factors that make a project home cheaper and more economical, are the very factors that are opposed to regional architectural principles. While mass production results in more economic but standardised outcomes, architectural design often involves individual detailing for unusual components of the building and the cost of contractors providing individual service can be high. It could thus be seen that the ‘means of production’ also sets the project home apart from the architectural dwelling. In this light, no matter how much cultural capital a buyer may possess, the expression of it may well be limited by access to economic capital. ____________________ 1 Peter Hyatt, Local Heroes: Architects of Australia’s Sunshine Coast (Sydney: Craftsman House, 2001): 16. 2 Davina Jackson and Chris Johnson, Australian Architecture Now (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000): 10.

BackgroundThe physical place and environment has a profound influence on experiences, health and wellbeing of birthing women. An alternatively designed delivery room, inspired by the principles of healing architecture and Snoezelen, was established in the Regional Hospital in Herning, Denmark. These principles provided knowledge of how building and interior design affects the senses, including users’ pain experience and stress levels. The aim of the study was to explore women’s experience of the environment and its ability to support the concept of patient-centeredness in the care of birthing women.MethodsApplying a hermeneutical-phenomenological methodology, fourteen semi-structured interviews with low-risk women giving birth in an alternative delivery room at an obstetric unit in Denmark were undertaken 3–7 weeks after birth.ResultsOverall, women’s experiences of given birth in the alternative delivery room were positive. Our analysis suggests that the environment was well adapted to the women’s needs, as it offered a stress- and anxiety-reducing transition to the hospital setting, at the same time as it helped them obtain physical comfort. The environment also signaled respect for the family’s needs as it supported physical and emotional interaction between the woman and her partner and helped relieve her concern for the partner’s well-being. The psychosocial support provided by the midwives appeared inseparable from the alternative delivery room, as both affected, amplified, and occasionally restricted the women’s experience of the physical environment.ConclusionOur findings support the use of principles of healing architecture and Snoezelen in birth environments and add to the evidence on how the physical design of hospital environments influence on both social and physical aspects of the well-being of patients. The environment appeared to encompass several dimensions of the concept of patient-centered care.

The narrative motive is the search for new principles of architectural design in the paradigm of shaping, the development of techniques and methods of constructing new "plastic objects". The thesis of the need to focus on new principles is supported. The text contains original statements of architects, theorists, critics related to the antithesis of "formula-principle". The article presents student works illustrating the principle of "matryoshka", which, in our version, is an abstraction, a kind of "concept" for a temporary semantic replacement. For the design, we introduced the concept of "Nested structures". Architectural and urban planning structures with specific qualities that allow them to be defined as "nested structures" and identified not only as a design tool, but also its object itself are considered. In this study, "nested structures" are considered as a general principle of creating plastic forms and organizing space in architectural design.

Using household-level data from 1980 to 2010, we examine whether economic freedom, as measured by the Economic Freedom of North America Index, has similar effects on white household income as it does on black household income. Our findings suggest that the positive effect of economic freedom found in most studies affects black households less than white households. Further, using the Oaxaca decomposition, our results show that economic freedom is an important factor explaining the gap between black and white household incomes.

Vitruvius is the author of De architectura (c. 20s bce), the only text devoted to architecture that survives from classical antiquity. On the basis of internal evidence, scholars date Vitruvius’s De architectura to c. 27–22 bce. Across ten books of Latin prose dedicated to the emperor Augustus, Vitruvius lays out an ambitious and idiosyncratic vision of architecture. De architectura’s subject matter includes the education of architects and the principles of architecture (Book 1); building materials (Book 2); the construction of temples (Book 3 and Book 4); public buildings (Book 5); houses (Book 6); architectural decor (Book 7); sources of water (Book 8); astronomy, dials, and clocks (Book 9); and machines of war (Book 10). Nothing is securely known about the author, nor is his name attached to any other surviving texts. The readership and influence of De architectura in the ancient world remains mysterious: before Pliny the Elder names Vitruvius as one of the sources for his Naturalis Historia in the 1st century ce, there are no unmistakable signs of Vitruvian influence in Roman literature or architecture. The intelligentsia of the Italian Renaissance, by contrast, poured over De architectura and strenuously attempted to apply its principles, as witnessed by Andrea Palladio’s architectural designs and Leonardo da Vinci’s famous “Vitruvian Man.” For archaeologists, classical art historians, and scholars of ancient science and engineering, Vitruvius remains a unique and precious source, and De architectura holds a place of honor within the academic curriculum of aspiring architects to this day. Nevertheless, ambiguity, inconsistency, and anachronism are but three challenges that dog any interpretation of De architectura as a factual account of Roman engineering, design, or building practices. Likewise, due to the perceived awkwardness and naivety of his prose (as well as his technical subject matter), Vitruvius traditionally has attracted little interest among scholars of classical literature.

Contemporary architecture, and the culture it reflects dependent as it is on fossil fuels, has contributed to the cause and necessity of a burgeoning green process that emerged over the past half century. This text is the first to offer a comprehensive critical history and analysis of the greening of architecture through accumulative reduction of negative environmental effects caused by buildings, urban designs and settlements. Describing the progressive development of green architecture from 1960 to 2010, it illustrates how it is ever evolving and ameliorated through alterations in form, technology, materials and use and it examines different places worldwide that represent a diversity of cultural and climatic contexts. The book is divided into seven chapters: with an overview of the environmental issues and the nature of green architecture in response to them, followed by an historic perspective of the pioneering evolution of green technology and architectural integration over the past five decades, and finally, providing the intransigent and culturally pervasive current examples within a wide range of geographic territories. The greening of architecture is seen as an evolutionary process that is informed by significant world events, climate change, environmental theories, movements in architecture, technological innovations, and seminal works in architecture and planning throughout each decade over the past fifty years. This time period is bounded on one end by the awareness of environmental problems beginning in the 1960's, the influential texts by Rachel Carson, E.F. Schumacher, Buckminster Fuller and Steward Brand, and the impact of the OPEC Oil Embargo of 1973, and on the other end the pervasiveness of the necessary greening of architecture that includes, systemic reforms in architectural and urban design, land use planning, transportation, agriculture, and energy production found in the 2000's. The greening process moves from remediation to holistic models of architecture. Geographical landscapes give a global account of the greening process where some examples are parallel and sympathetic, and others are in clear contrast to one another with very individuated approaches. Certain events, like the Rio Summit in 1992 and Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and themes, such as the Hannover Principles in 2000, provide a dynamic ideological critique as well as a formal and technical discussion of the embodied and accumulative content of greening principles in architecture.

A substantial part of architectural and urban design involves processing of compositional interdependencies and contexts. This article attempts to isolate the problem of spatial composition from the broader category of synthetic image processing. The capacity of deep convolutional neural networks for recognition and utilization of complex compositional principles has been demonstrated and evaluated under three scenarios varying in scope and approach. The proposed method reaches 95.1%–98.5% efficiency in the generation of context-fitting spatial composition. The technique can be applied for the extraction of compositional principles from the architectural, urban, or artistic contexts and may facilitate the design-related decision making by complementing the required expert analysis.

A college education has been linked to higher life-time earnings and better economic achievements, so the expectation would be that it is also linked to higher net wealth for everybody. However, recent analyses challenge this hypothesis and find that the expectation holds true for White college-educated households but not for Black college-educated households. To examine this finding further and investigate the role of family financial transfers in household net wealth, the authors perform a mixed-method study using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for a 24-year period, 1989-2013, and qualitative data from the Institute on Assets and Social Policy Levering Mobility study. Their results confirm that White college-educated households amass wealth, whereas the wealth of their Black counterparts declines. The authors also estimate the impact of just inheritance or large financial gifts and find that they decrease the existing racial wealth gap by nearly $40,000, or 20 percent. Further analyses demonstrate that White college graduates are significantly and substantially more likely to provide and receive financial support for education and/or a home purchase, while Black college graduates are significantly more likely to financially support their parents. Multivariate regression analysis identifies receipt of financial support for education and a home purchase as a positive contributor to net wealth and financial help for parents as a negative contributor to net wealth, disadvantaging Black college-educated households, who are less likely to receive and more likely to give financial support. Longitudinal interview data collected in the Institute on Assets and Social Policy Leveraging Mobility study illustrate the mechanisms of family financial transfers and their relationship to wealth accumulation, contrasting the White and Black households’ experiences. The discussion underscores the need to better understand intergenerational wealth and wealth sharing within families when studying wealth outcomes and highlights the role of family financial wealth transfers in creating opportunities for those who benefit the most—mostly White college-educated households.