How to Use a Card-Sort Activity in Interviews

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Mabasa, T., & Themane, M. (Academics). (2023). Using a case study design during the covid-19 pandemic [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627794 Mabasa, Thomas, and Mahlapahlapana Themane. "Using A Case Study Design During The COVID-19 Pandemic." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:17:02. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627794. Mabasa, T. and Themane, M., 2023. Using A Case Study Design During The COVID-19 Pandemic, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627794 & gt; [Accessed 16 Mar 2023]. Mabasa, Thomas and Mahlapahlapana Themane. Using A Case Study Design During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 15 Nov 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627794. 16 Mar 2023. Using A Case Study Design During The COVID-19 Pandemic [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529627794. Accessed 03/16/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/using-a-case-study-design-during-the-covid-19-pandemic Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/using-a-case-study-design-during-the-covid-19-pandemic Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Brooke, S. (Academic). (2023). Studying gender and memes at hackathons: an ethnography [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529621730 Brooke, Siân. "Studying Gender and Memes At Hackathons: An Ethnography." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:30:07. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529621730. Brooke, S., 2023. Studying Gender and Memes At Hackathons: An Ethnography, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529621730 & gt; [Accessed 17 Mar 2023]. Brooke, Siân. Studying Gender and Memes At Hackathons: An Ethnography. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 7 Sep 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529621730. 17 Mar 2023. Studying Gender and Memes At Hackathons: An Ethnography [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529621730. Accessed 03/17/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/studying-gender-and-memes-at-hackathons-an-ethnography Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/studying-gender-and-memes-at-hackathons-an-ethnography Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Hoddy, E. T. (Academic). (2023). Critical realism in empirical research: techniques from grounded theory [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529629897 Hoddy, Eric T. "Critical Realism in Empirical Research: Techniques from Grounded Theory." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:18:48. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529629897. Hoddy, E. T., 2023. Critical Realism in Empirical Research: Techniques from Grounded Theory, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529629897 & gt; [Accessed 17 Mar 2023]. Hoddy, Eric T. Critical Realism in Empirical Research: Techniques from Grounded Theory. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 8 Dec 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529629897. 17 Mar 2023. Critical Realism in Empirical Research: Techniques from Grounded Theory [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529629897. Accessed 03/17/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/critical-realism-in-empirical-research-techniques-from-grounded-theory Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/critical-realism-in-empirical-research-techniques-from-grounded-theory Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Joseph, A. (Academic). (2023). Researching acculturation processes & psychological functioning of asian indian women in the united states using a mixed methods approach [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630060 Joseph, Anitha. "Researching Acculturation Processes & Psychological Functioning of Asian Indian Women in the United States Using a Mixed Methods Approach." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:15:16. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630060. Joseph, A., 2023. Researching Acculturation Processes & Psychological Functioning of Asian Indian Women in the United States Using a Mixed Methods Approach, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630060 & gt; [Accessed 17 Mar 2023]. Joseph, Anitha. Researching Acculturation Processes & Psychological Functioning of Asian Indian Women in the United States Using a Mixed Methods Approach. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 12 Dec 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630060. 17 Mar 2023. Researching Acculturation Processes & Psychological Functioning of Asian Indian Women in the United States Using a Mixed Methods Approach [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529630060. Accessed 03/17/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/researching-acculturation-and-psychological-functioning-of-asian-indian-women Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/researching-acculturation-and-psychological-functioning-of-asian-indian-women Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Matthews, T. (Academic). (2023). Using photo-elicitation to research young people's experiences in foster care [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626117 Matthews, Tom. "Using Photo-Elicitation to Research Young People's Experiences in Foster Care." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:20:49. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626117. Matthews, T., 2023. Using Photo-Elicitation to Research Young People's Experiences in Foster Care, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626117 & gt; [Accessed 17 Mar 2023]. Matthews, Tom. Using Photo-Elicitation to Research Young People's Experiences in Foster Care. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 18 Oct 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626117. 17 Mar 2023. Using Photo-Elicitation to Research Young People's Experiences in Foster Care [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529626117. Accessed 03/17/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/using-photo-elicitation-to-research-young-peoples-experience-in-foster-care Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/using-photo-elicitation-to-research-young-peoples-experience-in-foster-care Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Sass, C. (Academic). (2023). Using creative non-fiction narrative methods with people living with dementia: an ethnography [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529667950 Sass, Cara. "Using Creative Non-Fiction Narrative Methods with People Living with Dementia: An Ethnography." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:15:49. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529667950. Sass, C., 2023. Using Creative Non-Fiction Narrative Methods with People Living with Dementia: An Ethnography, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529667950 & gt; [Accessed 16 Mar 2023]. Sass, Cara. Using Creative Non-Fiction Narrative Methods with People Living with Dementia: An Ethnography. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 6 Jan 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529667950. 16 Mar 2023. Using Creative Non-Fiction Narrative Methods with People Living with Dementia: An Ethnography [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529667950. Accessed 03/16/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/creative-non-fiction-narrative-methods-with-people-living-with-dementia Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/creative-non-fiction-narrative-methods-with-people-living-with-dementia Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Haynes-Brown, T. (Academic). (2023). Creating a theoretical model in a mixed methods study: exploring how teachers’ beliefs shape their actions [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627602 Haynes-Brown, Tashane. "Creating a Theoretical Model in a Mixed Methods Study: Exploring How Teachers’ Beliefs Shape Their Actions." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:37:10. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627602. Haynes-Brown, T., 2023. Creating a Theoretical Model in a Mixed Methods Study: Exploring How Teachers’ Beliefs Shape Their Actions, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627602 & gt; [Accessed 16 Mar 2023]. Haynes-Brown, Tashane. Creating a Theoretical Model in a Mixed Methods Study: Exploring How Teachers’ Beliefs Shape Their Actions. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 8 Nov 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529627602. 16 Mar 2023. Creating a Theoretical Model in a Mixed Methods Study: Exploring How Teachers’ Beliefs Shape Their Actions [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529627602. Accessed 03/16/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/exploring-how-teachers-beliefs-shape-their-actions Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/exploring-how-teachers-beliefs-shape-their-actions Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Lester, J. (Academic). (2023). Researching interactional practices in child mental health [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630664 Lester, Jennifer. "Researching Interactional Practices in Child Mental Health." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:22:44. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630664. Lester, J., 2023. Researching Interactional Practices in Child Mental Health, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630664 & gt; [Accessed 16 Mar 2023]. Lester, Jennifer. Researching Interactional Practices in Child Mental Health. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 16 Dec 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529630664. 16 Mar 2023. Researching Interactional Practices in Child Mental Health [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529630664. Accessed 03/16/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/researching-interactional-practices-in-child-mental-health Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/researching-interactional-practices-in-child-mental-health Copy to clipboard Cancel

Transcript Auto scroll search expand close Search Transcript Search Up Search Down Close Search Tools Tools icon close Download PDFopens in new window Cite Cite icon close Format APA APA Chicago Harvard MLA AMA Tan, M. (Academic). (2023). Adapting evidence-based tobacco cessation training for community health workers [Video]. Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626179 Tan, Marcia. "Adapting Evidence-Based Tobacco Cessation Training For Community Health Workers." In Sage Video. : SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. Video, 00:19:48. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626179. Tan, M., 2023. Adapting Evidence-Based Tobacco Cessation Training For Community Health Workers, Sage Video. [Streaming Video] London: Sage Publications Ltd. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626179 & gt; [Accessed 15 Mar 2023]. Tan, Marcia. Adapting Evidence-Based Tobacco Cessation Training For Community Health Workers. Online video clip. SAGE Video. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 19 Oct 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529626179. 15 Mar 2023. Adapting Evidence-Based Tobacco Cessation Training For Community Health Workers [Streaming video]. 2023. doi:10.4135/9781529626179. Accessed 03/15/2023 copy to clipboard or Export to your reference manager Endnote Endnote Reference Manager ProCite RefWorks BibTeX Zotero Medlars Mendeley Word Export Cancel Share Share icon close Share via Email Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Sign in/register Embed Embed icon close Embed this Content Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Look for the words HTML or </>. Learn More about Embedding Video icon link (opens in new window) Clip - https://methods.sagepub.com/video/evidence-based-tobacco-cessation-training-for-community-health-workers Embed code: Copy to clipboard Select a length: Entire video Entire video Select a size: 420x236 640x360 853x480 Sample View: (opens in new window) Cancel Get link Get link icon close Select a length: Entire video Entire video Link to this page directly with a permalink: https://methods.sagepub.com/video/evidence-based-tobacco-cessation-training-for-community-health-workers Copy to clipboard Cancel

The provision of online resources for tertiary student literacy development outside of students’ curricular contexts is problematic because engagement with centralised support provisions is low. As part of a Library team focused on student literacy development across our university, we have conducted multiple rounds of user experience (UX) testing with our students to design a set of resources in a course within our learning management system that all students can access. Our most recent UX employed usability testing, card sorting, and low-fi wire framing activities to identify how students experience our resources. Findings indicate that students are confused by enforced groupings of literacy development content and that they expect our resources to be accessible with the rest of their assessment information. Implications for design include balancing student expectations of immediate access to relevant literacy development resources with the constraints of having a small team who can design this content.

This study examined the challenges and opportunities that English teachers experienced when using social media and video-streaming platforms in their classes. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was used, and total enumeration sampling was applied to include all 45 English teachers available in the selected schools. Data were collected using a validated survey. The results showed that teachers agreed on several challenges, including issues with attention, learning gaps, and uncertainties about whether digital platforms support deeper knowledge construction. Teachers also strongly agreed that these tools provided clear opportunities for active learning, engagement, knowledge sharing, and basic learning management functions. Only age and educational attainment were related to perceived challenges, while school affiliation was associated with views on the Learning Management System. No significant correlations were found between challenges and opportunities, showing that teachers viewed these dimensions independently. The findings suggest that social media and video-streaming platforms can support English teaching when used with structured guidance, clear learning activities, and strong school support. The study underscores the need for continuous training, better digital infrastructure, and well-planned instructional strategies to help teachers use digital tools more effectively. Keywords: Social Media, Video Streaming, English Language Teaching, Digital Platforms, Teacher Perceptions, Learning Engagement, Instructional Challenges, Learning Management Systems

An important challenge of online learning management systems (LMS) relates to continuously verifying the identity of students even after they have successfully authenticated. Although various continuous user identification solutions exist, they are rather focused on complex examination proctoring systems. Challenges further increase within large-scale online courses, which require a strong infrastructure to support numerous real-time video streams for verifying the identity of students. Considering that the students’ input video stream is an important factor for verifying their identity, and given that naturally generated data streams have been found to adhere to a pre-defined behavior as indicated by the Benford's law, in this work we investigate whether Benford's law can be applied as a reliable, efficient and cost-effective method for the detection of authentic vs. pre-recorded input video streams during continuous students’ identity verification within online LMS. In doing so, we suggest a prediction model based on the distribution of the first digits of image Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients from the students’ input video stream. We found that the input video stream type (authentic vs. pre-recorded) can be inferred within a few seconds in real-time. A system performance evaluation indicates that the suggested model can support up to 1000 concurrent online students using a conventional and low-cost server setup and architecture.

The ability of a person to perceive image details falls precipitously with larger angle away from his visual focus. At any given bitrate, perceived visual quality can be improved by employing region-of-interest (ROI) coding, where higher encoding quality is judiciously applied only to regions close to a viewer's focal point. Straight-forward matching of viewer's focal point with ROI coding using a live encoder, however, is computation-intensive. In this paper, we propose a system that supports ROI coding without the need of a live encoder. The system is based on dynamic switching between two pre-encoded streams of the same content: one at high quality (HQ), and the other at mixed quality (MQ), where quality of a spatial region depends on its pre-computed visual saliency values. Distributed source coding (DSC) frames are periodically inserted to facilitate switching. Using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to model a viewer's temporal gaze movement, MQ stream is pre-encoded based on ROI coding to minimize the expected streaming rate, while keeping the probability of a viewer observing low quality (LQ) spatial regions below an application-specific ∊. At stream time, the viewer's gaze locations are collected and transmitted to server for intelligent stream switching. In particular, server employs MQ stream only if: i) viewer's tracked gaze location falls inside the high-saliency regions, and ii) the probability that a viewer's gaze point will soon move outside high-saliency regions, computed using tracked gaze data and updated saliency values, is below ∊. Experiments showed that video streaming rate can be reduced by up to 44%, and subjective quality is noticeably better than a competing scheme at the same rate where the entire video is encoded using equal quantization.

A conceptual modeling of an adaptive or a flexible learning content management (LCM) system is an initialized step toward successful implement of a distance education system on Internet. Its aim is at planning and accomplishing the responsiveness to the learning content (re)configuration required for meeting the students' learning goals. Since learning content is composed of the relative learning objects, their (re)configurations and reuses are essential to the construction (modification) of a new (existing) studying subject (content). The alternatives of appropriately aggregating a number of relative learning objects to structure the learning subject certainly is to the success of the LCM system implementation. This paper thus presents such a conceptualization that is able to model an adaptive LCM system by defining its learning object constituents as the respectively reusable active objects represented in the nature of the object-orientation (OO) software. The aspect of the proposed OO-based active objects instruments the modeling process of an adaptive LCM system.

Currently, a learning management system (LMS) plays a central role in any e-learning environment. These environments include systems to handle the pedagogic aspects of the teaching–learning process (e.g. specialized tutors, simulation games) and the academic aspects (e.g. academic management systems). Thus, the potential for interoperability is an important, although over looked, aspect of an LMS. In this paper, we make a comparative study of the interoperability level of the most relevant LMS. We start by defining an application and a specification model. For the application model, we create a basic application that acts as a tool provider for LMS integration. The specification model acts as the API that the LMS should implement to communicate with the tool provider. Based on researches, we select the Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) from IMS. Finally, we compare the LMS interoperability level defined as the effort made to integrate the application on the study LMS.